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^:^^-rnf£=r
aioi. e. 16.2-
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
A NEW EDITION.
VOL. XXVIL
PHntcd by NfCHOLS, 50N» and B^iTLEYt
IM Uom Pumgr^ Fkf t Stnttf London.
THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY:
CONTAINING
AI< HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT
OF TBI
LIVES AND WRITINGS
OF THE
MOST EMINENT PERSONS
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH;
FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.
A NEW EDITION,
i
KEVI8ED AMD ENLARGED BY
ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.
voL XXVII.
LONDONt
«
miNTBD FOR J. NICHOLS AND SON ; F. C. AND J. UYIMOTON ; T. FAYNE ;
OTRIDGB AND SON; O. AND W. NICOL ; O. WILKIX ) J. WALKER; «r»
LOWNDES; T. EGZRTON; I^CKINGTONy ALLEN, AND CO.; J. CARPENTER;
LONGMAN, HURST, RE£8» ORM£, AND BROWN; CADELL AND DA VIES ; LAW
AND WHITTAKER; J. BOOKER;^ J. CUTHELL ; CLARKE AND SONS; J» AND
A. ARpH; J. HARRIS; BLACK, PARBURY, AND ALLEN ; J. BLACK; J. BOOTH;
J. MAWMAN; CTALE AND FBNNER; R. H. EVANS; J. HATCHARD; J. MURRAY;
BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY ; E« BBNTLBY ; OGLE AND CO. ; W^ GINGER ;
RODWELL AND MARTIN; P. WRIQBT; I. OBIOHTON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE;
CONSTABLE AND CO. KDINBURGH; AND WILSON AND SON, YORK.
1816.
A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
O AA, or DE SA (Emanuel), a learned Portuguese Jesuit,
was born in ISSO^^at Coode, in the province of Douro, and
entered tbe society ii^ 1545, After the usual course of
studies, he taught at Coimbra, Rome, and other places^
and was considered as an excellent preacher and iQtt»rpra»
ter of the acriptures, on which last Recount he wts em-
ployed, by pope Pius Y. on a new eclitiion ^f the Bible. He
died at Arona, in the MilanesOi ;Bieci ^^ in the
sixty'-sixth year of his age. His'^nief Wbflc^^^ : <* Scho-
lia in qtiatubr Evang^lia," Antw^p and 'Cdldg^', 1596, 4to;
and /* Notatiooes in toum sacrapgi^fSi^ipttiram^'* &c. Ant*
werp, 1598, 4to; reprinted, with bther scholia, or notes,
by Mariana and Tinni* Dupin says, that of all the Com*
menlaries upon the scriptures fj^ere is nothing more con*,
cise.and useful than tbe notes of our author, whose sole
object, he adds, is to give the literal sens& in a few words
and in i^ intelligible manner. De Sa was the author of
another work,; wfaich^ although a. very small volume, is
said to have employed him for forty years : it is entitled
*^ Aphorismi Confessaribrum," printed first at Venice, 1595,
12mo, avd afterwards, frequently reprinted in various
places. Dupin calls it a moral work ; it seems rather a set
of rules for confessors in cases of conscience ; and Lavocat
tells us it contains some dangerous positions respecting
bbth.ihQraU aiid the authority of kings. It underwent sa
many corrections and emendations before the pope would
license it^.that it. did not appear, until the year before the.
author di^. .The French trtnslatioos of it have many
castrations. > ,
> Antonio Bibl. HifjM^Aiegambe.-i*]>uptn.— 'Sforeri.— Saxii OaomuU
Vou XXVII. B
2 SAADIAS-GAON.
SAADI. See SADI.
SAADIAS-GAON, or Saadiad the Excellent, a learned
rabbi, the chief of the academy of the Jews, was born ac
Pitbom in Egypt, about the year 892. In«the year 927,
he was iavited by David Ben- Chair, the prince of the cap-
tivity^ to preside over the academy at Sora, near Babylon,
where one of his first objects was to explode the doctrine
of the transmigration of souls, which was very prevalent,
ev^tt among the Jews. But having refused to dobscribe
to a new regulation, which appeared to him to be repug*
hant to the Jewish laws, a breach arose ^etween David
and Saadias, which- after some years was made up, and
Saadias was restored to his professorship, in which he con-
tinued with great reputation tiU his death, in the year 9M.
H'lB pviftcipal works wrtf *' Sepber HaemUnah," or a trea-
tise iConoerciing the Jewish articles of faith, in ten chap-
ters ; but we haw. only a translation of it from the or^kiftl
Arabic into Hebrew, which was printed at Coustautinople
te 1647) aird uften repritued. *' A Commentary on tbe
Book' fezint,'^ print^d^ with other Commentaries on .tint
book, at Mantua, in 1502} ^^ An Arabic tranalatioo of the
iNrbole Old Te&tlUnetit^'' of wJuch the Peolatsuch is inserted
in Jdiy'^ and Walton's Polyglottsi accompaiMed witii the
Laiin veriion of Gabriel; Siooitft; *^ A^ Comtoentaryf on tbo
Sodg of Songs/' in Hebrexi, printed , at Pragiie in I6i^^
4to ; ** A Commentary on Daniel/* likewise in Hebrofr^
ioserfed ki the great robbinical bibles of Venice and Basil ;
'< A Commcnilaty on Jobi^' in Arabic^ the MS* of irltteh
is in tfa^ Bodleian library at Oxford ; and a contnieolary
on illicit iiUiaaceS) mentioiied by Aben Efrau'
SAAV^H^DRA. See.CERVANT£S. ^ «
SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO (Di«goj>b)« afifnnisb pdi-
iieal and moral writer, was born May 6, 1584, at Algezares,
in the kingdom of Murcia, aud studied at Sdamanca* In
I6M| fad went to 'Rome as secretaFy to^ the caoNiinal Gas-
par do BorgtOy who was appointed Spanish ambassador to
fbe pdipe^ and assistodin' the coadavesof 1621 aiid id'/S^
held ftor the election of the popes Gregory XVi and Ur«-
bsa VIIL For these services Saavodra was rewarded witk
a cai»oiiry in the church of St. James, although ho imd
never taken pties^i orders. Spme^ time after he was m:p^
pointed agent from< tbo ootiru of 8paia «t Aome^ and his
i Moreri.<--StiaQS Cri/t. Hist. ,
SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO. S
•eondoctin this office acquired bin general esteeili. In
1636, he assisted ai the electoral congress held there,
-i« which Ferdinand III. was chosen king of the Romans.
He afterwards was present at eight diets held in Swisser-
huid, and lastly at the general diet of the empire at Ratis-
booue, where he appeared in quality of plenipotentiary of
the circle and of the house of BurgUfidy. After being
employed in some other diplomatic aff.iirs, he returned
to Madrid in 1646, and was appointed master of ceremo-
nies in the introduction of ainhas^adors; but be did not en-
joy this honour longi^ as he died Aug. 24, 1649. In his
public cliaracter he rendened the state very important ser-
Tices, and, as a writer, is ranked among those who have
comributed to polish and enrich the Spanish language.
The Spanish critics, who place him among theif classics,
say be wrote Spanish as Tacitus wrote Latin. He has lon^
b«Bn known, even in this country, by his ^< Emblems,*'
which were publislied in Q vols 8vo, in the early part of
*tbe last ceatu|*y« These politico*moral instructions for a
Christian prince, were first printed in 1640, 4to, under the
title of '^ Idea de un Principe Politico Christiano repre-
iBeotada en ciei» empreiias,*' and reprinted at Milan in 1642 ;
tbey were afterwards translated into Latin, and published
under the title of '* Symbola Christiano-*Palitica,*' and
liave often been reprinted inr various sizes in France, Italy,
and Holland* He wrote also '* Corona Gotica, Castellana,
y Anstriaca politicamente illustrada/^ 1646, 4to, which
was to have consisted of tliree parts, but be lived to com*
plete one only ; the rest was by Nunez de Castro; and
** Respdblica Literaria,^' published in 1670, 8vo. Of this
work ao English translation was published by I. E. in 1727.
It IS akiivAof visipn, giving a satirical account of the re«
poblio of letters, not unlike the manner of Swift. Tm
French bave a translation of it, so late as 1770. ^
SABATIER (PETEif}, a. learned French Benedictine,
waa'born at Poictiers in 1680, aiid died at Rbeims March
2^ 1942. He spent twenty years of hi» life in preparing for
the preas a valuable edition df all the Latin vefsiot>s of the
Soriptuyes, collected together, and united in one point of
WW. It consists of three volumes, folio; bat he lived
only to pvint one volume ; the others were completed by
Ij9l fUae, ako a Benedictine of St. Maur. The titl^ isr
> AfitMna BiM. Hof •
B 2
4 SABA f.I E R.
* V Bibliorum Sacrorum Latins Versiones antiqucb seii Ve-
tills Italica, et cetera^ quscuinqMe in codicibiis MSS. et
antiquoruoi libris reperiri potuerudt,'* Rheimls, 1743-—
1749. » *
SABATIER (Raphael - Bienvenu)^ a very en^ineftt
French surgeon, was born at Paris in October .17329 and
after studying tl^e, acquired the first rank in his pro-
fession, and jn every situation which he filled, his know-
ledge, skilly an^ success, were equally coilspicuous. He
.became censor-royal of the academy of sciences, profes-
sor and dempn^rator of the surgical schools^ secretary of
correspondence, surgeon* major of the hospital of invalids,
and a member of the institute. His education had been
more liberal and comprehensive than usual. He not only
was an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, but was well
acquainted with the English, Italiat), and German, laor
guages. Besides his public courses of lectures on ana-
tomy, and surgery, he instructed many private pupils, not
only of his own country, but those of foreign nations who
were attracted to Paris by his fame as a teacher, and were
delighted with his unaffected politeness and candour. la
bis latter days Bonaparte appointed him one^of his con-
sulting surgeons, and be was one of the first on whom he
bestowed the cross of the legion of honour. Sabatier died
at Paris July 21, 1811. He retained his faculties to the
last, but we are told became ashamed of his bodily weak*
ness. ^/ Hide me,^' he said to his wife knd son, '^ from
the world, that you may be the only witnesses of this de-
cay to which I must submit/^ A little before his death he
said to his son, '* Contentplate the state into which I am
fallen, and learn to die.*' His humane attention to his
patients was a distinguished feature in his character. During
any painful operation be used to say, '^ Weep ] weep !
the more you express a sense of your sufferings, the more
anxious I shall be to shorten them.*'
His works are, 1. ^^ Theses anatomico-cbirurgicso," 1748,
4to. 2. *^ De variis cataractam extrahendi modis," 1759,'
4to. S. An edition of Verdier's ^^ Abreg6 d'Anatomie,'*
with additions, 1768^ 2 vols. 12mo. 4. An edition of La
Motte's " Trait6 complet de Cbirurgie," which .was. fol«
lowed by his own, 5. '* Trait^ copaplet d'Anatomie," 1775.
Of this a thijrd edition, with many improvements, appeared
> Diet. Hi9t*'*'*3ttii Ooonutt, vol, VIIL
I
: S A B A T I E R. ^
in, 1791, 3 vols. 8vb. 6. " De la Medieine.expdctativejV
1796^ 3 vols. 8vo. 7. ** De la Medicine operatoire, ou
Pes Operations de Cbirurgie qui se pratiquent le plus fre-
qaemment," .17^6, 3 vols/ 8yo. Besides these he contri*
buted many ^9say9 tp the medical joornals.^
SABBA,'fBlIcfR (Francis), a learned French writer, was
born at Condf>m^ Qc^ BB, 1735^ and after making great
proBciency ^n hi$ StM^es atn'ong the fathers of the oratory
in that ci||^, wieixt* to* Orleans,. H^here he was employed ad
^ private tutor. In 17i&2, hewas. i#viwl to the college of
Chalons-sur-Marne; wbeVe. he*^auglit the third and fourth
classea for sixteen years, which gave him a title to the pen«
sion of an emeritus. His literary re|)utation took its rise
principally from bis esssay on' the temporal power of the
popes, which gained the prize of the academy of Prussia.^
He was then about twenty-.eigbt years old ; but had before
,this ad()ressed a curious paper on th.e limits of the empire
of Cbarlemagna to the academy of Belles Lettre3 at Paris.
He was the principal means of founding the academy of
Chalons, procured a charter for it, and acted as secFe«
tary for thirty years. Such was his reputation that he had
the honpur to correspond with some of the royal perso*
nages of lurope, and was in particular much esteemed by
the kingrs of Prussia and Sweden ; nor was he less in fa-
your with Choiseul, the French minister, who encouraged
bis taste for study. It does not appear, however, that his
riches increased with his reputation, Bg^ this occasioned
his projecting a paper-manufactory inirHolIani), which ended
like some of the schemes of ingenious men ; Sabbathier
iii*as ruined, and his successors mad^ a.fortune He died
]^ a village near Chalon, March 11, .1807, in his seventy*
second year.
.. He' publijshed, 1. ^'Essai historique-critique sur Pori-
gine de la puissance temporelle des Papes,^^ Chalons, 1764^
}j2mOf reprinted the following year. 2. " Le Manuel des
$nfans,V ibid. 1769,' ]2mo, a collection of maxims frooi
PiQtarcb*,s li^i^es. 3. '* Recu^il de Dissertations sur divers
sujets de Thistoircj de France,!' ibid. 1778, 12mo. 4. "Let
Mcsurs, cputumes et usages d^s anciens peuples, pouir
sjsrvir a Peducation de la jeunesse,'* ibid. 1770, 3 toIs.
12mo. Of this entertaining work, a trs^nslation was pub<*
lished in 1775, 2 vols. 8vo, by the 4ate Rev. Percival
1 Dtct. Hist.— Eby Diet. Hist, cl« U Medieioe. . t
« .SABBATHIER.
Stockdale. 5. ^' Dictionnaire pour IMntellig^ncedef au«
teurs classiques Grecs et Latins, tant sacr^s (}ue profanes,
contenant la geographie, i'histoire, la fable, et les anti-
^aitis," ibid. 1766 — li90, 36 vols. 8vo, and 2 volumes oF
plates. Voluminous as this work is, the troubles which
followed the reroluiion obliged the author to'leave it' in-
complete ; but thfe manuscript of the concluding volumes
18 said to be in a state for publicatidn. It is lin elaborate
collection, very useful for consultsltion, bqt lK>t always
correct, and contftin^^ many articles which increase the
bulk rather than the value. A jitdicious selection, it is
thought, would supersede any publication of the kind in
France.' %
SABBATINI (Andrea), known likewise by the name
of Andrea da Salerno, is the first artist that deserves no-
tice, of the Neapolitan school. He is supposed to have
been born about 1480. Enamoured of the style of Pietro
Perugino, who had painted an Assumption of the Virgin
in the dome of Naples, he set out for Perugia to become
bi« pupil ; but hearifig at an inn on the road some painters
txtol the works of Raphael in the Vatican, he altered his
mind^ went to Rome, and ente^red that master^s school.
His stay there was short, for the death of his father obliged
him to return borne against his will in 1513 ; he returned,
However, a new man. It is said that he painted with Ra-
phael at the Pace, and in the Vatican, and that he copied
Ills pictures well :' be certainly emulated his manner with
success. Compared with his fellow-scholars, if he falls
^ahortof Julio, he soars above Raphael del Colle and idie
sestoftbat sphere. He had correctness and selection of
attitUide and features, <leptb of shade, perhaps too mucb
sharpness in the marking of the muscles, a broad 'st3^le of
folding in his draperies, and a colour which even now
mailitains its freshness. , Of his numerous works at Naples
mentioned in the catalogue of his pictures, the altar-
pieces at S. Maria delle Grazie deserve perhaps prefe-
rence ; for his fr^^^ scoes there and elsewhere, extolled by
the writers as miracles of art, are now, the greater part^
destroyed. He painted likewise at Salerno, Gaeta, and
other places of the kingdom, for churches and privitte col-
lections, where his Madcximas often rival those of Raphael*
This disting4iisbed artist died in 1545. *
1 Diet Hist. Sopfdemeiit. * Ptt^iDston by Faseti.
« A B B A T I N I. 7
SABBATINI (LORBKZO), called Lorenzin di Bologna,
was one of the most genteel and most delicate painters of
bis age. He has been often mistaken for a scholar of Ra^
pbael, from tfae resemblance of his Holy Families in stjle
of design and colour to those of that master, though the
colour be always weaker. He likewise painted Madonnas
and angels in cabinet-pictures, which seem of Parmigi-
ano; nor are bis altar-pieces different: the most cele-
brated is that of S. Michele at 8. Giacomo, en^aved by
Agostino Caracci^ and recommended to his school as a mo-
del of griacefal elegance. He excelled in fresco ; correct
in design, copious in invention, equal to every iubject^
and yet, what surprises, rapid. Such were the talents (hat
procured him employ, not only in many patrician fkmilies
of his own province, but a call to Rome under the pontifi-
cate of Gregorio XIII. where, according to Baglion],,he
pleased much, especially in his naked figures, a branch he
bad not much cultivated at Bologna. The stories of St.
Paul in the Capella Paolina, Faith triumphant over Infide*
iity in the Sala regia, and various other subjects in the
galleries and loggie of the Vatican, are the works of Sab-
bad ni, always done in competition with tfae best masters,
and always -with applause: hence among the great con«
dourse of masters wbo at that time thronged for pnsce-
dence in Rome, he was selc^cted to superintend the dif-
ferent departn^ents of the Vatican ; in which o£Bce he died
in the vigour of life, 1577.*
SABELLICUS, whose proper name was Marcus Anto-
Kius Coccius, or vernacularly Makcantonio Coccio, an
Italian historian andxcritic, was born in 1436, in the cam-,
pagna of Rome, on the conSnes of the ancient country of
tbe Sabines, from which circumstance he took^the name of
Sabellicus. He was a scholar of Pomponius Lotus's, and
in 1475, was appointed professor of eloquence at Udino, to
vrhii^h office he was likewise appointed at Venice, in 1484.
8ome time after, when the plague obfiged him to retire to
Verona, he composed, within the space of fifteen months^
his Latin history of Venice, in thirty- three books, which
were published in 1467, entitled '< Rerum Venetiarum ab
urbe cQudita,*' folio, a most beautiful specimen of early
printings of which there was a copy on vellum, in the Pi-
iielli library. Tfae republic of Venice was so pleased with
) PilkiDgton by PoieK.
,/
-S . S:A BELL I C U S. •
this work' as to decree the author a pension of 200sequip8 ;
and Sabellicus, out of gratitude^ added four books to his
history, which, however, remain in manuscript. He pubr
li^hed also " A Description of Venice,'' in three books ; a
.*^ Dialogi^e on the Venetian Magistrates;" and two poems
in honour of the republic. The most considerable of his
other works is his rhapsody of histories : ** Rhapsodiae His*
.tori^rum Enneades,'' in ten Enneads, each containing nine
.books, and comprizing a general history from the crea-
tion to t^e year 1503. The first edition published at Ve-
.nice in 1498, folio, contained only seven Enneads ; but the
second, in 1504,; had the addition of three more, bringing
the history down to the above date. Although there is
little, either in matter or manner, to recommend this work,
or many others of its kind, to a modern reader,^ it brought
.the author both reward and reputation. His other .worKs
.are discourses, moral, philosophical, and. historical, with
many Latin poems; the whole printed /in four volumes,
/olio, at Basil in 15«0. There is a scarce edition of his
.** EpistolsB familiares, necnon Orationes et Poemata,*' Ve-^
nice, 1502, folio. Sabellicus likewise wrote commenta<f
lies on Pliny the naturalist, Valerius -Maximus, Livy, Ho^
.jace, Justin, Florus, and some other classics, , which are
to b^ found in Gruter's ** Thesaurus.'* He died at Venice
in 1506. Whatever reputatioQ he might gain by his history
of Venice, he .allows himself that he tOQ often made use of
authors on whom, not much reliance was to be- placed ; and
jt is certain that he ciidnot ixt all c^onsult, or seem to know
the existence^ of, the annals of the doge Andrew Dan dolo,
which, furnish the tmost authentic, as well as. ancient, ac*
cpunt of the early tinges .of the republic,/ ^
. SABELLIUS, a Lybian, known in Qi^^Iesiastical history
as the head of the sect called Sabellians,i lived in the third
century, and was born at Ptolemais, and was a disciple of
Noetus. He reduced the three persons in the Trinity to
three states, or relations, or rather reduced the whole
Trinity to the one person of the Father; making the
Word and Holy Spirit to be the only emanations or
functions thereof. Epiph^nius tells us, that the God of
the Sab^liians, whom they called the Father, resembled
the Son,, and was ^l fi)ere subtraction, whereof the Son was
the illuminative virtue or quality, and th^ Holy Ghost the
1 Tirabotcbi.— GingueDc Hist. latt d'lislie.^— Gen. Diet.
S A B E L LI US. »
Arming virtue* Thistect had many folloi^eiii iii M«s6po«
Ummin4 Rome; but th«ir doctrines are so obscurely ex*
pressed, as-jtocrei^e- doubts as to what they really were;.
JUSicertain; boweveff .tbat;t);iey'Mrere cobdemned by the
Tfioitiirians^ andtbereforeLiMrdner, and Fiis followers, seem
pleased to add Sabelliuii to the scanty list of Unitarians of
the el^rly^ges. '
SABINUS (Georqe), whpse family name was Schalter,
ones of the best Latin poets of bis time, was. bom* in the
electorate of Brandenburg in 150S; and, at fifteen,* sent
to Wittemberg^ where be was privately instructed by
JMelanctbon, in whose /honse he liyed. He had: a great
ambition to excel ; and aa enthusiastic regard for what was
excellent, especially in Latin poetry ; and although the
specimens he studied made him somewhat diAdeot of his
powers, he ventured to submit to rthe puUso, .in his twen-
ty-second year, a poem; emitted. " Res GcstsD Csetrarum
Gemianorum,"" which spread* l)is reputation ail over Ger«
many, and made all the princes, wko had any regard for
polite literature, his friends apd , patrons* Afterwards he
ti>avel}ed into Italy, where he .contracted an acquaintance
with -Bembiis and. other leart)ed men ; and, on his return
vifited Eraaoius at Fribucg, when that great man was in
ihe tast.s^ge of life. In l£|36> he married Melancthon's
eldest daughter, at.Wittembergv to whom he^ was engaged
before bjs journey into Italy. She was only fourteen, but
very handsome, and understood Latin well ; and Sabiiiua
always lived happily vvit'h her: but he had several alterca-
tions with Melancthon, because be wanted to raise himself
to civil employments ; and did not relish the humility of
Afelanctbon, who confinlsd himself to literary pursuits, and
would be at no trouble to advance bis children. This mis-
uodei^standing occasioned Sabinus to remove into Prussia
in 1543, with his wife, who afterwards died at Konigsberg
in 1.547. }Ie settled, for some, little time,.at Francfort
upon the Oder, and was made professor of the belles lettres
)bythe appointment of the elector of Brandenburg; and
was afterwards promoted to be rector of the new univer-
sity of Konigsberg, which was opened in 1544.: .His elo-
quence and learning brought. him to the . knowledge of
Charges Y, who ennobled, him, and he was also employed
pti sqme embassies^ paiitipiilarly by the elector of Bran-
< Lardaer*! WoTlu.->Mo9bciin.
10 S A B I N U S.
denburg into Italy, where be »eems -to have contracfeid
an illness, of wbich he died in 1560, the same jreaV in
which Meiancthon died. His Latin poeois were published
at Leipsic in 1558 and 1597, the latter with additions and
letters. He published some other works, less known,
which are enumerated by Nicoron.*
SACCHETTI (Francis), an Italian poet, but better
kAown as a writer of Oovels, was bom at Florer^ce about
1335, of an ancient family, some branches of which had
held employments of great trust and dignity in the repub*
lie. While «young he composed some amatory verses, in
imitation of Petrarch, but with a turn of thought anrd
style peculiar to bimself, and he was frequently employed
in drawing up poetical inscriptions for public monuments^
&c. in which sentiments of morality and a love of liberty
were expected to be introduced. Some of these are stiU
extant, but are perhaps more to be praised for the subject
than the style. Sacchetti, when more advanced in life,
filled several offices of the magistracy both at Florence and
different parts of Tuscany, and formed an acquaintance
with the most eminent men of his time, by whom he was
highly respected. He suffered much, however, during
the civil contests of his country. He is supposed to have
died about the beginning of the fifteenth century. Verf
litrie of his poetry has been published. He is principally
ktiown by his " Navels,*' an excellent edition of which
was published at Florence in 1724, 2 vols. 8vo, by Bottari^
wj^ has prefixed an account of his life. These tales are
in the manner of Boccaccio^ but shorter, more lively, and
in general more decent. *
8ACCHI (Anbrea), an illustrious Italian painter, tbe
son of a paioter, was h6ri\ at Rome in 1601, or as some
writers say, in 1594. He learned tbe principles of his art
under bis father, but became afterwards the disciple of
Francesco Albaoo, and made such advances, 4hat, under
twelve years of age, he carried the prize, in the academy
of St Luke, from all his mucb older competitors. With
this badge of hofiour, tbey gave him the nickname of An-
drenccio, to denote the diminutive figure he then made>
being a boy ; and which he long retained. His appUcatioa
to the works of Polidoro da Caravaggio and Raphael, and
tbe antique marbles^ together with his studies under Albanpj
«
1 Kiceron, Tof. XXVI.-— Metdiior Adam.-«Saxii Onomast.
' Ginguene Hist Lit d'ltalie.— Moreri.
S A C C H L U
naihh copying zfter Caneggioj and ocbers, the best
Lombard masters, wt^e the several steps ^by vrhieb he
ratsed himseif tp extraordinary perfection in historical cona*-
position: The tht^e first gave him his correctness and
elegance ^f design ; and the last made him the best
colonrist of ail the Roman school. His works are not very
DQinerous, owing to the infirmities which attended his latter
years^ and especially the gout, which occasioned frequent
and long inlerniptions to his labours. He was likewise
slow and fasttdioas, and wished to rest his feme more npon
the quality than qiiAntity of his performances. His first
patrons were the eardtnals Antonio Barberini and del
Mone, tht' protector of ike academy of painting. He be-*
came afterwards a great favourite of lirban VHi. asid drew
an admirable portrait of him. Several of the public edi-
fices at Rome are emfoeliisbed with his works, some of
which have been ranked among the most admired produc-
tions of art in that capital. Such are his eelefofated picture
of tbe Death of St. Anne, in the chtirch of S. Carlo a Ca-
tinari ; the Angei appearing to St. Joseph, the priaetpal
aitar«piece in S. Giuseppe k Capo le Case ; and his St.
Andrea^ in the Quirinai. Btit his most dtstitrguished per-*
formance is his famous picture of S.;Rodiualdo, foimefrly in
the church dedicated to that saint, no^ in the galtery of
the Louvre. This adniirable production was considered
one of the four finest pictures at Rome, where Saechi died
in 1^68. ^
SACCHINl (Anthony-Maria-Oaspar), a very distin^
gnished musician in the last century, wals born at Naples
May 11, 1735, according to one account, but E)r. Burney
says 1727. He was educated in the conservatorio of St.
Onofrio, under Durante, and ikiade rapid progress in the
sciencoi attaching himseif principally to the vioHh, on
which he became a most accomplished performer. He
afterwards resided at Rome eight years ; and at Veoice,
where he remained four years, he was appointed. master
of the conservatorio of the Ospidaletto. It was here where
be first composted for tftie church, but always kept his sa«
cred and secular style of composition separate and distinct.
His ecdestastical compositions are not only learned, solemn,
and abounding with fine effects, but clothed in the richest
and most pure harmony.
* ArgcBviUe, vsl. {^— Pilkii^stcNi.
if SA:€CHINL
r His reputatioD ihcneasirig, he visited, by invitatioii, sdme
of the couru( of Germany, «nci among others those of
Brunswick and Wittemberg, where he succeeded the ce^
l^hrate^d Jomelli ; >nd after having composed for all the
{[reat theatres in Italy and Germany ,with increasing 'SUC*
cess, he came to England in 1772, and here supported the
high reputation he had acquired { on -the continent. His
operas of the " Cid'* and *.' Tamerlano" were' equal, says
•Dr. Bumey, if not superior, to any musical dramas we
jhaye^ heard in any part of .Europe.. ^Ue remained, however^
top; long in England for his. fame au# fortune. The first
>vas injured by cabals, and by what ought to have increased
it, the number of his works ; and the second by inactivity
and want of economNpt^
. He refused several engagements which were offered him
from Russia, Poriugal, and even France, but this last he
9t length accept«d,trini hopes t>f an establishment for life*
Accordingly he went thither in IJS h, but it is manifest in
the operas that he composed for Paris, .that he wprjked for,
singers of me^u abilities; which, besides the airs being'
set to French: words, prevented their circulation in the rest
pf Europe, which his other vocal. productions in i^is own
language had coustantly done. At Paris, however, he was
al/nost adored, but returned the following year to London,
where he only augmented his debts and embarrassments ;
^o tb^t, in 1794, h^ took, a final leave of this country^ and
settled at Paris, where he not only obtained a pension
from the queen of France^ but the, theatrical pension, in
^risequeoce of three successful pieces, r This graceful,
eiegaut, and judicious composer died, at Paris, October 8^
A786» * . •, . . . . . ; -
■ All Sacchini'fl pperas^re jreplete with elegant air^, beau-*
t^ful accompanied recitatives, . and orchestriil effects, with^
out the lea&t ap|p<^^rance of labour or study. It was seem-^
ipgly hy ^m^^ iiieans tha^ he produced the greatest
efi'ects. He intei:e$ted the audience more by a happy,
graceful, and toujching melodj^ than by a laboured and
extraneous* ododulationi His accoqipaniments always briU
Ijant and. ingenif):us, without being loaded and confpsed,
assist the. expression of the vocal part, and are often pic*
turesque. Each of the dniipas he composed in this country
was so entire, so masterly, yet so. new and natural, that<
there was nothing left for criticism to censure, though in-
numerablp beauties* to point but and admire. He had a
S A C C H I N I. 13
taste so exquisite, and so, totally iree from pedantry, that
hi» Wiis . frequently new without effort ; never thinking of
himself or. bis fame for-aiiy. pai!tic(iiiir excellence, but
totally occupied with tbe^ ideas of the poet, and the pro-
priety, -oonsistency, and effect of the- whole drama. His
accompaniments, though always rich and ingenious, nevet*
call off attention from the voice, but by a constant ^mw^'-
;Miri?7i(y, the principal melody is rendered distinguishable
through all. the contrivance of imitative and picturesque
design in the instruments.
Sacchini's private character was that of a generous and
benevolent roan, somewhat too imprudent in the indul-
gence o/ charitable feelings, but a steady friend, an af-
fectionate relation, and a kind master.*
SACCHINl (Francis), a celebrated Jesuit, was born in
1570, in the. diocese of Perugia. He was professor of
rhetonc at Rome during several years, and secretary to
his general, Vitelleschi, seven years. He died December
26, 1625/ aged 55. His princijpal works are; "A Conti-
nuation of the History of the Jesuits* Society,'' begun by
Orlandino. Of this Saodhini wrote the 2d, 3d, 4th, and
^th partner volumes, fol. 1620 — 1661. An addition to
the fifth part was made by Jouvency, and the whole com-
pleted by JuUiis Cordara. Perfect copies are very rarely
to be met with. Sacchini was also the author of a- small
hook judiciously written and much esteemed, entitled << D^
ratione. Libros cum profectu legendi,'' l2mo, at the end
of which/ is a discourse, ^* De vitandft Librorum moribus
noxiorum> lectione,'' which ^fadier Sacchini delivered at
Rome in his rhetorical school in 1603.* •
SACHEVERELL (Henay), D. D. a man whose his-
tory affo^d^ a very striking example of the folly of party
spirit, was the son of Joshua Sacheverell of Marlborough,
clerk, who died rector of St. Peter's church in Marlbd-
rougby leaving a numerous family iu very low circumstan-
ces* By a letter to him fr.om his uncle^ in 1711, it ap-'
pears thaa; ha bad a birother- oarmed Thomas, and a sister
Susannah. Henry was pat to school at M^rlborouo-b, at
the. charge of Mr. .Edward Hetfrst, ;an apothecary, who,
being his godfattier,. adopted him as bis son. Hearst's
widow put; him afterwards to Magdalen-cc^Uege, Oxford,'
' Buriiey's His». of Music. — and inRees*]i Cyclppeidia.— -IJlcU Hi»U
• Mown,- Pici. Hist.' ^
14 S A C H E V E R E L L.
where be became demy in 1687, at; tbe age of 15. Hei^
be soon distinguifibed himself by a regular observation' of
the duties of the booa^, by his compositions, * good mao-
ners, and genteel behaviour; qualifications which recom-
mended him to that society, of which, he became felh>w,
and, as public tutor, had the clireof the education of most
of the young gentlemen of quality and fortune that were
admitted of the college. In this station he had the care of
the education of a great many persons eminent for their
learning and abilities ; and avas contemporary and ciiamber-
fellow with Addison, and one of his chief intimates till the
time of his famous trial. Mr. Addisou's ^^ Account of the
greatest English Poets," dated April 4, 1694, in a £are*
welUpoem to the Muses- on his intending to enter into
holy orders, was inscribed "to Mr. Henry Sacheyerell,'*
his then dearest friend and colleague. Much has been said
by Sacheverell's enemies of his ingmtixude to his. relations^
and of his turbulent behaviour at Oxford ; but these appear
to have been groundless calumnies^ circulated only by the
spirit of patty. In bis youiigeryeara he wrote some excellent
Latin poems, besides several in the second and third vo*
lumesof the ^^ MufSB A«glicanas,*' ascribed to bit pupils^
and there is a good .one of some length in the second vo-
lume, under bis own name (transcribed from the Oxford
coUeation, on queen Mary's deaths 1605). He took the
degree of M. A. May 16, 1696; B. D. Feb. 4, 1707; D.D.
July 1, 1703« His 6rst preferment was Cannock, or Cank,
|n the county of Stafford. He was appoioted preacher of
St. Saviour's, Southwark, in 1705; and while in this sta«»
tion preached his^ famous sermons (at Derby, Aug. 14^
170^; and at St.*Pifiirs, Nov. 9, in the same year) ; and
in one of them was supposed to point at lord Godolpbin,
under the name of Volpone. It has been stiggeated,. that
to this circumstance, as much- as to the doctrines contained
ip his sermons, ,he was^ indebted for his prosecution, and
eventually for his preferment. Being impeached by the
House of Commons, bis trial beg^n Feb. 27, 1709.- 10^
and continued until the 23d of March : when he was sen*
tenced to a suspension from preaching for three years, aud
his two sermons ordered to be burnt. This prosecution^
however^ overthrew the ministry, and laid the fcmndation
of his fortune. To sir Simon Harcourt, who was counsel
for him, he presented a silver bason gilt, with an elegant
inscriptiooy written probably by his friend Dr. Atter-
, S A C H E V E R E L L. 15
\
\
bury*. Dr. SacbeYerell» diiring h» Mispeasion, mftde a iunili
of triumphal progress through various paru yf the king^loia;
during which period he was collated to a living near
Shrewsbury ; and, in the same month that hi^ suspension
^^ded, bad the valuable rectory of St. And#sw.^s» Uolborn^
fxma him bjPthe queenf April 13^ 17 13. At that time his
reputation was so higb^ that he was enabled to sell the (irsit
■sermon preached after his sentence expired (on Palm Suo-
day) for the sum of lOQ/.; and upwards of 40^000 copies,
it is laid, were soon sold« We find by Swift's Journal to
Stella, Jan. 22, 1711-12, that he bad also interest enough
with the ministry te provide very amply for one of his
brothers; yet, as the deaa had said beffre^ Aug« 24, i7ii«
^Vthey hated and affected to despise bim«*' A consider-
able estate at Callow in Derbyshire was soon after left to
lam 1>y bis kinsman George Sacheverelli esq» In 17 f 6,
be prefixed a dedication to ** Fifteen Discourses, ocoasioa-
ally delivered before the university o^ Oxford, by W.
Adams, M. A. late student of Christ-church, and r^^or of
Staunton upon Wye, in Oxfordshire.'* After this publi-
cation, we bear jitUiiiof bioiy exoept hy quarrels with bk *
parishioners. Hm died June S^ 1724 ; and, by his w31,
bequeathed to Bp. Atterbury, then iu ei^iie, who was sup-
PQsed to have penned for him the defence be made beforfe
the House of Peers f, the sum of 500. The duchess of
' ♦ «« Xiro honoratissimo, «f Tbi94»peech, whea originally pub-
^ Vmterii Juris oracufo, lished, was tho^ acMressed, *< To the
£celesia & Regni presidio fc Lords Sptrittt&l and TemfKM-al io M^.
oroamento, liaoient assembled :
SiMO!fi HAKCotftf, Eqaiti AUrafo, Maj^ it please your Lordships,
' «M0gtMB Biitamiiis Sisiii Migbi It Satli bien my ftani- forttine to ht
. $, fipstodi, misHunderstood* at a ttme wben I en-
^i Serenissimse Keginas h Secretioribus deavoured to express myself wiih the
' ' cdnsiliis; utmost ptaidoess ; even th& defence I
ob oavMim oie^in, ebiaai S^Ilremo made at your Lotdsbips* d*r, hi Htstp^
Senatu, of cieat iog the innocence of my hear^
in Aula Westmonasteriensi, | tiaih been grievously misrepresented.
. ii^riosa cam faoandia ?<!# which reasbn I have hombly ptt"
tf, sabacta legim scientia, sumed to offer it in this manner to your
benign^ & coustanter defensam ; Lordships* perusal. My (x>rds, these
«b pri>cam EcdesTie doctrinam, "Cftre the >f6ry t^ortTs f spake to your
JHviu)andaiii Legum vim, . Lordships, t hope tifey are fo plain
piam Subditorum tidem, sn^ express,, as not to be capable of
et sacTOsancta Le^nnf jifra,\ ^ any miscons'triiction : and may l so
' eontn wfarios PerdMiitim iit^us find tkercy dt the lHfea<l« «f God as they'
, feliciter ▼inoicata |^ yre in e-^ery refpeet ep^irely agreeabU
Votiviim hoc Mi^nusculipm to my thoughts and principles ! lam,
Ciratitudinis ergo my Lords, your Lordships' most obe-
Jp. D.^0. ' dient aud most dutiful servant,
Aimo Saluiis mdccx.'*
16 S A C H E V E ft £ L L.
Marlborough describes Sacheverell as ^* an ignorant iaipit<>^
dent incendiary ; a man who Hias the scorn even of those
who made use of him as a too];" And Bp. Burnet says^
^* He was a bold insolent man, with a very stn#ll measure
of religion, mtue, learning, or good sens^; but he re-
solved to force himself into popularity and preferment,^ by
the most petulant railings at dissenters' and low-church,
men, in several sermons and libels, written without either
cha^teness of style or liv^eliness of expression." Whs^ever
bis character, it is evident that he owed every thing to an
injudicious prosecution, 'which' defeated the purposes of
those who instituted it, and for mttny years ' continued
those prejudices in the public* mind, which a wiser ad-
ministration would have beeif ^ivxious to dispel. ' '
SACKVILLE (Thomas), lord Buckhurst and egrl of
Dbrset, an eminent statesman and p6et, was born at Withy •
am in Sussex, in 1527. He 'was 'the son of sir Richard
Sackville, who d^ed in 1566, by Wihifred Brydges (after-
wardi harchioness of Winchester), and grandson of John
Sackville^ esq. who died in 1557, by Anne Boleyne, sister
df sir Thomas Boleyne, earl (^ Wiltshire ; and great grand-
son of Richard Sadcville, esq. who died iH 1524, by Isabel|^
daughter of John Digges, of Digges^s place In Barbam,
Kent, ofafatmily which for many succeeding geneimtions
prodiyed men of learning and genius. He was first of th6
university of Oxford, and^ as it is supposed^ of Hart-hall,
now Hertford-college ; but taking no degree there, he#e- -
moved lo Cambridge, where he commenced master of art9,
and afterwards was a student of the Inner. Temple. At
both universities he became celebrated both as a Latin and
English poet, and carried the same taste and Clients to tfc^
Temple, where he wrote his tragedy of " Gorboduc," ^icb
was exhibited in the great hall by the students of that so-
ciety, as part of a Christmas entertainment, and afterwards
before queen Elizabeth n Whitehall, Jatu J 8, 1561. It
was surreptitiously printed in 1563, utider the title of
'^ The Tragedy of Gorbodui^' 4to; but a correct edition
under the inspection of the authors (for he was assisted by-
Thomas Norton), appeared in 1571, entitled "TheTra-
gedie of Ferrex and Porrex.'' Another i^ition appeared
in 1569, notwithstanding wfaicb, for many years it had so •
* OeDt. Mag. s«6 Index.— ^Swift's Works.— Ra pin's Hist — Burnetii Owa
Timst.— TatkKy Sp<(ctalorj and Guardiao, wilhaotes, «dit. 1806.— &c. &c. *
SACJtVtLtfi* iff
!lS4#){>letely di^ppeare^ that Dry<ten «kfid OldbMtf in the
jteign of Cjb^rleft II. do not !»ppear U> have seen it, though
tb#y pr^eii4ed to criticise it ; and even Wood knew juat
as little of it, as is plain from bis telling us that it was
/^Hten ia W Snglisb rhyme. Pope took a fancy to re^^
iri^kve thi» pJay from oblivioB, and Spence being employed
p9 ffit it p|P with aili poasibte advantage, ii was prjuted
f^mp/Ofifily in 1736^ ^vo^with a preface by the editor.
Sp«fioe^ 9pea|(i;ii^g of hisllordabip as apoet, declares, that
** the dawQ'Of our English poetry was in Chancer^s time,
(but that it aboiue out la him too bright all titonee to liaat
iwg.. The succeeding age was dark and OTercaat. There
'W9i» indeed some igUmmeriAgs of genius again in tienrjr
Ylirs timi^ ; but Dur poetry had never what <ioald be cailed
ik fairtaettl€)d day-light till towards the end of queen Mi^A*
betth^s ceign. . It wa» between these two periods^ that lord
-Buokhur^t wrote; ^fter. the earl of Surrey, and before
.Spoasen'' ]SMartan*s opinion of this tragedy is not very
faiioufdble. - He thinks it neirer was a favourite with our
ajioestors* and fell iilto oblivion On account of the naked-
(Oesrsapd juninterestmg nature of the plot, the tedioiis
ieogth 0i the speeches, the want of discrimination of char
Iraciber, and almost a total, absence of pathetic or critidal
«tualioBs. ¥iet he allows that the language of " Gorbo-
iliic'^ has giseat merit and perspicuity, and that it is en-^
titely Iree {cojm the tumid phraseology of a aubseqUent age
^f.faj^yrwtiting.
iSadLviJile is said by Warton to bate bei^n the inventor
aad principal, contributor to that celebrated collection of
hiitorlcal legends, entitled ** The Mirror for Magistrates,**
fmt edil»d in J 559 by William Baldwin ; but sir Egei^ton
firydges. ithinks there is some reason to doubt this, as
SackvalWs ^* Induction,'^ ^nd " Legend of the duke of
fittf^Dgbam,'* did not appear appended to that work till
the second edition in 1563. The reader^ howev^, haa
now an oppoitiwiily of examining the evidence on this
point in the v^ry accurate andsplendid edition of this wotit
just pnbliahed by loseph Haslewood, esq. It is allowed
that Sackville's share exceeds in dignity and genius all th€
other contributions to the work. The *• Induction** con-
tains some of the finest strains of English poetry, and some
of the most magnificent personifications of abstract ideas in
Qur language ; exceeding Spenser in dignity, and not short
ef him in brilliance $ and* the << Complaint of Henry duke
Voi-XXYIL C
18 « A C K V I t L E.
of Buckinghaim'* is written, says Warton, with a force andf
even elegance of expression, a copiousness of phraseology,
and an exactness pf versification, not to be foiind in any
other part of the collection.
Having by these productions established the reputations
of being the best poet in bis time, he laid down his pen^
and assumed the character of the statesman, in which he
also became very emin^ent. He found leisure, however,
to make the tour of France and Ilaly ; a^nd was on somd
account or other in prison at Rome, wh^n the news arrived
of his father sir Richard Saekville's death' iti 1566. Upon
this, he obtained his release, returned home, entered inta
the possession of a vast inheritance, and soon after waa^
prompted to the peerage by the title of lord Buckhurst.
He enjoyed this accession of honour and fortune too libe*
rally for a while, but soon saw his error. Some attribute
his being reclaimed to the quejti, but others say, that the
indignity of being kept in waiting by an alderman, of
whom he bad occasion to borrow money, made so deep an
impression on him, that he resolved from that moment to
be an oeconomist. By the queen he was received into
particular favour, and employed in many very important
affairs. In 1587 he was sent ambassador to the United
Provinces, upon their complaints against the earl of Lei«i»
eester ;; and, though he discharged that nice and hazardous
trust, with great integrity, yet the favourite prevailed with
his mistress to call him home, and confine him to his holise
for nine or ten months ; which command lord Buckhurst if
said to have submitted to so obsequiously, than in all the
time he never would endure, openly or secretly, by day
or by night, to see either wife or child. His enemy, how*
ever, dying, her majesty's favour returned to him more
jstrqngly than ever. He was made knight of the garter in
1590; and chancellor of Oxford in 1591, by the queen's
special interposition. In 1589 he was joined with the trea*
surer Burleigh in negotiating a peace with dpain; and,
upon the death of Burleigh the same year, succeeded him
in his office; by virtue of which he became in a manner
prime mitiister, and as suoh exerted himself vigorously for
the public good and her majesty's safety.
Upon the death of Elizabeth, the administration of th«
ktngdom devolving on him with other counsellors, they
linanioioU^ly proclaimed king James; and that king re*-
Slewed bis patent of lord high-treasurer for life, before his
S A 6 k V i L L £. n
'MV^9l in England, and even before bis lordship waitifdl oil
bis majesty. In March 1604 he was created earl of Dorset.
•He was one of those whom his majesty consulted and con-»
fided in npon all occasions ; and he lived in the highest
esteem and repatation, without any extraordinary deca^
of health, till 1 607. Then he was seized at bis house at
Horsley,in Surrey, with la disorder, which reduced him
96f that bis life was despaired of* At this crisis, the kiag
sent him a gold ring enamelled black, set with twenty dia-
moiKld; and this message, that ''his majesty wishea him
a speiedy and perfect recovery^ with all happy and good
success, &hd that he might live as long as the diamonds of
that ring did endure, and in token thereof required him t#
wear it^ and keep it for his sake.'^ He recovered this ill-
ness to iSiU appearance ; but soon after, as he was attend-
ing at the council-tkble, he dropped down, and immedi-
ately expired. This sudden deaths which happened April
•19,* 1608, was dcicasioned by a particular kind of dropsy on
the brain. He was interred with great solemnity in West-
minster-abbey ; his funeral sermon being preached by his
chiiplaiii Dr. Abbot> aftef^ards abp. of Canterbury. , S(ix
•Kbbert Nauoton writes of hini in the following terms:
" They much commend his elocution, but more the ex-
cellency 'of his^pen. He was a scholar, and a ^person of
quick dispatch ; faculties that yet run in the blood : and
they aay of him, that his secretaries did little for him by
way of inditemept, wherein they could seldom please him^
he was so facete and choice in his phrase and style. — I find
not that :he was any ways inured in the factions of the
court, which were all his time strong, and in every mau^s
note I the .Howards and the Cecils' on the one part, my
lord of Essex, &c. on the other part : for he held the staff
of the treasury fast in his htod, which once in a year made
them all beholden to him. And the truth is^ as he was a
wise man and a stout^ lie had no reason to be a partaker ;
for he s.tood sure in blood and graces lind was wholly in«
tentive to the queen's services : and such were his abilities^
that she received assiduous proofs of his sufficiency ; and it
has been thought^ that she might have more cunning in*^
struments, but none of a more strong judgment and con^
fidence in bis ways, which are symptoms of magnanimity
and fidelity.*' Lord Orford says, that <* few first ministert
kav^toft uo fair a character, and that his family ^^"* ^
62
so SACKVILLe.
ftbe office of an apology for it, against some Kttle cavils,
.which ^^spreta exoleacunt; si.irascare, agnita videntur.'*
- Several of his letters are printed in the Cabala ; besides
which there is a Latin letter of his to Dr. Bartholomew
Clarke, prefixed to. that author's Latin translation from the
Italian of Castiglione's '< Courtier/' entitled, *^ De Curiali
aive Aulico,'' first printed at London about 1571. This
be j^Tots while envoy at Paris. Indeed his early t;^aste and
learning never forsook him, but appeared in the exercise
of his miore formal political functions. He was, says War-
ton, frequently disgudted at the pedantry and official bar-
barity of style, in which the public letters add instruments
^ere usually fjiamed. Even in the decisions and pleadings
of the Star-chamber court, he practised and encouraged
an unaccustomed style of eloquent and graceful oratory.^
SACKVILLE (Charles), sixth earl of Dorset and Mid-
dlesex, a celebrated wit and poet, was descended in a
direct line from Thomas lord Buckhorst, and born Jan. 24,
1637. He had his education under a private tutor; after
which, making the tour of Italy, he returned to England a
little before the Restoration. He was chosen in the first
parliament that was called after that event for £^ast Grin«
stead in Sussex, made a great figure as a speaker, and was
caressed by Charles IL; but, having as yet no turn to
business, declined all public employmeoit He was, is
truth, like Villiers, Rochester, Sedley, &c. one of the wits
or libertines of Charleses court; and thought of nothing so
much as feats of galfamtry, which sometimes carried him to
inexcusable excesses *. He want a volunteer in the first
Dutch war in 1665; and, the night before the engage*
ment, composed .the celebrated song ^' To all you Ladies
* " One of these frolicks has, by cr»wd attempted to force the door, and,
the industry of Wood, come dowu to being repulsed, drore in the perforoi-
|K>sterity. Sackville, wbo was thea en with ttooea, and bcttke the wiodoira
lord Buckburst, with sir Charles Sed- of tlie house. For this misdeoieanonr
ley and sir Thomas Ogle, got drunk at they were indicted, ^nd Sedley waf
the Cock in Bow-street by Covent-gar* fined five bnodred pounds: wliat was
^en, and, going into the balcony, ex* the sentence of the otbe^ js.not koown*
posed themselves to the populace in Sedley employed Kiliigrew and another
Very indecent postures. At last, as to procure a remission from the king ;
%bey grew warmer, Sedley stood Ibrth bat (mark the /riendsbip of ibe diaso-
naked, and harangued the populace in lute !) they begged the fine for them*
such profane language, that the pub- selves, and exacted it to the last groat."
Ac indignation was awakened ; the Johnson's Lives.
» ColHns's Peerage, by sir B, Bridges. — Wartaii*s Hittnry of Poetry;-^Biog.
9«*it.— Bibliograpberj vol. I. — Hailewood's edition of the ^irrQr for Maeialf^lHL
1815, 4to.^Park's edit, of the Royal andNoble Authors!
SACKVILLE. 2ri
now at land,^ which is generallj^ esteemed the happiest
of his productions ; but there is reason to think it was not
originally composed, but only revised on this occasion. Soon
after he was made a gentleman of the bed-chamber ; and,
on account of his distinguished politeness, sent by the
king upon several short embassies of compliment inta
France, Upon the death of his uncle James Craniield, earl
of Middlesex, in 1674, that estate devolved on him; and
he succeeded likewise to tlie title by creation in 1675«r
His father dying two years after, he succeeded him in hia
estate and honours. He utterly disliked, and openly dis-
countenanced, the violent measures of James ITs reign;
and early engaged for the prince of Orange, by whom be
was n)ade lord chamberlain of the household, and taken
ieto the privy •council. In 1692;: he attended king Wil-
liam to the congress at the Hague, and was near losing hia
life in the passage. They went on board Jan. 10, in a verjr
severe season ; and, when they were a few leagues off
Goree, having by bad weather been four days at sea, the
king was so impatient' to go on shore, that he took a boat;
when, a thick fog arising soon after, they were so closely
surrounded with ice, a& not to be able either to make the
sbore, or get back to the ship. In this condition they re«
mained twenty-two hours, almost despairing of life ; and
the cold was so bitter, that they could hardly speak or
stand at thetr landing ; and lord Dorset contracted a lame*
ness, which continued for some time. In 1698, his health
insensibly declining, he retired from public afiairs ; only
now and then appearing at the council* board. He died at
Bath Jan. 19, 1705-6, after having married two wives; by
the latter of whom he had a daughter, and an only son,
Lionel Cran field Sackville, who was created a duke in
1720, and died Oct. 9, 1765.
Lord Dorset wrote several little poems, which, however,
are not numerous Enough to make a volume of themselves,
but are included in Johnson's collection of the '^ English
Poets.'' He was a great patron of poets and men of wit,
who have not failed in their turn to transmit his with lustre
to posterity. Prior, Dryden, Congreve, Addison, and many
more, have all exerted themselves in their several panegy*
rics upon this patron ; Prior more particularly, whose ex-
quisitely-wrought character of him, in the dedication of
hia poems to his son, the first duke of Dorset, is to this
da^ admired as a master-piece. He says, <<The brightness
22 SACKVILLE.
of his parts/ the solidity of his judgment, and the candour
and generosity of bis temper, distinguished him in an age'
of great politeness, and at a court abounding with men of
the finest sense and learning. The most eminent masters
in their several ways appealed to bis determination : Wsd«
ler thought it an honour to consult him in the softness and
harmony of his verse ; and Dr. Sprat, in the delicacy and
turn of his prose: Dry den determines by him, under the
character of Eugenius, as to the laws of dramatic poetry :
Butler owed it to him, that the court tasted his * Hudibras :*
Wycberley, that the town liked his * Plain Dealer; and^
the late duke of Buckingham deferred to publish his ^Re-
bearsar till he was sure, as he expressed it, that my lord
Dorset would not rehearse upon him again. If we wanted
foreign testimony, La Fontaine and St. Evremond have
acknowledged that he was a perfect master of the beauty
and fineness of their language, and of all they call * les
' belles lettres.' . Nor was this nicety of his judgment con-
fined only to books and literature: he was the same in
iftatuary, painting, ^nd other parts of art. Bernini
tyould have taken his opinion upon the beauty and at-v
titude of a figure ; and king Charles did not agree with
Leiy^ that my lady Cleveland's picture was finished, till it
bad the approbation of my lord Buckhurst."
'^ He was a man,'- says Dr. Johnson, '< whose elegance
and judgment' were universally confessed, and whose
bounty to the learned and witty was generally known. To
the indulgent affection of the public, lord Rochester bore
ample testimony in this remark : ' I know not how it is,
but lord Buckburst may do what he will, yet is never in
tKe wrong.' If such a man attempted poetry, we cannot
wonder that his works were praised. Dryden, whom, if
Prior tells ti:uth, he distinguished by his beneficence, and
\vho lavished his blandishments on those who are not known
to have so well deserved them, undertaking to produce
authors of our own country superior to those of antiquity,
says, * I would instance your Lordship in satire, and Shak-
s&peare in tragedy.' Would it be imagined that, of this
rival to antiquity, all the satires were little personal in-
vectives, and that his longest composition was a song of
eleven staii:^as ? The blame, however, of this exaggerated
praise falls on the encomiast, not upon the author ; whose
performances are> what they pretend to be, the effusions
9ff^man of wit; gay, vigorous, and airy* His verses to
I
8 A C K V I L L E. ft
JHoward shew great fertility of miad ; aod bis ^ Dorinda"
lias been imitated by Pope. '
SACROBOSCO, See HOLYWOOD.
SACY. See MAISTRE.
SADEEL (Anthony), one of tbe promoters of the re-
jformatioD, was born in 1534, at the castle of Cbabot io
the Maconais, and was descended of a noble and ancient
family of the Forez. His father dying when he was very
young, the care of his education devolved on his mother^
wbo sent him to Paris, where, he 6rst was initiated in the
principles of the Protestant religion. These he afterwarda
became better acquainted with at Tboulouse and Geneva,
when iotroduced to Calvia and Beza. On the death of aq
uncle he was, recalled home, and again sent to Paris, in
£ODsequen<:e of a contest respecting the will of that uncle^
wl\o had left considerable property. While here, becom-
ing more attached to the cause of the reformatron, he was
induced to study divinity, instead of law, forVhipb he had
been .originally intended ; and such was his progress and
tbe promising appearance of his talents and zeal, that at
the age of twenty, he was invited to preach to the congre-
gation of the reformed at Paris* Their assembling, how*
ever, was attended with great danger; and, in 1557, whea
they met to celebrate the sacrament, about 150 were ap-
prehended and thrown. into prison, their pastors only es-
caping. The priests having circulated various scandalous
reports of this meeting, which the judges found to be
false, Sadeel was employed by his brethren in draining,
up a vindication of them. Next year he was himself taken,
up, and imprisoned, but the king of Navarre, who had
often been one of his hearers, immediately seat to the
officers to release him, as beiqg one of his own suite, and
when they refused, went in person to. the prison, coip-
plained of the affront, and released Sadeel. Jt not, how-
ever, being thought safe for him to remain at this crisis in
Paris, be retired for some time to Orleans, and when the
danger seemed to be over^ returned again, and drew up
a Confession of Faith, first proposed in a synod of the re-,
formed clergy of France, held at Paris, which was pre-
sented to the king by the famous admiral Coligni. The
kjng dyii^ soon after, ^nd the .queen and the family oj^.
* Biog. Brit. — Collins's Peerage by sir E. Bridges*— AUi. Ox* Tol. IL— ^
^rk*f editioB Of tbe Hoyal and Noble Avtborg. V
U I A D E E L,
Onise renewing with inore fmy than evet i;h# p«r^<^Gutioii
of the reformed, Sadeel was obliged again lo leave the
metropolis, which, however, he continued occasionally to
visit when it could be done without danger.
In 1562, he presided at a national synod at OrieanSji
Urnd^ then went to Berne, and finally to' Geneva, where h^
was associated with* the ministers of that place, Henry 1V%
tPho had a great respect for him, gave him an invitation- to
his court, which, after some hesitation, from his aversioiiL
to public life, he accepted, and was^ chaplain at the batttlts
f)f Courtray, and had the charge of a mission to the pro^
testant prince^ of Germany ; but unable at length to beat?
Ihe fatigues of a military life, which be was obliged t6
]l>ass with his royal benefactor, he retired to Geneva iii
15S9, and resumed his functions as a preacher, and under<r
took the professorship of Hebrew until his death, Feb. 23,
1591. Besides his sermons, which were highly popular
and persuasive, he aided the cause of reformatiorr by taking
an active part in the controversies which arose ouft of it,
and by writingsr of the practical kind. One French bio-
grapher tells us that Sadeel was an assumed name, but in
^11 other authorities, welind him called by th^t hatpe only
with the addition of CHANDi£Us, Which alluded to bis an.
cestors, who were barons of Chandieu. Accordingly hi*
works are entitled << Antonii Sadeelis Chapdaei, nobilissi-
Aii viri, opera thedlogica," Geneva, 1592, folio ; reprinted
1593, 4^0; and 1599 and 1615, folio. They consist,
among others, of the following treiitisesf published aepa-^
lately, *' De verbo Dei scripto," Gen, 1592. " De vera
peccatorum remissione^'* ibid. 1591. ** De «nico Christi
Sfl^^rdotio et sacrificio,^' ibid. 1692. ^< De s[Sirituali et^
sacramentali manducatione Corporis Christi ;'^ two trea-^
tises, ibid. 1596. " Posnaniensiutn assertionutn refatatio,'^
ibid. 1596, ^^ Refutatio libelli Claudii de Sainctes, inti*"
l^lati, Examen doctrines Calvinianae et BezansB de cceina;
Dornini,^' ibid. 1592. He wrote also, in Frenebi " His-
tbire des persecutions et des nnartyrs de Tegtise de Pari$y
depuis Tan 1557, jusqu^au regne de Charles IX." printed
at Lyons, in 1563, 8vo, tinder the name of Zamariel, He
wrote also ^* Metamorphose de Ronsard en prettre," in
verse, part of a controversy he had with that writer, who in
his work on the troubles dur'mg the minority of Charles IX,
bad attributed them to the reformers. His life, ,by Jaihes^
Xectius, was prefixed to \x\s works, wd published .sepa^
^ A D I. 95
mdf Hi Geivet^ ih 1595, Sto. Tbe substonQe of it is givea
in our 6rst authority.'
SADI, or S A DE£> ai eelebrated Penian po€ft and mo«
liiisty wa^b'oniin 1175, at Sheeraz, or Schiraz, ' tbe capi«
tri of Persia, anrd wa9 educated af Damascus, btrt quitted
Ills country when it was desolated by the Turks, and com->
flhefik;ed bis travels, He was afterwards taken prisoner, and
§otfdefnned to work at the fortifications of TripoK. Wbile
in this deplorable state, he was redeented by a^merclHint of
. Aleppo, who had so much i^gard for him as to give him his
ddu^bter in marriage, with a dowry of one hundred sequins.
Thik lady, however, beti^ aii intolerable scold, proved the
plague of his life, and gave him that unfavourable opinion
of the ^r Which appears occasionally in his works. During
one of tfaeif altercations she reproached him with tbe fa*
TOurs-het family bad conferred-*-" Ae not you the man
ay ftilfcer bought for ten pieces of gold ?'* — •* Yes," an*
sa^e^ed Sadi, ''and he sold me again for an hundred se«'
qurtts ?"
Wt find few other particiilars of bis life, daring which
h6 appeatis to have been admired for his wise sayings and
hi^ wit; He is tfaid to have lited an hundred and twenty
yifeM, that is, to the year 1295, but different dates are
^ignedy some making hinf born in 1 193, and die in 1^12.
He composed such a variety of works in prose and verse,
Arabic and Persian, as to fill two lar^ folio volumes, which
were printed at Calcutta, in 1795. It was not, botvever,
metely as a poet, that he acquired fame, but as a phifloso-
l^r and a moralist. His works are quoted by the Persians
on the daily and hourly- occurrences of life ; and his tomb,
a(^oining the city where he was born, is still visited with
feneration. " Yet,'* says sir WWiam Ouseley, speaking
of ibis author's works, '< I shall not here suppress that there
is attriboted to Sadi a short collection of poetical composi«»
tabns, inculcating lessons of the grossest sensuality ;*' and
even bis most mot^l work, called *' Gulistan,'' or ^^ Garden
of Flowers/' is by no means immitculate. Mr. Gladwin
also, to whom we owe an excellent translation' Of it, pub^^
fished at Calcutta, 1806, in 4to, with the Original Persian,
has been obliged to omit or disguise ^ few passages, which,
be says, ** although not offensive to th6 coarse ideas of
I Melchior Adain.«*Freheri Th«atniiiu«*Moreri et Biog. Uak. in art Chan*
t6 S A D L
native readers, couM not ppssibly be translated wilbout
transgressing the bounds of decency.'*
This work has been idng known in Europe by the edition
and translation published by the learned Gentius, lender
the title of '^ Rosarium politicum, sive amoenum sortis hU"«
mans Theatrum, Persice et Lat.'' Arast. 1651, foi. There *
was also a French ti^^nslation by P. du Ryer, 1634, Svo,
and another by d'Alegr^, in 1704, 12 mo, since which the
abbe Gaudin gave a preferable translation, first in 1789^
under the title of ^^,]£ssai historique sur la legislation de la
Perse,'' and afterwards by the more appropriate titl^ of
^'Gulistan, ou Tempire des roses," 17i^l, 8vo. The En«
glish public was in soooe degree made acquainted with this
work by a publication by Stephen Sullivan, esq. entitled
** Select Fables from Gnlistan, or the Bed of Ros^i^, trans^
lated from the original Persian of Sadi," 1774, 12mo*
These are chiefly of a political tendency, recommending;
justice and humanity to princes. Mr. Gladwin's includes
the whole, and is a valuable contribution to our knowledge
of Persian manners and morals. Sadi's other works^are en-
titled << Bostan, or the Garden of Flow^ers," which is in
verse, and ^^ Molam^t ;" in Arabic, sparks, rays, or spe*
cimens. We may add, that Olearius published the ^^ Gu-
listan," in Geripan, wit^ plates, in 1634, fol. under i\xe
tjtle of *^ Persianischjer Ros^ntbal.'*^
SADLER (JoH^), an English writer, descended of a^
ancient family in Shropshire, was born in 1615^ and admit*
ted pensioner of Emanuel college, in .Cambridge, Nov. IS^
1.630, where he became eminent for his knowledge in the
](iebrew and Oriental languages. After having taken his
degrees ajt.tbe usual periods, that of M. A. in 163.8, in
which year be Y^^ chosen fellpw qf his college, he removed
to Lincoln's-Inh ; where he made a considerable progress
in the study of the law, and was admitted Que of the mas-
ters in ordinary in the court of chancery, June I, 1 644^
and was likewise one of the two masters of requests. In
1649, he was chosen town -clerk of London, and published
in tbe same year in 4to, a work with this title, " Rights of
the Kingdom : or. Customs of our Ancestors, touching the
duty, power, election, or succession, of our kings and
partiaments, our true liberty, due allegiance, three estates^
their legislative power, original, judicial, and executive,
* ' • • *
1 D'Herbelot Bibl. Oriental.— Gladwin's Persian Classics, vol. I.— Waripf 'f^
Tour to Sheerez.'— Month. Re?. 1774.— JlriU Crit vol. XXI^
6 A D L £ R. . 9T
with the militia J freely discussed through the British, Saxon,
Normally laws and histories." It was reprinted in 1682,
^d has always been valued by lawyers and others. He
wa$ greatly esteemed by Oliver Cromwell ; who, by a let-
ter from Cork, of Dec. 1, 1649, offered him the place of
chief justice of Munster in Ireland, with a salary of 1000/.
per annum ; but this he excused himself from accepting,
lo August 1650, he was made master of Magdalen college,
ID Cambridge, upon the removal of Dr. Rainbow, who
again succeeded Sadler after the restoration. In 1653, he
was chosen member of parliament for Cambri^e. In
1655, by warrant of Cromwell, pursuant to. an ordinance
for better regulating and limiting the jurisdiction of the
hi^h court of chancery, he was continued a master in
chancery, when their number was reduced tb six only. It
was by his interest, that the Jews obtained the privilege of
building a synagogue in London. In 1658, he was chosen
member of parliament for Yarmouth ; and in December of
the year following, appointed 6rst commissioner, under th#
gte^Lt seal, with Taylor, Wbitelock, and others, for the^
probate of wills. In 1660, he published in 4to, his ^^ Ol-
bia : The New Island lately discovered. With its religion,
rites of worship, laws, customs, government, characters,
and language; with edu<5atiou of their children in their
sciences, arts, and manufacturet ; with other things re-
markable ; by a Christian pilgrim driven by tempest from
Civita Vecchia, or some other parts about Rome, through
the straights into the Atlantic ocean. The first part." Of
^fais work, which appears to be a kind of fiction. Dr. John
Worthington, in a letter to Mr. Samuel Hartlib, dated*
April 1, 1661, says, *^ Is the second part of Olbia like to
come out shortly? It is said to treat of the religion, wor-
ship, laws, ' customs, manner of education, &c. of that
place. The design promiseth much variety."
Soon after the restoration, he. lost all his employments,
by virtue of an act of parliament 13 Caroli II, <^for the
well-governing and regulating of corporations:" his con-
science not permitting him to take or subscribe the oath
and declaration there required, in w^hich it was declared,
tha)b ^' it was not lawful, upon any pretence whatever, to
tak^^ afms against the king;" an obedience so absolute,
^at be thought it not due to any earthly power, though he
had never engaged, or in .any manner acted, against the
kteking. Ii> the fire of London, 1666, bis house in Sa?>
M ^ SADLER.
lislmrj^^courty which he birilt at the erpeiis^ of 5000/1 lind
several other of his houses in London vi^re destroyed ; »nd^
soon after, his inaBsion*iioiise in Shropshire had the same
fate. He was also now deprived of Va»xball on the river
Thames, and other estates which he had purchased, being
crown lands, and of a considerable estate in the Fens in
Bedford Level, without any recompence. These misfor-
tjunes and several others coining upon him, he retired to
his manor and seat of Warm^ell in Dorsetshire, which he
bad obtained with bis wife ; where he lived in a private
manner,* and died tti April 1674, aged fifty-nine. Thomas
Sadler, esq. deputy to lord Walpole, clerk of the pells,
who contributed the above account to the editors of the
General Dictionary, and Daniel Sadler, chief clerk in the
Old Annuity office, were his grandsons- Walker says he
was informed that Mr. Sadler was a very insignificant man,
and Calamy tells us that a clergyman of the church of Er^
gland gave him this character, *' We accounted him, not
4Dly a general scholar, and an accomplished gentleman,
but also a person of great piety; though it must be owned
be was not always right in his kead.*'^
SADLER (Sir Ralph), an eminent English* statesman,,
was born in 1507, at Hackney, in Middlesex. He was
the son of Henry Sadler, who, though a gentleman by
birth, and possessed of a fair inheritance, seems to have
been steward or surveyor to the proprietor of the manor of
Gillney, near Great Hadham, in Essex. Ralph in early
life g^iJted a situation in the family of Thomas Cromwell,
earl of .Essex, and by him was introduced to the notice of
Henry VHL who took him into his service, hut at whatf
time is not tery clear. He was employed in the great work
of dissolving the religious houses, and had bis fuil share of
the spoil. In 1537, he commenced a long course of diplo«
matic services, by an embassy to Scotland, whose monarch'
was then absent in France. The objects of his mission
were to greet the queen dowager, to strengthen the En*
glisb interests in the councils of regency which then go-
verned Scotland, and to discover the probable convequences
of the iiuimate union of Scotland with Fraiace. Having-
collected such- information as he could procure on these'
topics, be returned in the beginning of the following year,
but went again to Scotland soon after, ostensibly to main*
1 Gen. Diet. — OaUmy.— Hutchins's Dorsetshire. — Walker's SufferiDg9» art«
Rainbow. — Cole's MS Athena iu Brit. Mus.— Birch's MSS. in Ayscough's Ca«
talogue.
Sk
SADLER. 29
ftm a good correspondence between the two crowns, but
Maily, asapj^ars from his state-papers, to detach the king
of Scotland from the councils of cardinal Beaton, who was
mt the bead of the party most in the interest of France. H^
was instrocted also to direct the king's attention to the orer-
grown possessions of the chcirch as a source of revenue,
and to persuade him to imitate his uncle Henry Vllfth's
eonduct to 'the see of Rome, and to make coiifimon cause
with England against France. In all this, however, he
appears to have failed, or at least to have left Scotland
mthout having viaterially succeeded in any part of his
missioaj.
In the same year, 1540, be lost his patron Cromwell,
who was beheaded ; but he retained his favour with Henry,
and in 154 1 was again sent to Scotland, to detach the king
from the pope and the popish clergy, and to press upon
him the propriety of a personal meeting with Henry. This
however the king of Scotland appears to have evaded with
considerable address, and died the following year of a broken
heart, in-coaaequeace of hearing of the fatal battle of Sol-
way. The crown was now left to James V.*s infant daughter
Mary; and sir Ralph Sadier^s next employment was to lend
his aid to the match, projected by Henry VIII. between his
son Edward and the young queen. Bat this ended so un-^
successfully, that Sadler was obliged to return to England
in Oee. 1549, and Henry declared war against Scotland,
in the niean tine be was so satisfied with Sadler's services,
ereo in ibis last negociation, that he included him, by the
title of sir Ralph Sadleyr, knight, among the twelve per-
sons whom he named as a privy ^council to the sixteen no-
bles to whom, in his will, he bequeathed the care of his
sen, and of the kingdom. When this will, was set aside by
the protector duke of Somerset, and it became necessary
to. reconcile the feing^s executors and privy-counsdlors, by
wealth and honours, sir Ralph Sadler received a confirma-
tion wf alt the churchy-lands formerly assigned to him by
Henry, with splendid additions.
When the war with Scotland was renewed, sir Ralph so
distingvished himself at the battle of Pinkie, that he was
00 :ihe field raised to the degree of knight banneret; but
we bear nothing more of him during the reign of Edward
VL except that in a grant, dated the 4th of that king's
reign, be is termed master of the great wardrobe* In
Marj*s reign, although be appears to have been in ber
*o jS A D L E R,
favour^ be Retired to his estate at Hackney, atid resigned
the office of knight of the bamper, which bad been con«
ferred oc^ him by Henry VIII. On (be accession of £ii^
zabetb, he again appeared at court, «vas called to tbe privy
.council, and retained to bis death a great portion of tbe
esteem of that princess. He. was a mciniber of her first
parliament, ,as one of the knights of the shir« for the
. county of Hertford, and continued to be a representative
of the people during the greater part^ if not the whole, of
her reign. When queen Elizabeth thought proper to [9^
yom the cause of the reformation in Scotland^ and to sup'*
port the nobility who were for it against Mary, sir Ralph
Sadler was her principal agent, and so negotiated as to
prepare the way for Elizabeth's great influence in the afr
fairs of Scotland. He was also concerned in tbe sub^
sequent measures which led to the death of queen Mary,
and was appointed her keeper in the castle of Tutbury ;
but such was Elizabeth's jealousy of this unfortunate prin-^
cess, that even Sadler's watchfulness became liable to her
suspicions, and on one occasion, a very heavy compiaint
>was made against him, that he had permitted Mary to ac*
company him to some distance from the castle of Tutbury^
to enjoy tb^ sport of hawking* Sir Ralph bad been hither**
to so subservient to his royal mistress, in all her measures^
and perhaps in some which he could not altogether approve^
that this complaint gave him great uneasiness and he ans-
wered it rather by an expostulation than an apology. He
admitted that he bad sent for his hawks and falconeriS to di^^
vert '^ the miserable life" which he passed at Tutbury, and
that be had been unable to resist the solicitation of the
prisoner, to permit her to see a sport in which she greatly
delighted, fiut he adds, that this was under the strictesl
precautions for security of her person; and he declares
to the secretary Cecil, that, rather than continue a charge
.whicli subjected him to such misconstruction, were it not
more for fear of offending the queen than dread of .the
punishment, he would abandon his present charge on coa*
dition of surrendering himself prisoner to the Tower for
all the days of his life, and concludes that be is so wearjF
of this lite, that death itself would make him more happjb
Elizabeth so far complied with his intimation as to com''
mit Mary to a new keeper, but she did :not withdraw bet
ponfidence from sir Ralph in other matterS| and after the
execution of Mary, employed him to go to the court of
8 A b L E It. 31
'lames 'VI. tb dissuade him from entertaining thoughts of a
war with England on his mother^s account, to which thera
was reason to think he might have been excited.' In this
sir Ralph had little difficulty in succeeding, partly from
James's love of ease, and partly from the prospect he had
of succeeding peaceably to the throne of England. This
was the last time sir Ralph Sadler was employed in the
fiublic service, for soon after his return from Scotland, hb
died at his lordship of Standon, March 30, 1587, in the
eightieth year of his age, and was buried in the church df
Standon, where his monument was decorated with the king
of Scotland's standard, which he took in the battle of Mus-
selburgh. He left behind him twenty-two manors, several
parsonages, and other great portions of land, in the several
counties of Hertford, Gloucester, Warwick, Buckingham,
and Worcester. He married Margaret Mitchell, a laundress
in the family of his first patron, Thomas Cromwell, earl
of Essex, in the life-time, though in the absence, of her
husband, Matthew Barr6, a tradesman in London, pre-
sumed to be dead at that time, aud he afterwards procured
an act of parliament, 37 Henry VIH. for the legitimatiotf
of the children by her, who were three sons^ and four
daughters; Anne, married to sir George Horsey of Digs^
well, knight ; Mary, to Thomas Bollys aliter Bowles Wai-
lington, esq. Jane, to Edward Baesh, of Stanstead, esq.
(which three gentlemen appear to have been sheriffs of the
county of Hertford, 14, 18, and 13 Eliz.); and Dorothy,
to Edward EIryngton of Berstall, in the county of Bucks,
^q. The sons were, Thomas, Edward, and Henry. Tho-
mas succeeded to Standon, was sheriff of the county 29
aud 37 Eliz. was knighted, and entertained king James
there two nights on his way to Scotland. He had issue,
Ralph and Gertrude married to Walter the first lord Aston
of the kingdom of Scotland ; Ralph, his son, dying with-
out issue^ was succeeded in bis lordship of Standon and
other estates in the county of Hertford, by Walter, the
aetond lord Aston, eldest surviving son of his sister Ger-^
trude lady Aston. The bnrying-place of the family is in
the chaocel of the church at Standon. Against the south
wall is s monument for sir Ralph Sadler, with the effigies
of jiimself in armour, and of his three sons and four
daughters, and three inscriptions, in Latin verse, in En-
glish verse, and in English prose : against the north wall is
fitaother' for air Thomas^ with the effigies of himself io
32 B A D L E R.
armour, his lady, son and d^lughter, i^nd sin epitaph iH £tt-«
glish prose. 1 here are also several inscriptions for tarioiis
persons of the Aston family.
The transactions of sir Ralph Sadler^s inost meypoi'abk?
embassies are recorded in ^' Letters and NegociatioB^s of
Sir Ralph Sadler/' &c. printed at Edinburgh, 1720, Syq^
from MSS. in the advocates' library ; but a more complete
collection was recently published of his. '* State papers and
Letters," from MSS« in the possession of Arthur Clifford^
esq. a descendant, 1809, in 2 vols. 4to, with a life by WaU
ter Scott, esq. to which we are principally indebted for thief
preceding account. From this valuable and interesting
publication the character of sir Ralph Sadler will be esti>»
mated according to the views the reader has been ace us-*
tomed to take of the measures of die reigjYs in which be
lived ; and on this account bis character will probably be
more highly esteemed in England thap in Scotland. That
be should have preserved the favour of four such discordatit
sovereigns as Henry, Edward, Mary, aiid Elizabeth, is'
extraordinary, but not a solitary instance.^
. SADELER (John), the first of a family of distinguished
engravers, the son of a founder and chaser, was boru
at Brussels in 1550. He applied early in life to drawing
and engraving, and published some prints at Antwerp^
which did him great honour. Encouraged by this success,
he travelled over Holland that he might work under the
inspection of the best masters, and found a generous be^
nefactor in the duke of Bavaria. He went afterwards into
Italy3 and presented some of his prints to pope Cleaienl:
VllJ. but receiving only empty compliments from that
pontiff, retired to Venice, wher^ be died 1600^ in his fif*
tieth year, leaving a son named Juste or Justin^* by wbons
^1^ we have some good prints. Raphael Sadeler, John's
brother, and pupil, was born in 1555, and distinguished
himself as an engraver, by the correctness of his drawings
and the natural expression of his figure^. JJe accompanied
John to Rome and to Venice, and died in the lajtt^ city*
Raphael engraved some plates for a work entitled *' de
opificio mundi,^* 1617, 3vo, which is seldom found per^
feet. The works executed by him aod John in conjunction^
are, "Solitude, sive'vitae patrum eremicolarum,^' 4to;
*♦ SylvoB sacrff:," " Trophaeum vitae solitariss ;*' ^' Oraou*
* Life by Walter Scott, esq. &c.— Brit. Grit. vol. XXXVII.
S A D E L E It. 33
\
I
I
liim aitacboreticum," << Solitudo sive vitas feminartim ftna«
choreticarum ;'' *' Recueil d^Ettampes, d>apres Raphael^
Titieo, Carrache,'' &c. amounting to more thto 500
prinisy in 2 vols. fol. Giles Sadeler was nephew and pupil
of John and Raphael, but excelled them in correct draw-
ingi and in the taste and neatness of his engraving. - After
having remained some time in Italy, he was invited into
Germany by the emperor Rodolphus II. who settled a pen-
sbn upon him ; and Matthias and Ferdinand, this emperor*s
Miccessorss continued also to esteem and honour him. He
died at Prague in 1629, aged fifty-nine, being born at
Antwerp in 1570, leaving ^* Vestigi delP antichit^ di Ro-
ma,'* Rome, 1660, fol. obi. These engravers employed
their talents chiefly on scripture subjects. Mark Sadeler^
related to the three above mentioned, seem^ to have been
merely the editor of their works.'
SADO LET (James), a polite and learned Italian, was
born at Modena in 1477, and was the son of an eminent
civilian, who, afterwards becoming a professor at Ferrara,
took him along with him, and educated him with great care.
He acquired a masterly knowledge in the Latin and Greek
early, and then applied himself to philosophy and elo-
queace ; taking Aristotle and Cicero for his guides^ whom
he. considered as the first masters in these branches. He.
also cultivated Latin poetry, in which he displayed a very
high degree of classical purity. Going to Rome under the
pontificate of Alexander Vh when he was about twenty-
two, be was taken into the family of cardinal Caraffa, who
loved men of letters; and, uponrthe death of this cardinal
in 1511) passed into that of Frederic Fregosa, archbishop
of Salerno, where he found Peter Bembus, and contracted
ao intimacy with him. When Leo X. ascended the papal
throne in 1513, be chose Bembus and Sadolet for his se-
cretaries; men extremely qualified for the office, ias both
of them wrote with gredt elegance and facility: and soon
after made Sadolet bishop of Carpentras, pear Avignon,
Upon the death of Leo, in 1521, he went to his diocese,
and resided there during the pontificate of Adrian V I,; • but
Clement YII. was no sooner seated in the chair, in 1123,
than lie recalled him ta Rome* S9>dolet submitted to his
holiness, but on condition that he should return to bis dio-
cese at the end of three years* Paul IIL who succeeded
» Slrutr* Dict->Diet. Hiit. ^
VOL.XXVIL D
S4 * A D O L E T.
.Clement VII. in 1534, called bim to Rome again ; made
him a cardinal in 1536, and employed him in mieiny impor-
laat embassies and negociations* Sadolet, at lengthy grown
^too old to perfonn the duties of bis bishopric, went no
.more from Rome ; but spent the remainder of bis days
there in repose and study. He died in 1547, not without
poison, as some have imagined ; because he corresponded
too familiarly with the Protestants, and testified much re-
gard for some of their doctors. It is true, he had written
in 1539 a Latin letter to the senate and people of Geneva,
with a view of reducing them to an obedience to the pope;
add had addressed himself to the Calvinists, with the affec-
tionate appellation • of *^ Charissimi in Christo Fratres;'*
but this proceeded entirely from his moderate and peace-
able temper and courteous. disposition. He was a sincere
adherent to the Romish church, but without bigotry. The
liberality of sentiment he displayed in his commentary on
the epistle pf St. Paul to the Romans incurred the censure
of the Roman court.
Sadolet in his younger days was somewhat gay, but re-
formed bis manners very strictly afterwards, and became
a man of great virtue and goodness. He was, like other
scholars of his time» a close imitator of Cicero in his prose
works, and of Virgil in his poetry. In the best of bis La-
tin poems, his ^^ Gurtius,** he is allowed to have adorned a
dignified subject with numbers equally chaste, 'spirited,
and harmonious. His works consist of epistles, disserta^
tions, orations, poems, and commentaries upon some parts
<>f holy writ. They have been printed oftentimes sepa*
rately : and were first collected and published together, in
a large 8vo volume, at Mentz, in 1607 ; but a more com-
plete and excellent edition was published at Verona, in
1737, 4 vols. .4to* All. his contemporaries have spoken of
bim in the highest terms ; Erasmus particularly, who calls
bim ^^ eximium eetatis suae decus."^
. SAEMUND (SiGFUSSOV), a celebrated Icelandic writer,
was the son of a priest named Sigfus,' and was bom about
the middle of the eleventh century, between 105a and
1Q60. He travelled at a very early period into Italy and
Germany, in order to improve himself in knowledge, and
for a considerable time his countrymen were not at all aware
of what had become of him. At length Jonas, the son of
Tinboschi.— NiotroD, ? oL XXVIII.--«Ftfl8weH*8 Politiaa.— Roseoe't tinot
S A £ M y N D. 35
Ogmund, who was afiterwards a bishop, found him at Paris,
aod carried him back to Iceland.. Here he took the order
of priesthood, and succeeded his father as priest of Odda.-
fie also established a school, and contributed with others
to induce the Icelanders to pay tithes, and took a consi-
derable part with regard to the formation of the ecclesias-
tical code of laws. He died in 1 133 or 1 ld5, being about
^iglity years of age. At the age of seventy he wrote a
History of Norway, from the time of Harold Haarfager to
that of Magnus the Good« He is generally allpwed the
merit of having collected the poetical Edda, by which
means he preserved these curious and valuable remains of
the ancient Scandinavian mythology, poetry, and morality,
from being lost They were printed at Copenhagen, 1787,
4t0y with a Latin translation, the editors of which, in their
preface, give a full account of the supposed authors, and
the claim of Saemund to be considered as the principal
jpoUector.*
SAGE (Alain Rene' Le), the first of French novelists,
was born, according to one of bis biographers, in 1677, at
Ruys, in Britanny; or, according to another, in 1668, at
Vannes. At tlie age of twenty-five he came to Paris, with
a view to study philosophy. His talents, although they
did not display themselves very early, proved to be equally
brilliant and solid. He made himself first known by a pa-
raphrastic translation of the ^' Letters of Aristasnetus,"
which he published in two small volumes* He then travelled
through Spain, and applied to the study of the Spanish
language, customs, and writers, from whom he adopted
plots and fables, and transfused them into his native tongue
with great facility and success. His works of this kind are,
** Guzman D'Alfarache ;'* the ** Bachelor of Salamanca;*'
" Gil Bias;'* "New Adventures of Don Quixote,'* origi-
nally written by Avellaneda; **-The Devil on two Sticks,**
as it is called in our translation, in French '< Le Diable boi-
teux,**.and some others of less note. Of the "Devil on
two Sticks,** we are told that the first edition had amazing
success, and the second sold with still greater rapidity.
Two noblemen coming to the bookseller's, found only one
lingle copy remaining, which each was for purchasing:
and the dispute grew so warm, that they were going to
decide it by the sword, had not the bookseller interposedi
• Work aboTe inentioft«d,«-5ee Aiulytiatl Itevicw, vol. Il
».2
it iS A G ic.
He was also dbtinguisbed for some dramatic pieces, of
which "Crispin,** and "Turcaret," both comedies, wer*
the most successful, and' allowed to fall very little short of
the genius of Moliere. " Turcaret,*' which was first played
in 1709, has been praised by the French critics, as com-
prebending a dialogue just and natural, characters drawn
with peculiar fidelity, and a well-conducted plot He
composed also many pieces for the comic opera, which,
if somewhat deficient in invention, were in general sprightly,
and enriched with borrowed fancies very happily adapted
to the genius of the French theatre.
When a favourite with the town, he appears to have pre-
sumed a little on that circumstance. It was his custom to
read his plays in certain fashionable circles, before they
were publicly represented. On one of those occasions,
when engaged to read a piece at the duchess de Bouil-
lon's, an unexpected affair detained him until a considera-
ble time after the appointed hour. The duchess, on his
entrance, began to reproach him, but with pleasantry, for
bis having made th^ company lose two hours in waiting for
him. " If I have made them lose them,^' said Le Sage,
^^ nothing can be more easy than to recover them. I will
not read my play,'' and immediately took his leave, nor
could any invitation induce him to visit the duchess a se-
cond time.
He had several children, the eldest of whom was long a
distinguished actor on the French stage, under the name of
Montmenil, and amidst all the temptations of a theatrical '
life, was a man of irreproachable character. ^ He died sud-
denly white partaking of the pleasures of the chase, Sept.
8, 1743, and his death was a loss ^o the public, and parti-
cularly to his father, who was now grown old, and had
been poorly rewarded by the age which he contributed so
often to entertain. He was likewise at this time very deaf^
and obliged to have recourse to an ear-trumpet, which he
used in a manner that bespoke the old humourist. It was
his practice to take it out of his pocket when he had* reason
to think that his company was composed of men of genius^
but he very gravely replaced it, when he found that thej
were of an inferior stamp.
This infirmity, however, depriving him of the pleasure!
of society, he left Paris for Boulogne-sur-mer, in the ca-.
ihedral of which one of bis sons held a canonry: and al-
though of ao adyaQced age, Le Sage left the metropolian ^f
SAGE. 3^
taste, literature, and gaiety, with considerable regret. He
did not enjoy his retirement long, being cut off by a severe
illness, Nov. 17, 1747, in his eightieth year. He was in-
ttrred at Boulogne, with the following epitaph :
** Sous ce tombeau git Le Sage, abattu
Par le ciseau de la Parque importune :
S*il ne fut pas ami de la Fortune, ^
II fut toq^ours ami de la Vertu."
His character is said to have been truly amiable, and his
conduct strictly moral and correct, free from ambition, and
one who courted fortune no farther than was necessary to
enjoy the pleasures and quiet of a literary life.
' Of all his works, his '* Gil Blas^* is by far the most po-
pular, and' deservedly ranks very high among the produc-
tions of historical fancy. It has been, we believe, trans-
lated into every European language, iind received in all
nations, as a faithful portrait of human nature. Few books
have been so frequently quoted, as affording happy illus-
trations of general manners, and of the common caprices
and infirmities incident to man. Le Sage, says Dr. Moore,
proves himself to have been intimately acquainted with
human nature. And asjthe moral tendency of the character
of Gil Bias has been sometimes questioned, the same au-
thor very properly remarks that he never intended that
character as a model of imitation. His object seems to
have been to exhibit men as they are, not as they ought to
be : for this purpose he chooses a youth of no extraordi-*
nary talents, and without steady principles, open to be
duped by knavery, and perverted by example. He sends
him like a spaniel, through the open fields, the coverts,
the giddy heights, and latent tracts of life,* to raise the
game at which he wishes to shoot ; and few moral bunts-
men ever afforded more entertaining sport.
The popularity of this novel, which equals that of almost
any of our own most favourite productions, may afford a
lesson to the writers of fiction, who are ambitious that their
works may live. Had Le Sage drawn those extravagant
and distorted characters which are so common in the novels
published within the last twenty years, he could not have
expected that they would outlive the novelty of a first pe-
rusal ; but, depicting nature, and nature only, as he found
her in men of all ranks apd stations, he knew that what
would please now would please for ever, and that he was ^
speaking a ian|[uage that would be understood in every
»
38 SAGE
spot of- the globe. The artifices of refined and highly po*
lished society may introduce variations and disguises
which give an air of novelty, to the actions of men ; but
original manners and caprices, such as Le Sage has describ-
ed, will perhaps at all times be acknowledged to be just,
natural, and faithful, whether we apply the test of self-
exafpination, or have recourse to the more easy practice of
remarking the conduct of those with whom we associate.^
SAGE (John), a bishop of the old episcopal church of
Scotland, a man of great learning and worth, and an able
Controversial writer in defence of the church to which he
belonged, was born in 1652. He was the son of captain
Sage, a gentleman of Fifeshire in Scotland, and an officer
of merit in lord DufFus's regiment, who fought on the side
'of the royalists when Monk stormed Dundee in 1651. Al-
' though, like many other royalists, he was scantily rewarded
for his services, he was able to give his son a liberal edu-
cation at school, and at the university of St. Andrew's,
where he tooH his degree of master of arts in 1672. He
passed some years afterwards as schoolmaster of the pa*
rishes of Bingry in Fifeshire, and of Tippermoor in Perth-
shire, and as private tutor to the sons of a gentleman of
focjtune, whom he attended at school, and accompanied to
the university of St. Andrew's. Jn 1684, when his pupils
left him, he removed from St. Andrew's, and when uncer-
tain what course to pursue, was recommended to archbishop
Hose, who gave him priest's orders, and advised him to
officiate at Glasgow. Here be continued to display his
talents till the revolution in 1638, when the presbyterian
form of church government was established, and then went
to Edinburgh. He preached in this city a while, but re-
fusing to take the oaths of allegiance, was obliged to de-
sist, and found an asylum in the house of sir William
Bruce, the sheriff of Kinross, who approved his principles,
and admired bis virtues. Returning to Edinburgh in 1695^
where he appears to have written some defences of the
church to which he belonged, he was observed, and obliged
again to retire. At length he found a safe retreat with
the countess of Caliendar, who employed him as chaplain,
and tutor to her sons, and afterwards he lived with sir John
Steuart of GarntuUy as chaplain, until Jan. 25, 1705, when
1 Diet Hist — Moore's Life of Smollett.— Blair's Lectares,— BeaUie's Disser*
tatiODS, p. 570.
SAGE. 89
be was consecrated a. bishop. In the folio wing year his.
health began to decay, and after trying the waters of Bath,
in 1709, and change of air in other places, without much
benefit, he died at Edinburgh June 7, 1711.
Bishop Sage was a man profoundly skilled in all the an-
cient languages, which gate him an eminent advantage
over his adTersaries, the most distinguished of whom was
Mr. Gilbert Rule, principal of the college of Edinburgh,
who, with mneh zeal^ and no mean abilities, was over-
matched by the superior learning and historical knowledge
of his antagonist. Sage wrote the second and third letters^
concerning the persecution of the episcopal clergy in Scot*
land, which were printed at London, in 1689, the rev.-
Thomas Merer having written the first, and professor
Monro the fourth'. 2. ** An account of the late establish"
ment of Presbyterian Government by the parliament of
Scotland in 1690,'* Lond. 1693. 3. '< The fundamental
charter of Presbytery,'\ibid. 1695. 4. "The principles of
the Cyprianic age — with regard to episcopal power and
jurisdiction," ibid. 1695. 5. "A Vindication** of the pre-'
ceding, ibid. 1701. 6. ^VSome remarks on a Letter from
a gentleman in the city, to a minister in the country, on
Mr. David Williamson's sermon before, the General As-
sembly,'* Edin. 1703. 7. ^^A brief ' examination of some
things in Mr. Meldrum's sermon, preached May 16, 1705,
against a toleration to those of the episcopal persuasion,"
ibid. 1703. 8. << The reasonableness of a * toleration of
those of the Episcopal persuasion inquired into purely on
chnreh principles,'* ibid. 1704; 9. ^'The Life of Gawin
Douglas," bishop of Dunkeld, prefixed to Ituddiman*s edi-
tion of ^* Douglas's Virgil,** 1710. 10. '^ An Introduction to
Drummond's History of the Five James*s,** Edio. 1711, with
notes by Ruddiman, who always spoke highly of Sage as
a scholar and companion.^
SAGITTARIUS (Gaspar), an eminent Lutheran divine,
historian to the duke of Saxony, and prpfessor of history
at Halley was bom Sept. 23, 1643, at Lunenburg. He stu«
died in, or visited the greatest part of the German univer-
sities, where he was much esteemed for his extensive know«
ledge of history and antiquities. He died March 9, 1694,
* Life of Sage, anoninaouSy but written by. Mr. Jobn Gillan, a bishop of the
same churchy Lond. 1714, 8vo.— Chalmers's Life of Raddiman, p. 54.— Tytler*!
Life of Kaimes.— Gillan's Life of Sage is scaree ^ but an ample abridgment may
be Men in the Encyclopedia Britannica.
40 SAGITTARIUS.
r
leaving nearly TO yolumes of dissertationsi principally en
historical subjects ; on oracles ; on the gates of the an-
cients; ^^Tfae succession of the Princes of Orange/' 4to;
** History of the City of Herderwich ;" a life of St Norbert,
1683 ; ^^Tractatus varii de historia legenda/' 4to ; ** His-
toria antiqua Noribergse/' 4to; '^ Origin of the Dukes of
Brunswick ;" " History of Lubec ;" " Antiquities of the
kingdom of Thuringia ;*' " History of the Marquises and
Electors of Brandenburg/' and many others, enumerated by
Niceron. His life was written by Schmid, and published
in 1713, 8vo.'
SAINCTES (Claudius de), in Latin Sanctesius, was
. born in 1525, at Perche. He entered as a regular canon
in the abbey de St. Cheron, nea^ Chartres ; at the age of
fifteen was admitted doctor of the Sorbonne, 1555, and re^
sided afterwards in the house of cardinal de LoiYaine, who
employed him at the conference of Poissy, in 1561, and
persuaded king. Charles IX. to send him to the council of
Trent, with eleven other doctors. In 1566 De Sainctes,
with Simon Vigor, afterwards archbishop of Narbonne, dis-
puted against two protestant ministers, at the house of the
duke de Nevers, and published the records of this con-
ference two years after, and had also a controversy with
Sadeel, as we have recently noticed in his article. He
became so celebrated for his writings, sermons, and zeal
against the protestants, as to be promoted to the bishopric
of Evreux in 1575. The following year he attended the
states of Blois, and in 1581, the council of Rouen; but
having afterwards joined the most violent among the
Leaguers^ was seized at Louviers by Henry IVth^s party,
who found a writing among his papers, in which he pre-
tended to justify the assassination of Henry III. and de-
clared that the present king deserved the same treatment.
Being carried as a prisoner to Caen, he would there have
received the punishment due to his attempt, had. not car-
dinal de Bourbon, and some other prelates, interceded that
his punishment should be perpetual imprisonment. He
vas accordingly confined in the castle de Crevecoeur, in
the diocese 4f LisieUx, where he died in 1591. De Sainctea
left many learned works, the largest and most scarce among
' which is a " Treatise on the Eucharist,^' in Latin, folio, au
edition of St. James's, St. Basil's, and St. Chrysostom^s
1 NioeroDy toI. IV.— Mortrl— Diet* Hitt.
SAINCTES. 41
<(
Liturgies," Antwerp, 1560, 8vo, afterwards reprinted,
bat this is the only edition that is valued.'
ST. ALDEGONDE. See MARNIX.
ST. AMAND (James), a classical scholar and critic, was
probably the descendant of a French family^ but we find no
mentbn of him in any French biographical work, and are
unable to say much of his early history. In 1705, he was
a student at Lincoln college, Oxford, but made no long
stay there. His passion for Greek literature, but particu*
lariy for acquiring materials towards a new edition of Theo»
critus, led him to Italy, where, though yoi:^ng, for he was
scarce twenty, he obtained a distinguished reputation for
learning, and became acquainted with men of the first
erudition, among whom were Gravina, Fontanini, and
others. By their acquaintance he was easily introduced
into the best libraries ; and at Florence in particular, he
was favoured with the friendship of the learned professor
Salvini, who furnished him with several materials relating
to Theocritus from the Laurentian library and St. Mary's
monastery of Benedictines. The patronage and friendship
of Mr. Newton too, the English ambassador at the grand
duke's court, were of signal service to him. After spend-
ing some time with these and other learned men, in a mu--
tual exchange of literary treasures and observations, he
returned to England by way of Geneva and Paris, and died,
not about 1750, as Mr. Warton says, but Sept. 5, 1754, at
his house in Red-lion-square, leaving the valuable collec-
tion of books and MSS. he had made abroad to the Bodleian
library, and the duplicates of his books to Lincoln college.
Of the MSS. Mr. Warton availed himself in his edition
of Theocritus. Mr. St. Amand left also 8006/. to Christ's
hospital^ and other legacies, which shew that he was a man
of considerable opulence.*
ST« AM ANT (Mark-Anthony- Gerard, sieur de), a
French poet, was born at Roan in Normandy in 1594. In
the epistle dedicatory to the third part of his works, he tells
us, that his father commanded a squadron of ships in the
service of Elizabeth queen of England for twenty-two'
years, and that he was for three yeass prisoner in the Black
Tower at Constantinople. He mentions also, that two
brothers of , bis had been killed in an engagement against
1 Gen. Diet. art. Sabctesiut.— Moreri.
• Warton's Preface to bii Tbeocritas.— Gent, Mag. Tol. XXIV.— Wood*t Col«
Icf 61 and Ball8» and Annali*
v/.r.
42 ST. A M A N T.
the Tiirks. His own life was spent in a continual succes-
sion of travels, which were of no advaiftage to his fortune.
There are miscellaneous poems of this author, the greatest
part of which are of the comic or burlesque, and the ama-
tory kind. The first volume was printed at Paris in 1627,
the second in 1643, and the third in 1649, and they bare
been reprinted several times. " Solitude, an ode," which
is one of the first of them, is his best piece in the opinion
of Mr. Boileau. In 1650 he published <^ Stances sur la
grossesse de la reine de Pologne et de Suede.'* In 1654
he printed his ^< Moise sauv6, idylle heroique," Leyden ;
which had at first many admirers: Chapelain called it a
"speaking picture ; but it has not preserved its reputation.
St. Amant wrote also a very devout piece, entitled " Stances
it M. Corneilie, sur son imitation de Jesus Christ,^' Paris,
1656. Mr. Brossette says that he wrote also a poem upon
the moon, in which he introduced a compliment to Lewis
XIV. upon his skill in swimming, an amusement he often
took when young in the river Seine ; but the king's dislike
to this poem is said to have affected the author to such a
degree, that he did not survive it long. He died in 1661,
aged sixty-seven. He was admitted a member of the
French academy, when first founded by cardinal Bichelieu,
in 1633; and Mr. Pelisson informs us, that, in 1637, at
his own desire, he was excused from the obligation of
making a speech in his turn, on condition that he would
compile the comic part of the dictionary which the academy
had undertaken, and collect the burlesque terms. This
was a task well suited to him ; for it appears by his writings
that he was extremely conversant in these terms, of which
he seems to have made a complete collection from the
markets and other places where the lower people resort.^
ST. AMOUR (William de), doctor of the Sorbonne,
and one of the greatest ornaments of Christianity which
appeared in the Romish communion in the thirteenth cen-
tury, had his name from St Amour in Franche Compt6,
where he was born about the, commencement of that cen-
tury. The zeal which he showed against the new institu-
tion of mendicant friars, both in his sen^pns, and as theo-
logical professor, induced the university of Paris to make
choice of him to defend their interests against the Domini-
cans and Franciscans, who wished to engross the power and
1 Gen. Diet*— -Aforeri.
ST. A M O U »• 43
influence of tbe unirersity to themselves. In 1255, the de-
bate was brought before the pope Alexander IV. who^-with
intolerable arrogance, ordered the university not only to
restore the Dominicans to their former station, but also to
grant them as many professorships as they should require.
The magistrates of Paris, at first, were disposed to protect
the university ; but the terror of the papal edicts reduced
them at length to silence; and not only the Dominicans,
but also the Franciscans, assumed whatever power they
pleased in that famous seminary, and knew no other restric-
tions than what the pope imposed upon them. St. Amour,
however^ wrote several treatises against the mendicant or-
ders, and particularly, in 1255, or 1256, his famous book,
*^ Perils des derniers temps," concerning the ^^ perils of
the latter days," in which he maintained that St. Paul's
prophecy of the latter times (2 Tim. iii. 1.) was fulfilling in
the abominations of the friars, and laid down thirty-nine
marks of false teachers.
Some years before the pope had decided in favour of the
mendicants, a fanatical book under the title of' an *' Intro-
duction to the Everlasting Gospel" was published by a
Franciscan^ who exalted St. Francis above Jesus Christ,
and arrogated to his order the glory of reforming mankind
by a new gospel. The universal ferment, excited by thrs
impious book, obliged Alexander IV. to suppress it, but he
ordered it to be burnt in secret, being willing to spare the
reputation of the mendicants. The university of Paris,
however, insisted upon a public condemnation of the book ;
and Alexander, great as he was in power, was obliged to
submit. He then took revenge by condemning St. Amour*s
work to be burnt, and the author to be banished from
France. St. Amour retired to his native place, and was
Hot permitted to return to Paris until the pontificate of Cle-
ment IV. He died at Paris in 1272* His works were pub-
lished there in T632, 4to. He was a man of learning and
correct manners, of great zeal, and, in the opinion of a
late writer, wanted only a more favourable soil, in which
he might bring to maturity the fruits of those protestant
principles, the seeds of which he nourished in bis breast.^
SAINT-ANDRE' (NathaNAEL), an anatomist, well
known in this country on account of the imposture of the
> Biog. Uttiv. art. Amoar*— Milaer't Eccl. Hist. toI. IV. p. 20.— Dapin.—
Moiliciin.
*4 S A 1 N T - A N D R E'.
RabbiUwoman^ and for various eccentricities of conduct,
was a native of Switzerland, but, on coming over to Eng-
land, was placed by some friends under a surgeon of emi-
nence, in which profession be became skilful. , He, for a
time, read public lectures on anatomy, and obtained con*
siderable reputation ; which was ruined by the part he took
in the affair of Mary Tofts, as well as by many other irre^*
gularities of character. He died in 1776, after having
been for many, years the subject of more curiosity and con-
versation than any of his contemporaries, though without
eny extraordinary-talents, or claims to distinction. They
'who are curious to know more of his character may have
their curiosity gratified in the ^^ Ane'cdotes of HogarthV by
Nichols.*
f ST. EVREMOND. See EVREMOND.
ST. GERMAN, or SEINTGERMAN (Christopher),
90 English lawyer and law-writer of the sixkeenthcentury^
is supposed to have been born at Skilton, near Coventry,
ia Warwickshire, and educated for some time at Oxford,
' whence he removed to the Inner Temple for the study of the
law. After being admitted to the bar, he became'an emi-
nent counsellor, and we should suppose a very popular one,
as he frequently refused or returned his fees. What he
" go^ by honourable practice and #ome paternal estate, he
expended in the purchase of books, and gathered a very
fine library, which was all the property he left to his heirs.
Besides his legal knowledge, be was conversant in philo-
sophy and the divinity of tb^ times, and jirrote on tlie. latter
subject with so much freedom as to render his sentiments
suspected, for which reason Bale has given him a very adi*
vaQtageous character. He is jcommended too for bis pietjr,
ivnd pious ordering of his family, to whom he xead .every'
night a chapter in the Bible, and expounded it. He died
Sept. 28, 1540, and npt 1539, as Bale states. He was
^ buried in the church. of St. Alphage,. within Cripplegate,
London. It appears by his will that be was a considerable
l^enefactor to Skilton church, where bis father sir Henry
St. German, knt. and his mother lie buried, and to that of
. Laleford. St. German has immortalized his name by his
valuable and well-known work, which bears the title of
^VThe Doctor and Student, or Dialogues between. a. doctor
•f divinity, and a student in the laws of England, concern-
0 «
I Nichols's Hogarth.
ST. GERMAN. 4B
log the grounds of those liws,** first printed by Rastell, in
Latin, 1523, 12mo, and reprinted in 1528. ]i|r* Bridgoian
eouoierates above twenty editions which followed, the last
in 1787, 8vo,' with questions and cases concerning the
equity of the law, qorret.ted and improved by Wiiliam
Muchall^ or MiirchaU. On the subject of this celebrated
work, A^.iiargrave (in his Law Tract8j52 1), has published
•from a 'MS. in the Cotton library, *^ A Replication of a
Seijftante at the Laws of England, to certayne pointes al-
leaged by a student of the said lawes of England, in a Dia*-
logue in Englishe, between a doctor of divinity and the
said student ;" and a little ^* Treatise concerning writs of
Subpoena.'' Two other tracts are attributed by Ames to
.St German, though they bear the name of Thomas God-
frey, viz. ^^ A Treatise concerning the power of the Clergy
and of the lawes of the Realme,'* 12mo, no date ; and ^* A
Treatise concernynge divers of the Constitucyons provya-
cyall and legantines,'' 12mo, no date. Tanner attributes
to him ^< A Treatise concerning the division between the
.Spiritualitie and the Temporaltie," printed by Redman
without date ;. and this seems to be the same work as ** The
•PacyfyeV of the division between the Spiritualitie and Tem«
poraltie,'V printed by . Berthelet, which being remarkable
for impartiality and temperate language, was pointed out
to sir Thomas More^ as an example for him to follow in
his controversial writings. This incited sir Thomas to pub*
lish <^ Ao Apology e made by him, anno 1533, after he had
gevin over th'.'office of lord chancellor of Englande,'' print-
ed by Rastell, 1 5 3 3, ' 1 2 mo. St. German was also proliibly
the author of ^* Newe addicions treating most specially, of
the power of .the Parlyament concernynge the Spiritualitie
and the Spiritual Jurisdiction,'' 1531, 12mo, now reprinted
in all the modern;, editions of the ** Doctor and Student.'^
He had a. controversy with sir Thomas More, which pro-
duced ^^ Salem and 6i:Saucej being a dialogue between two
Englishmen, one called Salem, and llie other Bizance,*'
1533, 8vo. This wa^ written in answer to More's ^^ Apo-
logye" above mentioned ; and sir Thomas replied in the
'^Debellation of Salem and Bisance," by Rastell, in 153S(«
Jvo.'
SAINT-JOHN (Henry), lord viscount Bolingbroke, au
Eminent statesman atid writer^ >yas descended from an
^ T^if^.-T'Bale.— Ath. Ox. vol. I.-'Bridsman's Legal Bibliography.
W S A IN T- J OH N;
ancient and noble family, and born, as all his biographers
say, in 16]g, but it appears by the register of Battersea
parish that he was baptised Oct. 10, 1678. Hisfather, sir
Henry St. John, son of sir Waiter St. John, died at Bat-
tersea, his family-seat, July 3, 1708, in his eighty-seventh
year : his mother was lady Mary, second daughter and co-
heiress of Robert Rich, earl of Warwick. He was bred
up, with great care, under the inspection of bis grand-
father, as well as his father, who neglected no means to
cultivate bis mipd. It was once noticed in parliament that
he was educated in dissenting principles, and it is very
certain that the first director of his studies was the famous
I>aniel Burgess, who, with all his oddities (See BuROESS)
was frequently employed s^ tutor tct the sons of men of
rank. Goldsmith seems desirous to impute Bolingbroke^s
infidelity to this divine, and to his being obliged to read
Manton's Sermons on the 1 19th Psalm ; but such an opi-
nion is as dangerous as it is absurd. From Bui^ss or
Manton, he could have imbibed owiy a higher reverence
for religion than was to be expected from a lively youth ;
end as to the disgust he felt, to which his biographer
seems inclined to trace his infidelity, it is probable that a
boy would not have entertained much less dislike to a vo*'
luminous history of England, if pbliged to read it when he
wished to be idle. But, whatever instruction he might re-
ceive from his first tutors, it is very certain, that he had |i
regular and liberal education. He was sent to Eton,
where he had for his companion and rival sit* Robert Wal-
poldb " The parts of Mr. St. John,*' says Coxe, *• w^re
more lively and brilliant, those of Walpole'more steady
and solid. Walpole was industrious and diligent, because
his talents required, application ; St. John was negligent,
because >his quickness of apprehension rendered labour
less necessary.'* These characteristics prevailed in both
throughout life. From £ton Mr. St. John was removed to
ChrisJ^churcb, Oxford, where he made a shining figure<aa
a polite scholar, and when he left the university, he was
considered las a youth highly accomplished for public life.
His person was agreeable, and he had a dignity mixed with
sweetness in his looks, and a manner very prepossessing,
and, as some of his contemporaries said, irresistible* He
bad much acuteness, great judgment, and a prodigious
memory. Whatever he read he retained so as to make
it entirely hi3 own ^ but in youth, he was not in general
S A I N T . J O H N. 47
much given either to reading or reflection. With great
parts, be had, as it usually happens, great -passions;
which hurried him into those indiscretions and follies that
distinguish the libertine. He does not, however, appear
to have been without his serious moments, nor always un-
willing to listen to the voice of conscience. ^' There has
been something always," says he, ^^ ready to whisper in
my ear, while I ran the course of pleasure and of business^
f Solve senescentem mature sanas equum;* ^ and while 'tis
well, release thy aged horse.* But my genius, unlike the
demon of Socrates, whispered so softly, that very often I
heard him not, in the hurry of those passions with which I
was transported. Some calmer hours there were ; in them
I hearkened to him. Reflection had often its turn ; and
the love of study and 'the desire of knowledge have never
quite abandt>ned me« I am not, therefore^ entirely unpre-
pared for the life I will lead ; and it is not without reason
that I promise myself more satisfaction in the latter part of
it than I ever knew in the former.**
As these youthful extravagances involved him in discre-
dit, bis parents were very desirous to reclaim bim. With
this view, when in his twenty-second year, they married
him toi the daughter and coheire;ss of sir Henry Winche-
pomb of Bucklebury, in the county of Berks, hart.; and
upon this marriage a large settlement was made, which
proved very serviceable to him in his old age, though a
great part of what his lady brought was taken from him, in
consequence of his attainder. The union in other respects
was not much to his liking. . The same year he was elected
for the borough of Wotton^Basset, and sat in the fifth
pariiament of king William, which met Feb. 10, 1700;
and in which Robert Harley, esq. afterwarda earl of Ox-
ford, was chosen for the first time speaker. Of this short
pariiament, which ended June 24^ 1701, the business waa
the impeachment of the king's ministers, who wer^^ con-
cerned in the conclusion of the two partition-treaties ; and^
Mr. St. John siding with the majority, who were then con-
sidered as tories, ought to be looked upon a» commencing
his politicid career in that character. He sat also in the
next, which was the last parliament in the reign of William,
and the first in that of Anne. He was charged, sfo early
as 1710, with having voted this year against the succes-
sion in the House bf Hanover ; but this he has peremp-
tiprily. denied^ becfiuse in 1701 a bill wa» brought into par-
« SAIN T.JOHN*
Jiament, by sir Charles Hedges and himself^ entitled ** A
Bill for tte farther security of bis majesty's person, and
the succession of the crown in the Protestant line, and
extinguishing the hopes of the pretended prince of Wale?,
«nd all other pretenders, and their open and secret abet*-
•tors." In July 1702,' upon the dissolution of the second
parliament, the queen making a tour from Windsor to
Bath, by way of Oxford, Mr. St. John attended her; and,
at that university, with several persons of the highest dis-
tinction, had the degree of doctor of laws conferred upon
him.
Persevering steadily in the same tory-connections, to
which he adhered against the whig principles of his faniily,
.his fathe^ and grandfather being both of that party, be
gained such au influence in the house, that on April 10^
1704, be was appointed secretary pf war, and of the ma-
rines. As this post required a constant correspondency
with the duke of Marlborough, it appears to have been the
principal foundation of the rumours raised many ye^ra
after, that he was in a particular manner attached to the
duke. It is certain, that he knew his worth, and was a
Mncere admirer of him ; but he always denied apy particu*
lar connection ; nor was he ever charged by the duke or
duchess with ingratitude or breach of engagement to them;
In all political measures, Mr. St. John acted with Mr.
Harley : and, therefore, when this minister was removed
from the seals in 1 707, Mr. St. John chose to follow his for-
tune, and the next day resigned his place. He was not
returned in the subsequent parliament ; but, upon the dis-^
solution of it in 1710, Harley being made chancellor and
under^treasurei^ of the Exchequer, the post of secretary of
state was given to St. John. About the same time he wrote
the famous *^ Letter to the Examiner,^ to be found among
the first of those papers : it was then universally ascribed
to him, and gave no inconsiderable proofs of his abilities
as a writer ; for in this single short paper are comprehended
the outlines of that design on which Swift employed him-
self for near a twelvemonth.
Upon the calling of a new parliament in November, he
was chosen knight of the shire for the county of Berks^
and also burgess for Wotton-Basset; but made bis election-
for the former. He appeared now upon a scene of action^'
which called forth all his abilities. He sustained almost
tbe whole-weight of the business of the peace of Utrecht,
S A I NT- J O H N. 49
which bovtfwer he vras not supposed to negotiate to the
adiracitage of his country: and therefore bad an ample
abare of the censure bestowed on that treaty ever since.
The real^ state of the case is, that '^ the two parties/' as
be bioiseif owns, ** were become factions in tbe strict sense .
of the word." He was of that which prevailed for peace,
againsv those who delighted in war ; for this was the Ian-*
guage of the times : and, a peace being resolved on by the
English ministers at all risk^, it is no wonder if it was made
with less advantage to the nation. He owns this, yet justi^
fies the peace in general : '< Though it was a duty,'* saya
he, '* that we owed to our country, to deliver her from the
necessity of bearing any longer so uneqtol a part in so
unneoessary a war, yet was there some degree of merit in
performing it, I think so strongly in this manner, I am
so incorrigible, that, if I could be placed in tlie same cir<»
camstances again, I would take the same resolution, and
act the same part. Age and experience might enable me
to act with more abili^and greater skill; but all I have
suffered sipce the death of the queen should not hinder me
froin acting. Notwithstanding this, I shall not be surprised
if you think that the peace of Utrecht was not answerable'
to the success of the war, nor to the e({brts made in it. I
think so myself; and Have always owned, even when it
was making and made, that I thottght so. Since we had
committed a successinl folly, we ought to have reaped
more advantage from it than we did."
In July 1712, be was created baron St. John of Lediard*
Tregoze in Wiltshire, and viscount Bolingbroke ; and was
also, the same year, appointed lord-lieutenant of tbe county
of Essex. Biii^ these honours not coming up to the mea-
sure of his mtibitionl, he meditated supplanting Harley,
now earl of Oxford, who had ofiended' him, even in the
matter of tbe peerage. Paulet St. John, the last earl of
Bolingbroke, died the 5th of October preceding his crea--
tion ; and the earldon^ became extinct by bis decease, add
this honour had been proudised to him; but, bis presence
in the House of Cottkmons being so necesf^a^y at that tiine^
Barley prevailed upon him to remain there daring that
session; with an assurance, that bis rank should be pre-^
served for him. But, whe» be expected t heboid title should'
have been renewed in his favour, be received only that of
viscount; which he resented as an intended alfr^nt on the
part of Harley, who had got an earldom for himself. " I
Vol. XXVII. E
50 S A I N T - J O H N;
eontinuecl>*' says Bolingblroke, <^ in the House of Com*'
mons during that important session which preceded the
peace; and which, by the spirit shewn through the whole
course of it, and by the resolutions taken in it, rendered
the conclusion of the treaties practicable. After this, I
was dragged into the House of Lc^rds in such a manner as
to make my promotipn a punishment, not a reward*; and
was there left to defend the treaties alone. It would not
have been hard," continues he, *^ to have forced the earl
of Oxford to use me better. His good intentions began to
be very much doubted of: the truth is, no opinion of his
sincerity had ever taken root in the party; and, which
was worse for a man in his stiation, the opinion of his
capacity began to fall apace. 1 began in my heart to re-
nounce the friendship which, till that time, I had preserved
inviolable for Oxford. I was not aware of all his treachery,
nor of the base and little' means which he employed then,
' and continued to employ afterwards, to ruin me in the
opinion of the queen, and every where else. I saw, how-
ever, that he bad no friendship for any body; and that, with
respect to me, instead of having the ability to render that
merit, which I endeavoured to acquire, an addition of
strength to himself, it became the object of his jealousy,
and a reason for undermining me.'^ There was also ano-
ther transaction, .which passed not long after lord Boling-
broke^s being laised to the peerage, SLud which aggravated
bis animosity to that minister. In a few weeks after his
return from France, her majesty bestowed the vacant rib-
bons of the order of the garter upon the dukes Hamilton,
Beaufort, and Kent, and the earls Powlet, Oxford, and
Strafford. Bolingbroke thought himself here again ijl
used, having an ambiuon, as the minister Well knewy to
receive such an instance as this was of his mistress's grace
and favour. Indignant at all these circunxstances, we are
told that Bolingbroke, when the treasurer's staff was taken
from Oxford, expressed his joy by entertaining that very
day, July 7, 1714, at dinner, the general Stanhope, Ca-
dogan, and Palmer, sir William Wyndham, Mr. Craggs,
and other gentlemen. Oxford said upon his going out,
that *^ some of them would smart for it ;'' and Bolingbroke
was far from being insensible of the danger to which he
stood eicposed ; yet he was not without hopes still of se-
curing himself, by making his court to the whigs ; audit
is certain, that a little before. this he had proposed to bring
SAINT- JOHN. 51
in a bill to the House of Lords, to make it treason to' enlist
soldiers for the Pretender, which was passed into an act.
Soon^ however, after the accession of king George L in
1714, the seals were taken from him, and all the papers
in his office securedi During the short session of parlia-
ment at this juncture, he applied himself with his usual
industry and vigour to keep up the spirits of the friends to
the late administration, without omitting* any proper occa-
sion of testifying his reapect and duty to his majesty, by
assisting in settling the civil list, and other necessary
points. But, when after the meeting of the new parlia-
ment, his danger became more imminent, be withdrew
privately to France^ in March 1715. It is said, by the
continuator of Rapines history, that bis heart began to fail
him as soon as he heard that Prior was landed at Dover,
and had promised to reveal all he knew. Accordingly that
evening his lordship^ who had the night before iappeared
at the play-^house in Drury-lane, and bespoke another play
for the next night, and subscribed to a new opera that was
to be acted some time after, .went off to Dover in disguise,
as a servant to Le Vigne/one of the French king's messen-^
gers. His lordship, however/ al\^ays affirmed that he took
this step upon certain and repeated informations, that a
resolution was taken, by tbe men in power, not only to
prosecute, but to pursue him to the scaffold.
Upon his arrival at Paris^ he received an invitation from
the Pretender, then at Barr, to engage in his service :
which he at first absolutely refused, and thought it wiser
to make tbe best application, that his present circumstances
would admit, to prevent the progress of his prosecution in
England. While this was in doubt, he retired into Dau^
phio£, where he continued till the beginning of July ; and
then, upon receiving unfavourable news from some oif his
party in England, he complied with a second invitation
from tbe Pretender; and, taking the seals of tbe secretary's
office at Commercy, set out with them |br Paris, and ar»
rived thither the latter end of the same month, in order to
procure from that court tbe necessary succours for his new
master^s intended invasion of England. The vote for im-
peaching him of . high treason bad passed in the House 6i
Commons .the June preceding;' and six articles were
brought into the house, and read by VV^alpole^ August 4^
1715, which were in substance as follows: 1. ^^ That
whereas he had assured the ministers oC tfa^Stat^s General,
52 S A I N T - J O H N.
by order from her majesty in 1711) that she would make
no peace but in concert with them ; yet be sent Mr. Prior
to France, that same year, with proposals for a treaty of
peace with that monarch, without the consent of the allies.''
2. ** That he advised and promoted the making of a sepa-
rate treaty or convention, with France, which was signed
in September/' 3. ** That he disclosed to M. Mesnager,
the French minister at London, this convention, which was '
the preliminary instruction to her majesty's plenipotenti'
aries at Utrecht, in October." 4. ^^ That her majesty's
final instructions to her said plenipotentiaries were disclosed
by him to the abbot Gualtier, an emissary of France." 5.
** That he disclosed to the French the manner how Tour*
nay in Flanders might be gained by them." 6. ^< That be
advised and promoted the yielding up of Spain and the
West-Indies to the duke of Anjou, then an enemy to her
majesty." These articles were sent up to the Lords in
August; in consequence of which, he stood attainted of
high-treason, September the 10th of the same year.
In the mean time, his new engagements with the Pre*
tender were so unsuccessful as to bring on him a similar
disgrace; for the year 1715 was scarcely expired, when
the seals and papers of his new secretary's office were de«
manded, and given up ; and this was soon followed by an
accusation branched into seven articles, in which be was
impeached of treachery, incapacity, and neglect. Thus
discarded, he turned his thoughts once more to a reconci*
liation with his country, and in a short time, by that cha-
racteristic activity with which he prosecuted all his designs,
he procured, through the mediation of the earl of Stair,
then the British ambassador at the French court, a promise
of pardon, upon certain conditions, from the king, who,
in July 1716, created his father baron of Battersea and vis*
count St. John. In the mean time these vicissitudes had
thrown Jiim into a state of reflection ; and this produced,
by way of relief, a <^ Consolatio Philosophica," which he
wrote the same year, under the title of *^ Reflections upon
Exile." In this piece he has drawn the picture of his own
exile ; which, being represented as a violence, proceeding
solely from the malice of his persecutors, to one who had
served his country with ability and integrity, is by the
magic of his p^n converted not only into a tolerable, but
what appears tb be an honourable, station. He bad ats^
this year writtei,^ several letters, in answer to the charge
brought against him by the Pretender and his adherents,
^
SAINT- JOHN. 53
wbicb were primted at London in 1735, 8vo, together with
answers to them by Mr. James Murray, afterwards made
earl of Dunbar by the Pretender ; but, being then imme-
diately suppressed, are reprinted in ^' Tindal's Contii^a-
tion of Rapin's History of England." The following year,
be drew up a vindication of his whole conduct with respect
to the tories, in the form of *a letter to sir William Wynd-
ham, which was printed in 1753, 8vo. It is written with
the utmost elegance and address, and abounds with interest-
ing and entertaining anecdotes.
His first lady being dead, be espoused about this time,
17 16, a second of great merit and accomplishments-, niece
to madam de Maintenon, and widow of the marquis de
Villette ; with whom he had a very large fortune, encum-
bered, however, with a long and troublesome law-suit. In
the company and conversation of this lady, be passed &is
time in France, sometimes in the country, and sometimes
at the capita], till 1723; when the king was pleased to
grant him a full and .free pardon. Upon the first notice of
this favour, the expectation of which had been the govern-
ing principle of his political conduct for several years, he
returned to his native country. It is observable, that bi-
shop Atterbury was banished >at this very juncture ; and
happening, on his being set ashore at Calais, to hear that
lord Bolingbroke was there, he said, ^* Then I am ex-
changed V* His lordship having obtained, about two years
after his return, an act of parliament to restore him to his
family-inheritance, and to enable him to possess any pur-
chase he sjiiould make, chose a seat of lord Tankerville, at
Dawley near Uxbridge in Middlesex"; where he settled
with his lad}^ and gratified his taste by improving it into a
aiost elegant villa. Here he amused himself with rural
employments, and with corresponding and conversing with
Pope, Swift, and other friends ; but was by no means sa-
tisfied within : for he was yet no more than a mere titular
lord, and stood excluded from a seat in the House of Peers.
Inflamed with this taint that yet remained, in his blood, he
entered again, in 1726, upon the public stage; and, dis-
avowing ail obligations to the minister Wal|!)ole, to whose
secret enmity he imputed his not having received the full
effects of the royal mercy intended, he embarked in the op-
position, and distinguished himself by a multitude of pieces,
written during the short remainder of that reign, and for
ome years upder the following, with great boldness against
^ measures that were then pursued. Besides his papers
/
54 SAINT- JOHN,
in the ^* Craftsman^^' which were the most popular in that
celebrated collection, he published several pamphlets,
which were afterwards reprinted in the second edition of
h\^*^ Political Tracts/' and in the authorized edition of
his works.
Having carried on his part of the siege against the mini*
ster with inimitable spirit for ten years, he laid down hit
pen, owing to a disagreement with his principal coadju-
tors; and, in 1735, retired to France, with a full resolu-
tion never to engage more in public business. Swift, who
knew that this retreat was the effect of disdain, vexa-
tion, ^l\d disappointment, that his lordship's passions ran
high, anci'that his attainder unreversed still tingled in his
veins, cpncluded him certainly gone once more to;tfae Pre-
tender, as bi^ enemies gave out ; but he was rebuked for
this by Pope, who assured him, that it was absolutely un-
true in every circumstance, that he had fixed in a very
agreeable retirement near Fontaiobleau, and made it his
whole business vacate lileris. He had now passed the 60th.
year of his age ; and through a greater variety of scenes^
both of pleasure and business, than any of his contempo-
raries. He had gone as far towards reinstating himself in
the full possession of his former honours as great parts and
great application could go ; and seemed at last to think,
that the door was finally shut against him. He had not
been long in his retreat, when he began a course of ** Letf
ters on the study and use of History," for the use of lord
Cornbury, to whom they are addressed. They were pub-
lished in 1752 ; and, though they are drawn up, as all his
works are, in . an elegant and masterly style, and abound
with just reflections, yet, on account of some freedoms
taken with ecclesiastical history, they exposed him to much
censure. Subjoined to these letters are, his piece *'upon
Exile," and a letter to lord Bathurst ^' on the true use of
study and Retirement."
Upon the death of his father, who lived to be extremely
old, he settled at Battersea, the ancient seat of the family,
where he passed the remainder of his life. His age, his
genius, perfected by long experience and much retiection,
gave him a superiority over most of bis contemporaries,
which his works have not altogether preserved. Pope and
Swift, however, were among his most ardent admirers;
and it is well known, that the former received from him
the materials for his ** Essay on Man." Yet, even in thi'
SAIN T-J O H N
S5
retirement, he did not neglect the consideration of pnbhc
affairs ; for, after the conclusion of the war in 1747, upoti»
measures being taken which did not agree with his notions
of political prudence, he began «' Some Reflections on
the present sute of the nation, principaUy with regard to
her taxes and debts, and on the causes and consequences
of them :'* but he did not finish them. In 1749, came out
his « Letters on the spirit of Patriotism, on the idea of a
Patriot King, and on the state of parties ^t the accession of
king George I ;" with a preface in which Pope's conduct,
with regard to that piece, is represented as an inexcusabla
act of treachery to him. Of this subject wc have already
taken sufficient notice in our accounts of Mallet and Pope.
Bolingbroke was now approaching his end. For some Ume
a cancerous humour in his face bad made considerable pro-
greds, and he was persuaded to apply an empirical remedy,
which exposed him to the most excruciating tortures. Lord
Chesterfield saw him, for the last time, the day before
these tortures began. Bolingbroke, when they parted,
embraced his old friend with tenderness, and said "God,
who placed me here, will do ^vhat he pleases with me h»e-
after, and he knows best what to do. May he t^less you !
About a fortnight after be died, at his house at >attersca,
Nov. 15, 1751, nearly eighty years old, if the date usually
assigned to his birth be correct. His corpse was interred
with those of his ancestors in that church, where there is a
marble monument erected to his memory.
His lordship's estate and honours descended to his ne-
phew; the care and profits of his manuscripts he left to
Mallet, who published them, together with his works already
printed, in 1754, 5 vols. 4to. They may be divided into
political and philosophical works : the former of which have
been mentioned already, and consist of « Letters upon
History," " Letterto Wyndham," " Letters on Patriotism,
and papers in the " Craftsman;'' which had been sepa-
rately printed in 8 vols. 8vo, under the title of '' Disserta^
tion upon Parties," '' Remarks on thie History of England,"
and « Political Tracts." His philosophical works consist
of, " The substance of some letters written originally m
French kbout 1720 to Mr. de Pouilly ; letter occasioned by
one of abp. Tillotson's sermons ; and letters or essays ad-
dressed to Alexander Pope, esq." As Mallet had published
an 8vo edition of the " Letters on History," and the '^ Let-
ter to Wyndham," before the 4to edition of the works
56 SAIN T-J O H N,
came out, he afterwards pabHsbed separately tbe pUlos^r
pbical writings, 5 vols. Bvo. These esyajrs, addressed to
Pope, on philosophy and religion, contain iqany tbingf
which deny o^ ridicule the great truths of revelation ; and^
on this account, not only exposed the deceased author tp
the just animadversions of several writers, but occasionecl.
also a presentment of his works by the grand jmy of West-»
minster ; but the sale of them was very slow, and of li^e
years they are perhaps still less consulted. An edition,
however, was published in 1809, in 8 vols. Svo, with many
additions, from subsequent authorities, to the l^ of Boling-^
broke, which was written by Dr. Goldsmith. Soine tintie
before this, a valuable collection of lord BohDgbroke^s po-r
litical correspondence was published in 4to,and 4 vols. Svo,
by the rev. Gilbert iParke, which contains mocli inforana*
tiqn respecting the memorable peace of Utrecht. His cha*
looter has been (Irawn by various able pens, by Chestei^M,
Mrs. Cockburn, Ruffbead (under the guidance of Warbur*
ton), lord Walpole, Horace Walpole, lord Orrery, Ac. &c.
and although they differ in some points, coincide in proving
that lord Bolingbroke was cpnsidiered by all as a politician
of an impqttant class ; that those who have been at most
pains to dl'^ame him as an enemy, would ^hav4e been very
desirous to secure him as a friend., and that they may be
credited in every thing sooner than in their affecting to
undervalue his talents. Ambition and immorality consti-
tute the great objections tp his public and private charac-
ter. His infidel principles were not much known before his
death, except to his friends. Like Chesterfield and Hume,
be left something behind him worse than be had prodiicea
in bis life-time, and subjected himself to accusations to
which he could no longer reply. In his character since, he
has suffered equally by tbe just resentment of piety, and
By the unforgiving prejudices qf party ; and an impartial
history of his conduct and opinions is perhaps yet a desir
deratum.^
ST. LAMBERT {Charles Francis de), fiwrmerly a
member of the French academy, was born in Nancy, Dee.
16, 17 17, of a family of Lorrain. He was educated amoag
tbe Jesuits at the college of Pont-a-Moussori, but in early
1 Life by Goldsmith, io edit. 1909.— Biog. Brit.— Swill's Works.— Po|ie'|
Works by Bowles. — Coxe's Waljjolt* .-:-LysoDs'* Environs, vol. I.-— Royal and
Nebl« Authors by Park.— Chesterfield's Memoirs and Letters.— Leiand'sOteisti •
cal Wffkera. — Warburton^s LeUerif to Q[ard, ^c* l^c.
ST. L A M B E E T. 57
life eintered into the army^ which be qaitted at the peace
of Aix^ia-Cbapelle in 1748, and joined the gay party as- .
sembled by Stanislaus, king of Poland, at Luneville. There
be becaaae an admirer of Madame de Cbatelet, who return-
ed his attachment He was afterwards intimate with, and
the egregious, flatterer of Voltaire. It is not said what
part he took in the revolution, but he escaped its dangers,
and died at Paris Feb. 9, 1805. He was a man of genius,
but his steps in the literary career were rather slow, afid in-
commensurate with the actitity of his genius; for his first
poetical work, ^^ Les F£tes de 1' Amour et de P Hymen,** a
theatrical performance, was published about 1760, when
be was already turned of forty years of age. His poem
entitled ^' Les quatres parties du jour" appeared in 1764,
and soon ranked him unong the greatest poets of his age.
The composition was acknowledged to possess novelty in
the descriptions, interest iu the details, and elegance in
the style ; although, on the other side, it was charged with
coldness, want of unity, and monotonous episodes. The
same year he published his *' Essai sur le luxe," 8vo. His
next, abd jut»tly celebrated, poetical performance, ** Les
Saisons,*' which was published in 176d, raised him to the
highest degree of reputation. It was generally admitted
that he exhibited here a large share of ingenuity and inven-
tion, by introducing pastoral poetry into a composition of
a different sort, making it still preserve its native simplicity,
and yet associate naturally with more elevated subjects.
An additional merit was discovered, with regard to this
elegant work, in the motive of the author ; as his professed
design was to inspire the great proprietors of land with an
incliiiation to live on their manors, and contribute to the
happiness of the cultivators.
In 1772, he published his '< Fables Orientales," which
did little either to increase or to diminish his poetical fame :
and many years after he produced his ^^ Consolation de la
Vieillesse," a proof that his talents had suffered no dimi-
nution from age or infirmity. The last publication of Saint
Lambert is a philosophical work in prose. It appeared in
1798, in 3 vols. 8vo, under the title of ^^ Catecfaisme Uni-
versel.'^ It was intended to exhibit a system of morals
grounded on human nature; and the favourite object of
the author was to confute the doctrine of a moral sense,
which has been supported by many eminent metaphysicians,
ever since the writings of Shaftesbury and of Hutcheson.
58 S T. L A M B E R T.
This work was justly denominated ^by some French critics,
alluding to the age of the author, Le soir i^un beau jour
(the evening of a beautiful day !) He wrote also some ar-
ticles for the £ncyclopedie, and many fugitive pieces in
the literary journals.'
SAINTE-MARTHE, in Latin Sammarthanus, is the
name of a family in France, which produced many men of let-
ters. The first, Gaucher de SAinte-Marthe, had a son
Charles, born in 1512, who became physician to Francis 11.
and was remarkable for his eloquence. Queen Margaret of
Navarre and the duchess of Vendome honoured him with
their particular esteem ; and when they died in 1550, he
testified his grief by a funeral oration upon each, published
the same year. That upon the queen was in Latin, the
Other in French. There is also some Latin and French
poetry of bis in being. He died in 1555. — Scevole,' or
ScAVOLA, the nephew of Charles, was born at Loudun in.
I5.S6, and became very distinguished both in learning and
business. He loved letters from his infancy, attained an
intimate acquaintance with the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew
tongues ; and became an orator, a lawyer, a poet, and an
historian; he, is also represented as a good friend, zealous
for his country, and of inviolable fidelity to his prince. He
bad, in the reigns of Henry IIL and Henry IV. several con*
siderable employments, which he filled with great reputa-
tion. In 1579, he was governor of Poitiers, and afterwards
treasurer of France for this district. In 1593 and 1S94, he
exercised the office of intendant of the finances, in the
army of Bretagne, commanded by the duke de Montpen-
sier : aud, in the latter of these years, he reduced Poitiers
to the subjectioQ of Henry IV. Some time after, he con-
ceived thoughts of retiring to his own country, and de«
voting the remainder of his life to contemplation : but was
again made governor of Poitiers, in so honourable a man-
ner that he could not decline it. Upon the expiration of
this office^ he went to Paris, and thence to, Loudun, where
he passed the rest of his days ^' in otio cum dignitate."
This town had been often protected from ruin in the civil
wars merely by his credit, and therefore regarded him as
its protector. He died there in 1623, universally regretted ;
and his funeral oration was pronounced by the famous
Urban Grandier. He was the author of ** La loUange de
1 Diet. Uist.— Baldwin's Literary Journal.
SAINT E*M A R T H K S9
laville de jPoitiers," 157S; ** Opera Poetica,*' consisting
of odesy elegies, epigrams, and sacred poems, in French
and Latin^ 1575; ^< Galiorum dootrina illustrium elogia/*
1598 :'' bat his chief work, and that which keeps his naine
still alive in the republic of letters, is bis work called ** Ps*
dotrophia, sea de puerorum educattone,*' printed in 1584,
and dedicated to Henry III. This poem went through tea
editions in the author's life -time, and hath gone through as
many since* It was neatly printed at London in 1708, in
12mo, together with tlie^^ Callip^dia^' of Quillet. It is,
also printed with a complete edition of his and his son
Abel's works, under the title ^^ Sammarthanorum patris et
filii opera Latina et Gallica, turn soluta oratione, tum versa
schpta," ,Paris^ 1633, 4to. Scevole left several sons; of
whom Ab£L, the eldest, born at Loudun in 1570, applied
himself, like his father, to literature. He cultivated
French and Latin poetry ; the latter^ were printed with
those of his father in the edition just mentioned, but are
inferior to them. Lewis XIII. settled on him a pension,,
for the services he had done him, and made him a coun*
sailor of state. In 1627, he was made librarian to the
king at Fontainebleau ; and had after that other commis-
sions of importance. He died at Poitiers in 1652, where
his ^^ Opuscula Varia^' were printed in 1645^ 8vo. This
Abel had a son of his own name, bom in 1630, and after-
wards distinguished by his learning. He succeeded his fa-
ther as librarian at Fontainebleau, and in that quality pre-
sented to Lewis XIV. in 1668, ^' Un Discours pour le r£-
tablissemeot de cette Bibliotheque." He died in 1706.
Scevole's second and third sons, Scevole and Lewis,.
were born in 1571. They were twin-brothers, of the same
temper, genius, and studies ; with this difference only^
that Scevole continued alayman, aiid married, while Lewis
embraced the ecclesiastical state. They spent tbeir lives
together in perfect union, and were occupied in the same
labours. They were both counsellors to tiie king, and his-
toriographers of France. They were both interred at St.
Severin in Paris, in the same grave ; though Scevole died
in 1650, and Lewis did not die till 1656. They distin-
guished themselves by their knowledge, and in conjunc-
tion composed the '^ Gallia Christiana, seu series omnium
Episc. &6. Francia;,*' of which there is an edition in 13.
vols, folio, 1715 — 1786, but three more volumes are yet
necessary to complete it.
$0 SAINT E-M A R T H EL
Besides these, there were Denis, Pet^e Scevole^
' Abel Lewis, and Claude, ]>e Saikte-Marthe, all men
of learning, and who distinguished themselves by various
publicaUons ; but their works are not of a natare to make
a particular enumeration of them necessary here.'
ST, PALAY£ (John Baptist de la Cuane de), an in^
genious French writer, was borp at Auxerre in 1697. TIm
only information we have of his early life is restricted to a^
notice of the affection which subsiatwi between him and his
twin-brother M. de la Corne. It appears that he devoted
himself to researches into the language and antiquities of.
bis country, and was admitted a member of the French
academy, and that of inscriptions. In all his labours he
was assisted by his brother, who liv^ with him, and was
his inseparable associate in lus studies, and even in his
amusements; St. Palaye died in 1781. La Harpe haa
published some spirited verses which he addressed in his
eightieth year to a lady who had embroidered a weistcoat
for him ; but he is chiefly known as an author by . '^ Me*
moires sur FAncienne Chevalerie,*^ 3 vols. ISmo, in which
he paints in very Hvely colours the manners and customs
of diat institmion. Mrs. Dobscm published an English
translation of this in 1784. After his decease the afebd
Mijlot drew up, from his papers, ^* L'Histoire des Trouba-
dours,'' in 3 vols. 12mo. St. Palaye had meditated on an
*^ Universal French Glossary," which was to be more co-
pious than that of Du Cange, and left two works in maou-*
script, one a history of the variations that have taken place
in the French language, the other a Dictionary of French
antiquities.'
ST. PAVIN (Dennis Sanguin de), a French poet of
the seventeenth century, was born at Paris, and studied
with a view to the ecclesiastical profession, but his private
attachment was wholly to the belles lettres and poetry,
which he diligently cultivated. He spent the greatest part
of 'his life at Livri, of which he was abbot, though no cre-
dit to the order, for he lived in a voluptuous, indolent
style, circulating and practising the pernicious maxims he
had learnt from hts master, tbue poet Theophile, and to
which. he was so strongly attached, that Boileau in his first
satire places St Pavin's conversion among things morally
impossible. The story of his having been converted by
> Moreri.^Dict. Hist. — Dupio. ^ Diet. Hist.
S T P A V I N $1!
hearing a terrible voice at the time Theopbile died^ in
162S, is entirely without foundation, for his conversion
preceded his own death but a very short time. He died in
1670, leaving several poems not inelegantly written, which
form part of vol. IV. of Barbin's collection ; and a collec-
tion of bis Works was published In 1759, 12mo, with Charle-
va), Lalaiie, and Montplaisir He was related to Claudius
Saogain, steward of the household to the king and the
duke of Orleans, who published ** Les HeurW in French
verse, Paris, 1660, 4ta, in which the whole Psalter is trans-
latedi^
ST. PIERRE (Charles Irenes Castel de), a French
moral and potitical writer, was born in 1658, of a noble
fiunily, at Saint-Pierre- in Normandy. He studied at the
college of Caen^ and was brought up to the church, and
obtained some preferment ; but was more distinguished for
his political knowledge. Previous to his appearing in po-
litical life,^ he wrote some observations on philosophical
grammar, in consequence of which he was admitted a mem-
ber of the academy in 1695. His political fame induced
the cardinal Polignac to take him with him to the confer-
ences for the peace of Utrecht ; and here he appears to
have announced one of his favourite projects, the establish-
ment of a kind of European diet, in order to secure a per-
petual peace, which cardinal Fleury received with good
humour, but saw at once its practical difficulties. Such
indeed was the case with most of the schemes he published
in bis works, which are now nearly forgotten. He cer-
tainly, however, had the merit of discovering the defects
of the government of Louis XIV. a^d pleaded the cause of
a more free constitution with much boldness. One of his
best works was *^ A Memorial on the establishment of a
proportional Taille," which is said to have n>eltorated the
state of taxation in France. He died in 1743, aged eighty-
five. After the death of Louis XIV. he published some of
bis spirited sentiments of that monarch in a pamphlet en-
titled *^ La Polysynodie,^' or the plurality of councils, for
which he was expelled the French academy, Fontenelle
only giving a vote in his favour. An edition of his works
was published in Holland, 1744, 18 vols. l2mo.'
ST. REAL (Casar Vichard de), a polite French writer,
was the son of a counsellor to the senate of Chamberri in
1 Moreri.— Diet. Hist * Eloges by D'Alemb«rt.— Diet. Hist.
62 S T. R E A X.
S4v6y,' where he was bom, bat it is hot mentioned in wba€
year. He came very young to France, was some time A
disciple of M. de Variilas, and afterwards distinguished
himself at Paris by several ingenious productions. In 1675^
be returned- to Chamberri, and went thence to England
with the duchess of Ma2arin ; but soon after came back to
Paris^ where he lived a long time, without title or dignity/
intent upon literary pursuits. He returned a second time
to Chamberri in 1692, and died there the same year, ad«
vanced in years, but not in the best circumstances. He
was a man of great parts and penetration, a lover of the
sciences, and particularly foud of history, which he wished
to have studied, not as a bare recital of facts and speeches,
but as a picture of human nature philosophically contem-
plated. He wrote a piece, with this view, ^^ De I'Usage
de PHistoire,^' Paris, 1672, 12mo, which is full of sensible
and judicious reflections. In L674, he published " Con-
juration des Espaguols centre la R^publique de Venise en
1618," 12mo, in a style which Voltaire compares to that of
Sallust ; but what he gained in reputation by this, he is said
to have lost by his '^ La Vie de J6sus Christ,^' pablbhed
four years after. He wrote many other things : some to
illustrate the Roman history, which he had made his parti-
cular study; some upon subjects of philosophy, politics,
and morals ; and notes upon the first two books of Tully's
** Letters to Atticus,'^ of which he made a French transla-
tion. A neat edition of his works was published at the
Hague in 1722, in 5 vols. i2mo, without the letters /to At-
ticus; which, however, were printed in the edition of Paris,
1745, in 3 vols. 4to, and six 12iho.''
ST. SIMON (Louis de Rouvroi, duke OF),a French wri-
ter of memoirs, was the son of a duke of the same title, born
June 16,1 67.5, and was introduced at the court of Louis XIV.
in his fifteenth year, but bad been educated in virtuous prin-
ciples, and never departed from them, either at court or
in the army, in which he served till 1697. In 1721 he was
appointed ambassador extraordinary to the court of Spain^
for the purpose of soliciting the infanta in marriage for
Louis XV. After being for some time confidential adviser to
the regent, duke of Orleans, he retired' to his estate, and
passed most of his time in his library, where he read in-
cessantly and forgot nothing. The marshal de Belle-Isle
^ Niceron, vol. lU
S T. S I M O N. 6S
used to say that he was the most interesting and agreeable
dictionary be had ever consulted. At fourscore be enjoyed
all his faculties as perfect as at forty : the precise time o^
his death is hot mentioned, but it appears to have taken
place about 1757. He composed '^ Memoii^ of the reign
of Louis XIV. and the Regency," which consist of a va-
riety of anecdotes relative to the courts of Louis XIV. and
XV. which are told in an elegant style, but his manner is
often sarcastic, although his justice has never been called
in question. M. Anquetil has made this nobleman's me-
moirs the basis of his history of ^' Louis XIV. his Court and
the Regent.^' Some of the editions of these Memoirs have
been mutilated, but the most complete was printed at Stras-
burg, in 1791, 13 vols. 8 vo."
SALDEN (Wzluam), a learned writei' in the sixteenth
century, born at Utrecht, was successively minister of se-
veral churches in Holland, and lastly at the Hague, where
he died in 16d4. .Hi^ most knpwn and valuable works are,
" Otia Theologica,'' 4to, containing dissertations on diffe-
rent subjects, from the Old and New Testament ; '< Con-
cionator Saper,'' 12mo; and ^' De Libris varioque eorum
usu et.abusu,V Amsterdam, 1668, 12mo.'.
SALE (G£ORG£)y a learned Eaglisbman, who died at
London in 1736, was a man who did much service to the
republic of letters, but of his private history we have no
account. He had a hand in the ^' Universal History,"' and
executed the cosmogony and a part of the history follow-
ing. He was also engaged in other publications ; but his
capital work is ^^ The Koran, commonly called the Alcoran
of Mohammed^* translated into English immediately from
the original .Arabic ; with explanatory notes taken from the
most approved commentators. To which is prefixed, a
preliminary Discourse,*' 1734, 4to. The preliminary dis-
course consists of 1S6 pages, and is divided. into eight sec-
tions, which treat of the following particulars: Sect. 1.
'^ Of the Arabs before Mohammed, or, as they express it,
in the 'time of ignorance ;' their history, religion, learning,-
and customs." Sect. 2. *^ Of the state of Christianity, par-
ticularly of the Eastern Churches, and of Judaism, at the
^ time of Mohammed's appearance ; and of the methods
taken by him for establishing his rehgion, and the circum-
stances which concurred thereto." Sect. 3. '^ Of the Ko-
^ Anquetily ubi supra.— Diet. Hist. * Burman Traj. Eradit. — Moreri.
64 8 A L-t£«
ran itself^ the peculiarities of that book, tbe maoiH^ of its
being writteo and published, and tbe general design of it.'*
Sect. 4« ^' Of the doctrines and positive precepts of the
Koran, which relate to futh and religious duties.'* Sect. S.
" Of certain negative precepts in the Koran.** Sect. 6.
*^ Of the institutions of tbe Koran in civil affairs.** Sect.
7. '* Of the noontbs commanded by the Koran to be kept
S9cred, and of the setting apart of Friday for the especial
service of God.'* Sect. 8. " Of the principal sects among
the Mohammedans; and of those who have pretended to
prophesy among the Arabs in or since the time of Moham-
med.*' This preliminary discourse, as should seem, might
deserve to be published separately from the Koran. Mr.
Sale was also one of the membsers of the society fbr the en-
couragement of learning, begua in 1736, but as be died
in that year, could not have eujpyed the promised advan-
tages of it. He was oiie of the authors of the ^^ General
Dictionary," to which w^ so often refer, which includes a
translation . of Bziyle, 10 vols, follo^ Mr. Sale left a son,
who was fellow of New college, Oxford, where be took bis
degree of M. A. in 1756.. He was afterwards a fellow of
Winchester college, in 1765, and died a short time after.*
SALIAN^ or SALLIAN (Jam^s),. a. learned Jesuit of
Avignon, where he was born in 1557^ entered into that
society in 1578, and became anoted tuton He was. after-
wards made rector of the college of Besangon^ and. died at
Parisian. 23, 1640, in the eighty-third year of his' age.
He wrote some pious tracts, but is principally known for
bis <^ Annals of the Old Testament/' published in 161 Si — 24,
6 vols, folio. As this wotk' appeared too voluminous for
geueral use, M«deSponde,. bishop of Paniiers, requested
leave to publish an abridgment in the manner of his abridg-
ment of Baronius ; but Salian> co«s<;iogs how much origi-^
nais suffer by abridgments^ refused this truest with much
politeness; and when induo^ at last to make an abridg-*
meat himself, contrived to do it in such a laaanec as. to
render the original almost indispensable to his readers.' .
SALISBURY (John of), one of the greatest ornaments
of the twelfth centucy^iwas born at Old Sarum, whence he
derived the name of Sa&ISJSURI£nsis^ about 1116. After
he had gone through a course of education in England, he
went to the university of Paris in i 136, and attended upon
> Gent Mag.; seelD^ex. — BosweH's Life of Johusoo. * Moreri.— Alegambe.
S A L I S B U R Y. 65
the lectures of Abelard land ottier masters, with such in-
dustry and success, that he acquired an uncommon share of
knowledge both in philosophy and letters. At an early
period of life, his poverty obliged him to undertake the
office of preceptor ; yet amidst engagements of this kind,
be found leisure to acquire a competent knowledge of dia-
lectics, physics, and morals, as well as an acquaintance
with the Greek, and (what was at that time a rare accom-
plisbment) with the Hebrew, languages. He may justly
be ranked among the first scholars of his age. After many
years had elapsed, he resolved to revisit the companions
of his early studies on Mount St. Genevieve, in order to
Confei* with them on the topics on which they had formerly
disputed. His account of this visit affords a striking pic-
ture of the philosophical character of this age. ^* I found
them,^' says he, *^ the same men, and in the same place ;
Bor had they advanced a single step towards resolving our
antient questions, nor added a single proposition, how-
ever stnati, to their stock of knowledge. Whence 1 in*
ferred, what indeed it was easy to collect, that dialectic
studies, however useful they may be when connected wrth
other branches of learning, are in tbemselven barren and
uselesa.*' Speaking in another place of the philosophers
of his time, be eomplains, that they collected auditors
solely for the ostentation of science, and designedly ren-
dered their discourses obscure, that they might appear
loaded with the mysteries of wisdom ; and that though all
professed to follow Aristotle, they were so ignorant of hisr
true doctrine, that in attempting to explain his meaning,
they often advanced a Platonic notion, or some erroneous
tenet equally distant from the true system of Aristotle and
of Platx>. From these observations, and firom many similar
passaged to be found in his writings, it appears, that John
of Salisbury was aware of the trifling character. both of the
philosoph)^ hnd the philosophers of hts age ; owing, pro-
bably, to the^iinoommon share ofgood sense which he pos-
sessed, a^' well as to the' unusual extent and variety of his
learning. ^ Throughout his writings there are evident traces
of a frttiifoV genius', of sotihd understanding, of various
emdftidn, and, with due allowance for the age in^ which he
Kwd^ : of correct taste,
• At 'Bi« rblurm into 'England', after bis first visit to Paris,
be studi4sd'lh^ clvfl law ondcft V««afius, who taught Witb^
gr^at^^pkube at03^ford4i¥>i449. ' fitabmaeing tb^ monsi*
Vol. XXVIL F
65 8ALISBU R Y;
tic Irfe at Canterbury, he became the diief confidant of
two successive archbishops of that see, Theobald and
Tbonias a Becket. To the last of these he dedicnted his
celebrated work " Polycraticon, or De nugis curialiiim, et
vestigiis philosophorum/* a very curious and valuable mo*
nuoient of the literature of bis times. Although he did
not approve some p^rt of the conduct of Becket, he sub-
mitted to Henry the Second^s sentence of banishment, and-
remained in exile for seven years, rather than give up the
•party of the archbishop, which was the condition on wbich^
he might have been permitted to return. In negotiating
Becket's affairs, he performed no less than ten jour|[i4^».
into Italy. In one of these journeys, he obtained familiar
uitercourse witti pope Adrian IV. his countryman, who.
having asked him what the world said of bitn and of the:^
Roman church, John returned such an answer as might?
have been, e^ipected from the boldest of the reformers' in>
the sixteenth centcrry, telUng his holiness, among other-
thi^igs, that the world 6aid, ** the pope liimseM^ was a bUr*>
then to Christendom which is scarcely to be borne." The
whole of this curious dialogue may be seen. in the fM>rk'
above mentioned, *
At length he was permitted to return to England in 1171, «
9nd was a spectator of the murder of Us friend Becket,
from whom he endeavoured to ward off one of the bhiWs,<
and received it on bis arm, which was seriously hurt. In
1172 be was promoted to the French bishopric of Char*
tres, in the province of Sens, which he held ten years,
dying in 1182. He composed many other works besides
the *' Polycraticon," whibh is written in a plain concise
style, and is an excellent treatise upon the employmems^^
occupations, duties, virtues, and vices, of great men, tod^
contains a number of moral reflections, passages from au«
thors, examples, apologues, pieces of history, and eom-<
ii)on-pIaces. His familiar acquaintance with the classics
aj>pears, not only from the happy facility of his ianguage^^
but from the many citations of the purest Roman authors^
with which his wor^ are perpetually inteilqpersed. . Mom-
£lucon says, that some part of the supplement to Petronios,)
{|iib)ished as a genuine and valuable discovery a few yetfra
ago, but since supposed to l^e spurious, is quoted in the^
^^ Potg^QnatlciMi." It was pul;^iisbed at Paris in 1519, and
at Ley den lo li693. Sire; and a French translation of it»,
entitled *< Les Vanitez de la^^r/' at Pari^» 1640^ in*4tOjH
• » rfk » Jt . ^ ^
S A L I S B U H Y. 67
with a: life of the HUtbor prefixed. Among his othtv inror^
ftre a volume of /^ Letters/^ published, at Paris in 1611^
for which bis stjle seems best adapted^ anfl^bis corre-
spondents were some of the first personages of the ase*
Their cooteots, as detailing important occurrences, are in-
terestingy and their ti^rn of expression sometimes elegant.
Another of his works was a learned defence of grarpmar,
riietoric, and logic, against one whom he calls pornificius,
which cqntains a most curious account of tlie state of these
vciences at this period. '
SALISBURY, or SALESBURV (William), a Welsh'
aoiiqoary, was born of an ancient family in Denbighshire,
and studied for some time at Oxford, ,wb,ence he removed
to Thaives-Inn, London. Here he applied to the law, but
does not appear to have risen to any eminence, as Wood
speaks of himi as living in bis latter days ii> the house of
a bookselier in St. Paul's church-yard. His principal ob-
ject appears to have been the cultivation of the Welsh
laof^uage, askd the translation into it of the Bible, &c. It
)voald appear that queen Elizabeth gave him a patent, for
seven years, for printing in A^elsh th^ Bible, Common-
Prayer, and ^* Administration of the Sacraments/' Hp
compiled ^^A Qictipoary in. .j^pgUsh and Welsh," Lond.
1547, 4to. ' *>.A Littl/s Xireatise pf the English pronunci- .
atiou of the Letters." ^^^pl^n apd familiar introduction'*
to tbe^ame, Lopd. 1350, 4tQ. <* 9attery of the Pope's
Botterepix,. commonly csdjied t;he High- Altar," ibid. i550|^
8vo. *< The Laws of Howell Dha." " A Welsh Eheto-
rick," revised, enlarged, &c. by Henry Perry, B. D.
The period of his death is uncertain, but ho was living in
i5«.,« ',..-.:"
SALISBURY. See CECIL.
S4LL£NCK^ (Albert H^nry de), an ingenious and
laborious writer^ was born at the Hague in 1694. His
father was receiver-general of Walloon Flanders, and of
aa ancient and considerable family. He was'educated with-
great care, and sent at a pi*oper age to Leyden ; where he
studied history., iinder Perjzonius, philosophy under Bet*
nard, and law under Voetius and Noodt. Having finished
his academical studies with honour, he returned to his pa-
vers.at the Hague, and was admitted an advocate in the
' , • • .•
— lBerrtogtiMi>9^t^aiy History of the MMdie
^ ath. Os. XMW edit. vol. L
F2
«&
S A L L E N G R E.
court of Holland After the peace of Utrecht in 171 3, be
went to France ; ^nd spent some time at Paris in vifitiiig
libraries, and in cultivating friendships with learned men^
In 1716, he was made counsellor to the princess of Nas-
sau ;>«nd, the year a/ter, commissary of the finances of
the States General. He went again to France in 1717;
and two years after to England, where he was elected fel-
low of the Royal Society, in the list of which he is called
*• Auditor-Surveyor of the Bank of Holland.'* He was au-
• thor of several publications, which shewed parts, learning,
and industry ; and without doubt woilld, if he had lived,
have been of great use and ornament to the republic of
letters'; btit, catphing the smalUpox, he died in 1725, in
his thiitieth year.
He was for some time editor of the ^^ Literary Journal,'*
which began at the Hague in 1713. His pait eonsists of
four volumes, 1715 — 1717, The eontimKition waa by
Desmolets and Gouget. In 1714, he published ** L'Elog^
dei'Yvresse,^' a piece of much spirit and gaiety <; in 1715,
^* Histoire de Pierre de Montmaur,'' 2 vols. Svo, a collec-
tion of all the pieces written against that sHigubrchavac-
t&vK In 1716, '< Commentaires sur les Epitres d'Ovide
par M. de Meziriac,'* with a discourse upon the lifeand
works of Meziriac ; the same year, <^ t^o^si'es de M» de la
Monnoye;*Mn 1716^ 1718, 171&I ^^NovusTbesaurus Anti-
quitatuhi tlomanarum," a Supplement to Gravius'a co)-
' lection, in *Z vols, folio; in 1718, '^Huetti de rebus ad
* PettT de MoDtmatir was a Jesuit
f)f the ^ev^at^enib century, nho was
sent ID early life by bis order to Rome,
aud there be tao^bt grammar w!thcre«
dit during tbree years. He afterwarcfs
' \th tt)e, Jesuits, and set tip as a drug-
' fist at Avignohi wbicb situation proredf
vefy profitable to bim» Than^oing ta
. Paf is, |ie ^attend^d the bar, wbich he
quitted to devote himself to poetry,
displaying bis taste chiefly in- ana-
^ grsnas, and puns. This did not, bQw-
, ^yer, jpreyeu^ his succeeding Ooulu as
regius professor of Oreek, from whence
-he was sunrmimedMontmaur the Grebiaiw
> liis eon^taqt pfaotice i^as to ridicule
, m^ , of learning by satires ahd sar-
^catmis; freqiieDtiy making aUmtons- 1»
their names, taken fromi Greek and
'l4iii«, which Vert! tailed MoJatiqauir-
kms. Hence a warfare .«esnn««c«4
whiehdoas not appear to kave re*
dpuoded much to the cieifit of f itbfr
party» Among other expedientH they
accused Montm'aur of having killed the
porter of the college of Boncourt, on
which he was seht to prison^ a^nd scarce
cleared of this imaginary crime, befora
they accused him of tothers more iofa-
moas* Varioi)^ attfmpta we^e also
made to render him ridiculous. ' Me-
nage set the fiisbion by a fictitious
** Life of Monttnaur,** mblch he poh-
liahed in Latin, 1636, under the toame
of " G argil lus Mamurra.'* Others fol-
lowed his' example,, and |f. de Sallen-
gre publiahed tlie work ^boye-mtn..
tioned, which forms a curious and ea-^
tertainihg <^ollection. Moptioaar wftt
certatnlji a^badjpoct, but in other re-
spects was not so despicable «s most
authors repreietit him. Ut 4it4 im
X^^», 9(f«ifev«^rr«Mif.
S A L i, E IS G-R E. 69
enm pertinentibus Coaiinentarius,*' with a preface written
hff biiDseif. About the time of his death he was engaged
io writiog '< A History of the United Provinces from 1609,
to the conclusion of the peace of Munster in 164S/' which
was published at the Hague in 1728, with this title, <<£s-»
sai d'une Histoire des Provinces Unies pour Tann^e 1621,
ou la Treve finit, et le Guerre recommence avec TEs-
pagne/* 4to. *
SALLO (Denis de), a French writer, the first projector
of literary journals, was descended from an ancient and .
noble family, and born at Paris in 1626. During his edu-
cation, he gave no proofs of precocious talent, and afforded
little hope of much progress in letters or science. But this,
seems to have been the effect rather of indolence than in-
capacity, for he afterwards became an accomplished Greek;
and Latin scholar, and maintained public theses in philoso-
phy with the greatest applause. He then studied* the law,
and was admitted a counsellor in the parliament of Paris in
1652. This, however, did not seem so much to his taste
as general imjuiries into literary history and knowledge^
and desultory reading. It is said that he occasionally
perused all kinds of books, made curious researches, and
kept a person always near him to take down his reflections,,
and to make abstracts. In 1664, he formed the project of
the/' Journal des ^gavans;'* and, the year following, be-
gan to publish it under the name of Sieur de Hedouville,
which was that of his valet de chambre ; but the severity of
his censures gave offence to many who were able to make,
reprisals. Menage's ^* Amoenitates Juris Civilis'' was one
%of the first of those works which fell under Sallows cogni-
zance, and his mode of treating it provoked Menage to
return his abuse with equal severity in his preface to the
works of Malherbe, printed in 1666. Charles Patin'a
** Introduction a la connoissance des M^dailles*' was ano-
ther work with which he made free, and incurred a severe
retaliation. This warfare soon proved too much for his
courage; and therefore, after having published his third
journal, he turned the work over to the Abb£ Gallois, who
dropped all criticism, and merely gave titles and extracts.
The plan^ however, in one shape or other, was soon adopt-
ed iti most parts of Europe, and continues until this day,
whether with real advantage to literature, has never been
A Niceron^ volt. !• and ;S.— Moifri*
70 S A L t O.
folly discussed. Voltiaire, after mentioning Sallo as the in-
ventor of this kind of writing, says, with a justice appl^
cable in our" own days, that Sallows attempt " was after*
wat'ds dishonoured by other journals, which were published
at the desire of avaricious booksellers, and written by ob-
scure men, who filled them with erroneous extracts, f6Hies,
and lies. Things,** he adds, " are come to that pass, that
praise.and censure are all made a public traffic, especfatly
in periodical papers ; and letters have fallen into disgrace
by the management and conduct of these infamous scrib*
bliers.** On the pther hand, the advantages arising froth
such journals, when under the management of men of can-
dour and independence, will scarcely admit of a doubt.
Sallo died in 1669; and, although be published a piece or
two^of his own, yet is now remembered only for his plan
of a literary journal, or review.'
SAIXUSTiUS (Gaius Grispus), sfn eminent Rotnart
historian, was born at Amiternum in 8^ B. C. The rank
of his ancestors is iincertain, but from some circumstances
in his writings, it is not improbable that his family was
plebeian. Having passed bis more early years at bis native
town, he was removed to Kome, where he bad the advan-
tage of profiting by the lessons of Atticus Pratextatu^,
surnamed Philologus, a grammarian and rhetoriciai^ of
great celebrity. Under this teacher be applied to learning
^yith diligence, and made uncommon progress. It appears
that he had turned his thoughts in his younger days to the
writing of history, for which he had unquestionably great
talents ; but, as he himself intimates' in bis preface to the
history of Catiline^s conspiracy, he was diverted fr6m this
pursuit by the workings of ambition. His ^arly life too,
appears to have been stained by vice, which the gross enor-
mities of his more advanced years render highly probable.
In this respect he has found an able advocate in his late
learned translator and commentator; but although Dr.
Steuart's researches have removed some part of the rii-
proaches of ancient authors^ enough remains to shew that
Sallust partook largely of the corruption of the age in
tvhicb he lived, and added to it by bis own example. The
istory of bis having been detected in an adulterous inter-
course with the wife of Milo, who, after a severe whipping,
iliade him pay a handsome sum of money, may rest upon
I NiceroD, vol. IX.— Moieri.
S A L t U S T I U S; 7i
Httle aiitbority, at may be altogether discarded as a fiction,
l^ot the. general conduct of Sallust shows that the noble
sentiments in his works bad no influence on bis conduct.
He appears to have been advanced to the office of quaes*
tor in the year of Rome 693, and in 701 was made tri«.
bune.of the people. It was now that he employed all the
arts of Action to inflame the minds of the people against
Milo, the murderer of Clodi us; and those biographers 'wbd
admit the fact of his being disgraced by Milo, as we bav^
above related, impute. to him motives of revenge only; and
he. was equally industrious in raising a clamour against
Cicero, in order to deter bim from pleading Milo's cause.
In 70S be was expelled the senate by the then censors,
Appiua Claiadkis and Calphurnius Piso, on account of bis
profligacy, hnt restored in the following year by' Julius
Caesar, and was likewise made quaestor, an oJBce wliich
beemployed in aceumulating riches by ievery corrupt mea^
lure. During Cassar^s second dictatorship he was made
praetor, and when Caesar went into Africa^ with part of his
army,: be took Sallust with htm, who performed some im-
porxant services, in return for which Caesar made him go-
vernor of Numidia. It is here that bis public character
appears most atrocious and indefensible, fie seems to
have considered this province as a fund destined to the im-
provement of bis private fortune, and plundered it in the
most inboman manner. In vain did tbe oppressed Numi*
dians -exclaim against his rapacity, and commence a prose*^
.GUtion against him. His wealth was a sufficient guard
agaia9t tbe arm of jiistioe, and by sharing with Caesar a
.part of the i^ils, he easily baiBed all inquiry into his pfo*
viitcial administration^ On bis return, laden with fhis
wealiSi, be purchased a country bouse at Tivoli, and one
of tbe noblest dwellings in Rome on the Quirinal mount;
with beautiful gardens, which to this day are called the
.gardens of Sallust. In this situation it is supposed that he
wrote his account of ^^ Cat^liue^s conspiracy," and the
f* Jugurthine war,'* and that larger history, the loss of
,wbicb there is so much reason to deplore. He died at tbe
'^9^ of fifiy-one, Q. C. 35. Having no children of:bis
<Miif% bi^ ample possessions passed to the grandson of his
jAst^; and the family flourished, with undiminished splen-
4oiit*, to a late aera of the Roman empre.
Whatever objections may be made to Sallust's character
as amani he has ever been justly admired as a historian.
7« 8 A t I, U S T I V »•
He U equally perspicuous and instiluctive : lus style is ^aV
ah^ nexvousy bis descriplion^, rieflectionsy speeches, and
ch9.racter8y all sbevtr the hand of a master. Biiit bis paurtia*
lity may be blamed with equal justice, and even soQ[ia of
bis most virtuous sentiments and bitter invectives agaiiwt
corruption in public, men .may be traced rather to party
spirit, than to a genuine abhorrence of corruption, wbicb^
indeed, in one who bad practised it so extensively, coul4
not be expected, unless the result of a penitence we no
where read of. His attachment to Caasar, and bis di&re«
spect for Cicero, are two glaring defects in bis merit as a
faithful historian^
. Of Sallust there are many excellent editions* His worka
were first printed at Venice, in 1470, and reprinted thirty,
times, before the conclusion of that century, but tbesd
editions are of gr^tat rarity. The best of the more modem
are the Aldus of i521, 8vo, the Variorum of 1690, Svo,
Wasse's excellent edition, printed. at Cambridge in 1710^
4to; Cortius's edition,. 1724, 4to; Havercamp's, J 742,
2 vols. 4to; the prize edition of Edinburgh, . 1753, 12ma;
the fiipont, 1779, bvo^ that very accurate one by Mr,
Homer, Lond. 1789, 8vo; and one by Uarles, J799, BvQ»
The late Dr. Rose of Chiswick, published a very eorrect
translation of Salhist in 1751, 8vo, with Cicero's Four
Orations against Catiline ; and more recently Sallust baa
found a translator, and an acute and learned commentator
and advocate, iu Henry Steuart, LL,D. F. R. S. and S. A.EL
Hvho published ini 1806,. in, 2 vols. 4to, ** The Works of
£allust. To which, are prefixed, two Essays on the Life»
literary character, and writings of the historian ; with
' notes historical, bjographicaJ, ,and critical.'^ '
SALMASIUS, or SAUMAiSE (Claude), one of tim
post learned men of the seventeenth century, and wbom
JBaillet has with great propriety classed among his *' £n£uis
celebres par les etudes,*' was born at Semur-en-Auxois, in
Burgundy.. His family . was ancient aud noble, and bis fa«
Iber, an eminent lawyer, and a member of tl>e f^rliament
of Burgnnd}', was. a man of worth and learning. Respect*'
ing the time of his birth, all his bio&^raphers diffen Peter*
Burman,. who has compared their differences, justly thkika
it very strange that so many persons who were bis eontani-^
poraries and knew him intimately, should not b»veaseer««
> Life by Dr. Steuart,— and by Dr. Host .— Dibdin't ClaisiCi.
S A L M A S I U S. IS
ibrittted^e etCBct dales either of his birtfa or death. The
foroier^ boweveri we presooae may be fixed either in 1 593
or 4694; He was educated at first solely by bis fatberi
wfao'taoght hion Latin and Greek with astonishing saccess.
Attbe jage of ten he wa:> able to trknslate Pindar very cor-^
rectly, and wrote Greek and Latin verses. At the age of
eleven, bii father wished to send him for farther education'
tatbeJesotts'* college at EHjon, not to board there,' but to
attend tessons twice a day, and'icDprove tlieni at hit lodg^
ings. Inthis scheme^ however, he was disappointed. His
Hiotbery who w^as a procestaiit, had not only inspired Claude ^
with a hatred of. the Jesnits, but encouraged him to write
satires against the order, which he did both in Greek abd
Latin, and entertained indeed tiiroughont life the same
aversion to them. Having refused therefore to comply
with bis father's request in this respect, his mother proposed
to. send him to Paris, where her secret wish was that he
should be confirmed in her religion. This being complied
with, he soon formed an acquaintance with Casaubon and
some other learned men in that metropolis, who were astor
nished to find sdeh talents and . erudition in a mere boy.
During his residence here he conversed much with the
clergy ^f the reformed cfaurchj and being at length deter-
milled to mdie an open aVdwal of bis attachment to protes-
tantism, he ai^ed leave of his father to go to Heideibergi
partly that he: might apply to the study of the law, but
prilictpaliy f but be might be more at his freedom in reli-
{[ious matters. Baillet calls this a trick of his new precep-
tors, who willed to persuade Salmasiiis^s fatbier that Paris,
with respect to the study of the \Mi^ was not equal to Hei««
delberg, where was the celebrated Oenis Godefroi^ and an
exeellent library.
Salnmsios^s father hesitated long about thta proposition.
As yet be did not know that his son n^ai so far gone in a
thsmge of religion, but still did not choose that he ahould
be eent to a place which swarmed with protestants. He
therefore wished his son would prefer Tbuloose, where
were at that time aome eminent law professors; but
Claude refused, and some unpleasant correspondence took
plaee between the father and the son, as appeatis by the
words in ^hich^the former at lait granted bis permission—*
^ Go tben^ I wiih to «how how much more I am of an in-
dulgent father than you are of aU. obedient son.*^ The son
indeed in this manifested a little of that conceit and arro«
T4 S A UM A 5 1 US.
gance which sppwred in' many instances in his fotilre life,
and unmoved by the kindness be bad just received^ refused to
%mfe\ by the way of Dijon, as his fether desired, but joined
some merchants who were going to Francfort fiiir, and ar-
rived at Heidelberg in Oct. 1606, or rather 1607, when
he was only in his .-fourteenth year. Whatever may be
thought of his temper, we need no other proof that he wa8>
•ne of the most extraordinary youths of this age that the
world ever knew, than the letters addressed to him at this
time . by Jungerman and others on topics of philology.
They afford an idea of Us eruditi<Mi, says Burman, wbiefa
could only be heightened by the production of his answevs.
To Heideft>^g he brought letters of recommendation
from Gasaubon, which introduced him to Godefroi, Gruter,
and Lingelsheim, and. his uncommon merit soon improved
this into an intimacy. Under Godefroi he applied to the
BiuAy of civil'law with that intenseness with which he ap-
plied to every thing, but as he now had an opportunity of
indulging his taste for the belles lettres, and was admitted
to make researches among the treasures of the Palatine li«»
brary, he spent much of bis time here, abridging' hims^f
even of sleep. By such extraordinary diligence, he accu-
SDuli^ted a vast fund of general knowledge, but in some
measure injured his health, and bfooght on an illness which
laaled above a year, and from which he recovered with diU
ficulty. ' i
. With an insatiable thirst for knowledge, Salma^«ts had
an early and strong passion for fame. He commenced au-
thor when between sixteen and seventeen years of age, by
publishing^ aa edition of ^' Nili, archiepiscopi Tbessaloni-*
Csensis, de primatu papie Romani, libri duo, item Barlaam
monacbus, cum interpretatione Latina : CI. Salmasii opera
Qt studio, cam' qusdem in utrumque notis," Hanover, 160S,
and Heidelberg, 1608 and 16 IS, 8vo. By this publicatioa
against the authority :of the pope, he seemed determined
to make a more public avowal of his sentiments than be had
yet done, and to shew his zeal for the protestants, by coiik
secrating bis first labours as an author to their service. In
1609 appeared his edition of << Floras,'' printed at Pari%
Svo, and dedicated to Gruter, whose notes are given along
with those of Sahnasius. This was reprinted in 1636, and
in 1638, to which last be added << Lucii Ampelii libelhis
memorialis ad Macrinum,'' which bad never before ap*
peured*
S A L M A ff I U S. 15
: In 1^10, he returned, home and was admtHed ao adro-*
eate, but bad no intention to follow: that profession, and*
preferred lileratare and criticism as the sole empioynient
of his life, and derived the highest reputation thateradi*
tion can confer. Such was hb reputation, that he began
to be courted by foreign princes, and universities. The
Venetians thought his residence apnong them would be such*
an honour, .that they offered him a prodigious stipend ; aad^
with this condition, that he should not be obliged to read
lectures above three times a year. We are tok), that our
university of Oxford made some . attempts to get him over
into Engiaod ; and it is certain, that the pope made similar,
overtures, though Salmasius bad not only .deserted. his re-
ligion, and renounced his authority, but had actiiaily writ*
ten against the papacy itself. He withstood,. ^ however, all
these solicitations ; but at last, in 1632, complied .with an
inntation from Holland, and went with his wife^ whom he
had married in 1621, to Leyden. He did not go there to
be professor, or honorary professor; but, as Vorstius in hisi
*^ Funeral Oration^' expresses it,, *< to honour the university*'
by his name, his writings, and his presence.*'
Upon the death of bis fath^, in. 1640^ he returned for
a time into France ; and, on going to Paris, wasmuchca-
ressed by cardinal Richelieu, who. used all possible means
to detain . him, and even offered him his own terms ; but
could not prevail. The obligation he had to the States of
Holland, the love of freedom and independence, and the
necessity of a privileged plaee, in order to publish such
^ings as he was then meditating, were the reasons .whioh
enabled him to withstand the cardinal. Salmasius also re«
fused the large pension, which the cardinal offered bim^
to write his history, because in such a work he thought he
must either ^ive offencoy or advance.many, things contrary
to his own principles, and to truth. Wbiletllewas in Bor^
gundy.to settle family affiEiirs, the cardinal died, and was
succeeded by Maeariu, who, upon our authpf a retora to
Paris^ honoured him with the same solitcitations as his vpro)*
decessor haddoiie. Salmaaius, however, declined this of*
fers, and after about three years absence, returned to HoU
iand : whence, though attempts were afterwards made to
drawfhim back to France, it does not appear; that he ever
entertained the least thought of removing. In the summer
of 1650^ he went to Sweden, to pay queen. Cbrislina a
y'mt, with whom be continued, till the summ^ fodlowkig.
76' S A L M A S I U S.
Tbe recepiion aii^ treatment he met witb^^s it is desdribed
by the writer of his life, is very characteristic of that ex-
traordinary patroness of learned men. '* She performed
for him all offices,*' says he, '< which conld have been ex-
pected even irom an equal. She ordered him to choose
apartments in her palace, for the sake of having him with
her, ' ut lateri adhsBreret,' whenever she would. But Sal-
masius was almost always ill while he stayed in Sweden,
the clioiate being more than his constitution could bear : at
whicb seasons tbe queen would come to tbe &ide of his bed,
hold long discourses with him upon subjects of the highest
concern, and, without any soul present, but with the doors
ail shut, would mend his fire, and do other necessary of-=
fices for Jiim.^ She soon, however, changed her mind
with regard to Salmasius, and praised his antagonist MiU
ion, with whom his celebrated controversy had now begun.
After tbe murder of Charles I., Charles II., now in Hoi-
land, employed Salmasius to write a defence of his father
and of monarchy. Salmasius, says Johnson, was lit this
time a man of skill in languages, knowledge of antiquity,'
and sagacity of emendatory criticism, almost exceeding ail
hope of human attainment; and having, by excessive
praises, been confirmed in great confidence of himself,
though he probably had not much considered the priniciples
erf society or the rights of government, undertook the em-
ployment without distrust of his own qualifications, and, as
his expedition in writing was wonderful, produced in 1649
his ^^ Defensio Regia pro Carolo I. ad Serenissimum Mag-
nte Britannia^ Regem Carolum II. filium nato majorem,
baeredem et successorem legitimom. Sumptibus Regiis,
anno 164^9 .'* Milton, as we have noticed in his life, was
employed, by the Powers then prevailing, to answer this
book of Salmasius, and to obviate the prejudices which
ibe reputation'of his great abilities and learning might raise
against their cause; and he accordingly published in 1651^
a Latin work, entitled ** Defensio pro Popul6 Anglicano
co&tra Claudii Salmasii Defensionem R^iam." Of these
two works Hobbes declared himself unable to decide whose
language was best, or whose arguments were worst, he
might have added, or who was most to blame for scurrility
and personal abuse. Dr. Johnsoli remarks, that Salmasiua
had been so long not only the monarch, but the tyrant of
literature, that almost all mankind were delighted to find
him defied atttf insulted by a new name, not yet considered
S A t M A S I U a. .77
jtt.any one^sVivaL Tbere is no proof, faoweirer, that S
xsasjus's geoeml reputation suifered much from a contest in
whicb be bad not employed the powers wbieh be was ac-
knowledged to possess. His misfortune wits to treat of
.subjects whicb be bad not much studied, and any repulse
to a man so accustomed to admiration, must bave been very
galling. He therefore prepared a reply to Milton, but did
not live to finish it, nor did it appear until, published by his
,son in the year, of the restoration, when the subject, in
.England at least, was no longer fit for discussion. . He
died at the Spa, Sept* 3, .1653, in consequence of an im-
prudent use of the waters; hut as be had reproached Mil-
.toQ with losiug his eyes io tbeir contest, Milton delighted
himself with the belief that he had shortened Salmasius^;^
life. Nothing, however, can be more absurd, if any cre-
dit is to be given to the account which Salmasius's bipgra-
pherp Clement, gives of bis feeble constitution^ and long
illness.
Salmasius, Dr. Johnson has observed, was not only the
monarch, but the tyrant of litera^ture, and it must he alr
lowed that although he had few, if any equals, in extent
of erudition, and therefore little cause of jealousy, be was
impatient of contradiction, and arrogaoiit and supercilious
to those who differed from him in opinion. But bet nvust
have h^d qualities to balaace theae imperfections, before he
could have attained thie very high clu^acter given by the
ipcist learbed men of bis age, by Casaubon, by Hueuus^ by^
Qronovius, by Scioppius, by our Seldeu, by Grotius,
Gruter^i Balzac, Menage, Samvius, Vor^ius, &c. &c. &e.
Those wl^o. have ccitically examined his writiqgs attribute
the impexCeotions occasionally to be found in tbem to the
hasty. j»a«iie|c in which he wrote, >aod a certain hurry and
inipetuosijty of temper when be. took up any subject whicb
engaged. his attenAioe* Gronotius, seems to. think that he
was.sometin^es overwhelmed with the vastness of his erut-
dtlion, . wd knew not bow . to restrain his pen. Hence,
Gjronovius adds, we find so many contradictions in his
mirka, for he employed no ajoaanueiisis, ^d was averse to
the task of revision.
Of bis aume/oua works* we may notice as the moat va-
luable^ 1. ^^ Amict^ ad. amicumii de suburbicariis regionib»a
et ecclesiis suburbicariis, epistola,^' 1619, 8vo, reprinted
more correctly at the end of his epistles in 1G56. Tbi^
was written in consequence of a dispute between Godefroi
7S SAL MA &tV 9,
and fatber Sirmoodv 2. ^' Historise Aiigustfl^' tfcr^ptofM
sex/' Paris^ 1620, fol. 3. '< Sept. Flarentis TerttiHiain
bber de Pallio/* ibid* 1622, Svo, and Leyden, 165G, Sv6.
This involved him in a controversy with Denis Petau, to
whom he published two answers. 4. ^* Piinianr exercita^
tiones in Caii Julii S6lini Poly hist'' &c. ibid. 1629^^ 2 vols,
fol. and Utrecht) 1689, which last edition has another work
edited by Saumaise, *^ De homonymis Hiles iatricse eser-^
citationes ineditae," &c. 5. ** De Usuris/' Leyden, 16S8^
8vov -6. ^^Notae in pervigilium Veneris/' ibid. 1638, 12mo.
7. <^De modo usuranim/' ibid. 1639, Svc 8. '^Disser-
tatio de foenore trapezitieo, in tres libros divlsa,*' ibid. 1640.
9. ** SimpHcii commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti,'' &e.
ibid. 1640, 4to, and Utrecht, 1711. 10. << Achillis Tatii
Alexandrini Eroticon de Clitopbontis et Leueippes amori*
bus, iibri octo,** ibid. 1640, 12mo. 11. ^Mnterpretatio
Hippocratis apborismi 69, sect. iv. de calcolo," &c. ibid.
1640, 8vo. 12. *' De Hellenistica : commentarius contro-
versiam de tiftgaa bellenistica deetdens, et plenissime per-
tractans origines et dialecticos Grsstas linguas," Leydcfrf,
1645. iSv ** Obsenratfones in jus Atticum et Romanum,''
ibid. 1645, 8vo^ &c. &ci with many others on various sub-
jects of philosophy, law, and criticism. A collection ^
bis letters was- published soon after his death byAutoiij^
Clement, 4to, with a life of the author, but many others
are to be found in variotis collections.^
SALMON-(Framgis), a learned doctor and librarian ^
the bouse and society of the Sorbonne, was born of an
opulent family at Paris, in 1677.- He waswell acquainted
wkh itae learned languages, psrticuhtriy Heb? ew, possessed
great literary knowledge^ and discovered much aiiectiotk
for young persons who were fond of study, encMumging
them by his example and advke,'and taking pleattofein
lending them his books. He died suddenly at his country
bouse, at Chaitlot, near Pftris, Sept. 9, 1736, aged fifhr-
nine^ He. published a very useful work illustimcive or a
part of ecclesiastical history, entitled ^ Trait6 de Tetnde
des Conciles,*' with an account of the principal- authors and
works, ^best editions, &c. upon the subject of coonoils^
Paris, 1724, 4to. This has been translated into German,
•and printed at Leipsic, in 1729. He intendedalioto have
. '• *.'.'■♦
> Life by Cleiaent.— Baillet Jagemens.*— Bloaat's Censuis**— MorerU— Bur*
mao's *'Syllo5e."<^Sasii Onomaiticon.
SALMON. 3f
given 'a supplement to <^ Father Labbe*s CoUeotioti of Conn <*
cils^^' : and an ^* Index Sorbonicus,^' or alphabetical library^
in which was^ tobegiv^i, under the namcfs of the respective
authors^ their acts, lives, chronicles, bistones, books, trea«
tiaes, bnlls^ &c. but did not live to oomplete either.* . •
SALMON (Nathaniel), anEoglish antiquary,, was the
aen of the rev. Thomaa Salmon^) M. A. rectpr of Mepsali in
Bedfordahire, by a daughter of the notorious serjeant Brad<^
sha:w. He was admitted of BeoeH college, Cambridigey
June i 1, 1'690, where his tutors were dean Moss and arch*
deacpo Lunn, and took the degree of LL. B. in 1695. Soon
aiievrhe went intO: orders, and , was for scune time curate of
Westmill in. Hertfordshire; but^ although he liad taken
the oaths to king William, be had so many scruples against
taking:«them to his successor, queen Anne^, that he became
e^litatnted to resign the. clerical profession, and with it a
living of. IWL per annum, offered bim in Suffolk. He thea
applied himself to. the study. of -physic, which he practised
first at St. Ives in Huntingdonshire, and afterwards at Bi*
sbq^. Stortfiord^ in the county of Hertford*, His leisure
tioie aqppears to have been employed in studying the hbtoiy
and ajitiquitiesof his country, on which, subjects he pub*
liidiedy 1. ^< A Survey of the Roman Antiquities in the Mid*
land Coualies in England,'^ 1786, 8va 2. i%A Survey of
the Rpmanv Stations in Britain, aocordtng to the Roman
Itinerary 2" 1721, 8vo. 3. ^<The Histoiyof.Hertfordshii^^
descvibing .the county and its.ancient monuments, particu*
lady tbier Roman, with tbe characters of those that have
hMn tknet chief ppssesscMs of the lands, and an account of
llw XQoat imemorable occ»irreAoes/' I728» folio. This was
dfmigned as a. continuation of Gbauncey's History, and was
d^tf3saledL>tQ tbe earl pf Hertford. 4. ^* The Lives of -the
liii^UtthBishops from the Restoration to \he Revolution, fit
t^i^be .opposed to tbe. Aspersions of some late Writers of
SJeeret jUi^tory," 17$3, a work which we have occasionally
found, very useful, although the author^s prejudices, in
Sfsme induces,. appear rather strong. 5. ^<A Survey of
the/Roman Stations in England," 173i, (an improved edi<>*
tion. probably of the first two works above mentioned) 2
Yeb«vd ve* ^ ^. ^ The Antiquities of Surrey^ collected from
tbe: 0iost micient records, add dedicated to Sir John Eve*
lyni bart» with some . Account . of the Present State and
. . • • •
* Moreri.— Pict Hi>t.
•O SALMON:
Natural History of the County/* 1 736, 8tq. 7* ^ The His**
(ory and Antiquities of Essex, from the Collections of Mr«
Strangeman,*^ in folio, with soone notes and luiditions of
hb own ; but death put a stop to thitf work, when he bad
gone through about two thirds of the county; so that the
hundreds of Chelmsford, Hinkford, Lexden, Tendrlng,
and Tburstable, were left unfinished.
Mr. Salmon died April 2, 1742, leaving three daughters.
His elder brother, Thomas, honoured with the name of
the historiographer, is said to have died in 1743, but most
have b6en livlncr some years after this, when he published
bis account of Cambridge, &c. Mr. Cole says, <^ he ivas
brought up to no learued profession, yet had no small turn
for writing, as his many productions shew, most of whtdi
w^e written when be resided at Cambridge, where at last
he kept a coffee-house, but^ not having sufficient custom,
removed to London.^^ He told Mr. Cole tbat h^ had been
much at sea, and had resided in both Indies for some, tiipe.
His best known publication, and that is not much known
now, is hia ^^ Modern History, or Present State of all |>fa«
Ijons,^ published in many volumes, 8vo, about 1731, &c«
and re^ published, if we mistake not, in 3 vols, folio, from
which it was afterwards abridged in 2 vols, and long conti-
nued to be published under various fictitious names* Ha
wrote also *^ Considerations on the k\\\ for a general natu**
ralization,as it may conduce to the. imiprovement ^f oar
manufactures and traffic, and to the stnengthening or eri*
dangering of the constitution, eKemplified in the revolu-
tions that have happened in this kingdom, by inviting over
foreigners to settle among us. With an (nquiiy into the
nature of the British constitution, atid die freedom orser-
^tude of the lower class of people, in the several' changes
it has undergone^" Lend. 1748, 8va '< I'he Foreigner's
Companion through the universities of Oxford and Canoi'*
bridge, and the adjacent counties, describing the several
colleges aiid other public buildings, with an account of their
respective founders, benefactors, bishops, and other emi*
neiit men educated in then),'* ibid. 1748, 8vo. This title
ttre( give from Cole, as we have not seen the work» Pievt«*
ousiy. to this, Mr. Salmon intended to write ^' The present
state of the Universides, and of the five adjacctfit: ooundes
of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Bedford, Bocks^ and Oxibid/*
but published only the first volume, 1744, 8vo, which con-
tains the history of Oxford, county and university. To
is X t Al 0 JJ; »i
tHts afe added some shrewd remarks on universrty ddlica-*
tion, and a college life, with the cxpences attending it*
In the preface he speaks of a " Greneral Description of En-*
giand, and particularly of London the metropolis," in 2
Vbls. which he had published. His name is also, to a ** Geo-
graphical Grammar,^' an ** Examination of Burnet's History
of his own Tinies,** and other works. The " New Histori-
cal account of St. George for England, and the original of
this order,** Lond. J 704, is ascribed by Mr. Gough to
Mr. Tfabmas Salmon, the father, who, it may noiv be meifl- •
tioned, was distinguished as a musical theorist^ and wrota '
** An Essay to the Advancement of Music, by casting away
the Perplexity of different Cliffs ; and uniting all sorts of-
Music, Lute, Viols, Violins, Organ, Harpsichord, Voices '
^c. in one universal Character, by Thomas Salmon,* ArM. '
of Tfinity College, Oxford,*' London, 167J^. This book,
bays Dr. Burney, "is well written, and/ though very illl- •
berally treated by Lock, Play ford,' and some oiher profes-^
sors, contains nothing that is either absurd or impracticable;
tior could we discover any solid objection to its doctrines
bieing adopted, besides the effect it would have upon old
music, by soon renderiiig it unintelligible. At present the
tenor def alone is thought an insuperable difficulty in out
country, by dilettanti performers on the harpsichord ; but *
if Salmon's simple and easy musical alphabet were chiefly
in use, the bass clef would likewise be soon rendered as
obsolete and difficult as the tenof ; so that two parts of
clefs out of three, in present use, wpuld become unintel^
ligible.*'**^ -
-SALTER (Samuel), a learned English divine, was th«
eldest son of Dr. Samuiel Salter, prebendary of Norwidh,
and archdeacon of Norfolk, by x\nne-Penelope, the daugh-
tap of Dr. Johrt Jeffery, archdeacon of Norwich. ' He was
educate^d fof some time in the free-school of that city,
whence he removed to that of the Charter-house, and was
* There iras m WitiUM Salmon, larg^ Herbal,'' folt which Dr. Pol^nejr
Whether related to the above family is mentions wiih some degree of resf>eet.
uncertain, a noted empirii:, who prac- His *• Polygraph ice*' has sold better
tiaed phj^ic with various success for a than all the rest of his ^orJu ; the
long oaatie of years. He published a tenth edition of it is dated Lond. 17Q1, ,
oohsideraDle nupber of medical boolcs, He lived about the latter end of the
the cAiief of wtiidiis his '* Complete aeventeenth ceatury aiid beginning of *
Pt^ieian, otfDcoKgist'iSbopopetied^'^ the eighteeiitb. , '.
a thick octavo of 1207 pages; " A ., ' > ,
* 'Ma8ters*8 WisU of C. C. C, C— Cole's MS Athenas Cantab, in Brit i^fus.^
^iotogh't Topograph V, &c,—G«Dt» Mag. vol. LXVf.* -
Vol. XXVII. G
I
\
ag; SALTER.
a4niitted oC BeneUi-cpHe^e, Cambridge, June 30, 1730#»
. under the tuition of Mr. Cherries Skottqwe. Sooo aft^r bi^
taking tl^e degree of B. A* in 17^3, he was c^i^sen iuto a.
fi^lQwsbip, ai^d topk bis masffr's d^gre^ in 1737. His na«
taraV aD4 a^cqtiired abilities rfscoo^ipend^d bim to sir Pbjlip.
Xorke> tb^p lord-qluef-justipe of ^be Kiog^s^hc^nch, and
afterwards ^rL of Hardwicke, for the instructipn. of his .
e|4e|^tsoD the second ^arl, whq, with, three of his brothei7»y
ip eqmpU^ent toabp. H^rrii^^g, was educated at that col-,
lege. As soon as that eminent lawyer was i^ade lord^
chanCiel)or, he appointed. Mi;. Salter his don^e^iq chaplain,
and gave him a prebend in,thje church, of Glojuf^est^r, wbicb
bfs .afterwards exchanged for one in that of N(orwich. Ai^out
the tiiK\e of bis quitting Cambridge^ he was on^ of the^writeVs
in th§ " Atb^niat^ Letters.'* Soon after the chancellor gave .
Mr. Si^Uer the reptpry of B,urton Coggles, in the county of
I^ncoint in 1740^ where be went to r^tde soon after^ and,
niarryipg Miss Seeker, a relation of the then bishop, of .
Oxford, continued there till 17]5,0, when he wa$ noininated ,
nqiinister of Qr^ Yarmouth by the de^n and <:hapter of'
Norwich. Hj^re. be performed tl^ duties of tb^t large,
parish with great, diligence, till his prp^np.tiph to the
preacbership at the Cbarter^bpuse in Japuary 1754, som^
time before which (in Jpiy, 175J), abp. Herring had ho-
noured him with tbe| degree; of D. D. at Lambetb* In 1756, .
h^' was. presented by the iprd-chaDcelio^ to th^. rectory of
St, E|artholomew near the I^yal Exchange> wbicb was tbe
laj;t ecclesiastical pref^r^^ent he obtained j; but id Nov.
1761, he succeeded Dr. Bearcroft as master of the Cbgr^ ,
ter-'kou^e, who had been bispreil^ecessor in the preiacher- '
ship. While he was- a member, of Bene't eollege, Ire \
printed Greek Pindaric odes on the nuptials pf the princes ,
of Orange and Wales, and a copy of Latin verses on the
death of queei) Caroline. Besides a sermon. preached on .
occasion of a nvusic- meeting at Gloucester, anojjifr before
ihe lord-mayor, Sept. 2, 1740, on the anniversary of the *
fire of London, a third before tbe sons of the clergy, 1755,
which was much noticed at tbe time, and underwent seve^ '
ral alteratidns before it was printed ; and one before the
House of Commons, Jan. 30, 1762; he published' "A '
complete CQUection of Sermons and Tracts'' of his. grand-
father Dr. Jeffery, 1751, in 2 vols. 8vo, with bis life pre-*^^
fixed, and a new edition of '^ Moral add. Religious Apho«f >
fisms,'^ by Dr. WhicbcQte, with large additions of some >
S A L TE ft. 83
letters that passed between him and Dr. Tucktiey, ^' con-
cerning the Use of Reason in Religion/' &c. and a bio*
gfapfaic^l preface, 1751, 8v6. To these may be added,
^* Some Queries relative to the Jevirs, odcasidned by a lat0
sermon,'* with some other papers occasioned by, the
'^Queries,'* published the same yeac In 1 773 and 1774,
he revised through the press seven of the celebrated .
" Letter^ of Ben Mordec^i ;*' written by .the rev. Henry
l^aylor, of Crawley in Hants: In .1776, Dr. Salterprinted
for private use, *^ The first 106 lines of the First Cfook of
the Itiad * ; nearly as written in Homer^s Time and Coun-
try;** and printed also in that year, ** Extract from, the
Statutes of the House^ and Orders of the Governors, re-
specting the Pensioners or poor Brethren" (of the Charter-^
house), a large single sheet in folio ; in 1777, he corrected
the proof-sheets of Bentley*s *^ Dissertation on Pbalaris;**
and ndt long before bis death, which happened May 2,
177S, he printed also an inscription to the memory of his .
parents, an account of all which may be seen in the
*VAnecdote8 of Bowyer.** Dr. Salter was buried, by his
own express direption, in the most private manner, in the
commbn buriaUground belohgfing to the brethren of the
Charter-house.
In' the discussion of philological subjects. Dr. Salter
proved himself a very accurate. Greek scholar; his reading,
was universal, and extended through the whole circle of
ancient literature ; he Was acquainted with the poets, bis-
toriansy orators, philosophers, and critics, of Greece and
Rdme ; his memory was naturally tenacious, and it bad
aciouiredfreat artificial powers, if such an expression be
allowable, by using no notes when he delivered his sermons.
t\> extempore preaching he had accustomed hiniself for a
lon^ course of years. So retentiveindeed were his faculties,
that, .till a few years before bis deatb^ he could quote long
pasfages from almost every author whose works he had
periised, even with a critical exactness. Nor were his
studies cpn6n.ed.to the writesrs of. antiquity; be was eijually
coij^ersiht with English liters ture^^ and with the languages*^
and productions of the learned and v ingenious in variou3\
parts of Europe. In his earlier Ufe he had be^en acquainted
* Theie (with Dr. Salter's lenti- '* Daw.e9'i Miscellanea Critica/* 0%9
me»t« on the JDigamnHt) baVe hetti ford/l'tSl, 8to; p. 404~r4^,
tiDM copied is iD imjpnrai edltiQiii of
Q 3
ti SALTER.
I
'ivith Bentleyvand cherished his memory with profound
respect. He preserved many anecdotes of this great critic,
which were published from his papers by our learned
English printer, Bowyer. * -
SALUTATO. See COLUCCIO.
SALVATOR ROSA. See ROSA.
SALVIAN, orSALVIANUS, an elegant and beautiful
writer,, was one of those who are usually calledfathers of the
^ church, and began to be distinguished about 440. The
time and place of his birth cannot be settled with any ex-
actness. Some have supposed him to have been an Afri- .
can, but without any reasonable foundation : while others
have concluded, with more probability, that be was a Gaul^
frbm his calling Gallia his " solum patrium f though per-
haps this may prove no more than that his family came
frpm that country. His editor Baluzius infers from his
first epistle, that be was born at Cologne in Germany ; and
it is known, that he lived a long time at Triers, where he .
inarried a wife who was an heathen, but whom he easily
brought over to the faith. He removed from Trier? into ,
the province of Vienne, and afterwards became a priest of
Marseilles. Some have said, that he was' a bishop ; but
this is a mistake, which arose, as Baluzius very well con-
jectures, from this corrupt passage in Gennadius, ** Ho-
milias scripsit Episcopus multas ;" whereas it should be
tead " Episcopis" instead of ** EpiscopiTs," it being known ;
that he did actually compose many homilies or sermons
for th6 use of some bishops. He died very old towardi '
the end of the fifth century, after writing and publishing a
grefit many works; of which, however, nothing remairis but/
efght books " De Providentia Dei ;'^ four books •* Adver-
8US avaritiam, prsesertim Clericorum et Sacerdotum ;" and
nfne epistles. The best edition of these pieces is that of
Paris 1663, in 8vo, with the notes of Baluzius; re-printed
elegantly in 166.9, 8v6. The " Commonitoriiim"'of Vin*
^entius Lirinensis is published with it,^ with notes also bj
Baluzius.*
SA LVIATI (Francisco Rossi), called II Salviati, front
the favour and patronage of the cardinal Salviati, was the
son of Michelangiolo Rossi, and was born at Florence in
1510. He was first placed as a pupil under Andrea d^^H
• • • ' ■ •
> Nichols'* Bow?er.^Matter8' Hist, of C, C. C. q.
* C%fMt v«L L-«Wofkt by B»lu3itts.r-^Larda«r's Works^— Dupin.
S A L V I A T I. 85
•
Sanpi ^nd afterwards, with far more' advantage, with Bac-
cio Baiidinelii. Here he had for his fellow pupil, Vasar^,
who afterwards pronounced him the greatest painter thep
in Rothe. His employment kept pace with his reputation,
-and,' among other beneficial orders, he was engaged by
'bis patron, the cardinal, to adorn his chapel with a series
of frescoes, the subjects being taken from the life of Sw
John Baptist. He produced a set of cartoons of the historjr
of Alexander, as patterns for tapestries ; and, in conjunc-
tion with Vasari, ornamented the apartments of the Can-
celtaria with paintings in fresco. From Rome he went to
Venice^ where he painted many pictures, both for public
edifices and private collections, particularly the history of
•Psyche for the Palazzo Grimaldi. He afterwards travelleii
through Lombardy, and made some stay at Mantua, studyr
ing with much delight the works of Julio Romano. At
Florence, he was employed by the grand-duke to adorn the
Palazzo Vecchio : in one of the saloons he represented the
victory and triumph of Furius Camillus, a work greatly ad-
mired for the truth and taste of the imitation, and the vi-
<gour and spirit df the composition.
A restless habit, and a disposition to rove, led Salviati
to accept an invitation to France, from the cardinal d^
Lorraine in the name of Francis I., then engaged in con-
structing and adorning his palace at Fontainebleau ; ancl
during his «tay here, he painted a fine picture for th«
church of the Ceiestioes at Paris, of the taking down from
the Cross. He soon after returned to Italy, where tha
iarbulence of his temper and his continual disputes wiia
his brethren shortened tiis days. Such continual agitatiQii
of mifid brou^t on a fever, of which he died in 1^63, at
the age of fifty-three.*
• SALVINI (Antonio Maria), a learned Italian, was born
at Florence in 1654, where he afterwards became professor
of Greek, which he understood critically. He has the
leredit of having contributed much to the promotion of
good, taste in Italy, chiefly by his translations, which com-
prize the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer; Hesiod ; Theocri-
tus ; Anacreon ; and many of liie minor poets and epi*
grammatfsts: the Clouds and Plutus of Aristophanes; parts
of Horace ^and Ovid; Persius; part of the Book of Job
Atidthe Lamentations; Boileau's^^Art Poetique;" Addison's
} Argeuville^ vpL L— Pilkiogtoii.— ^Reel's Cyclopedia* ., .;
.86 S A I, V I N I.
" CatoV and "Letters from Italy/* and other piieces.AU
these are literally translated, which obliged him to in^ro*
duce into the Tuscan language a .multitiide of new coa|«
pound tern^s. He wrote, also '^ Spnnet9 and other.origiml
Toems/* 4to,; « Tuscan pro^e,*' 1715, 2iroU.. 4to; *VA
hundred Academical Discpurses f * ^^ A funeral Oration fqr
Antonio Magliabecchi,'^ apd pth.^r works, fie died in I72£f.
'The Salvinia, in bptaqy, wa^ so ,naa^pd in complimoat %p
faim, but of his bptapical talents we have no informatipo*
Salvini also belonged to the academy i>f De la Crusca,fand
\iras particularly iustruqDenta,l in the cpmpletipa of that ce«
lebrated Dictionary, tleh^d aypunger brother^ a.c^non
of Florence, who died at an adviinaedage in .1751. H^a
yas also a distinguished ,inan of letters, and published |i
' work, entitled '^ Fasti consplari delle^ Acadf^mia F^pren*
jtina,*' and the Lives of Magalptti apd Migliocucci/
SAMBUCUS (JohnJ, ap'^minept physician, and one qf
the most learned writefrs in the sixteenth century, vfMs born
in 1531, at Tirnau in Hungary. Qe v^ited t^e universities
of Germany, Italy, and Fran.ce, ^iid applied with alau>&t
equal success to the stu4y of ^ledicine, the beUea lettrea^
poetry, history, and .antiquities, flis learning ai^d r^pu-
tatipn introduced him with great a^antage at tb^ courts .<]^
the emperprs Maximilian IL and ^qdolphus IJ. to w^oi^
he bjecame counsellor ai)d historiographer* l^ambucus died
of an apoplexy at Vienna in Austria, June 13^ ^584, .#g^d
fifty-three, leaving an excellent ** History of Hungary,'*
in the German histories publishjed by Schardius.; " Livejs
of the Roman Emperors f ' l4tjtui translations of f' liiesiQ/d,
'Theophylact, and part of Plato, Ovid,, and Thupydide^ ;'*
^* Commentaries on Horace's Art of Poetry ;'\ nptes op s^
veral Greek and Latin authors; .'Mcones D^edicprum,''
Antwerp, 1603, fol.; '^EmbleinaW A^^twerp, l^TC, l^to,
and several other works in verse and prose«5
SAMPSON (Thomas), an eminpnjt puritan diyipte, W3|^
according to Strype, born a( Play ford in Suffolk, ai^]^;^
.a fellow pf Pembroke- hall> Cambridge. Woofl s^yi( be
Was bom, in 1517, without specifying where; bp| a^ds,
that he was educated ac, Oxford, .which seeqas mpst probar
1>le, as tha^ university was the. scene of much of his future
life. He. appears to have, imbibed the principles of thf
> VabroBi Viie 1t|iloniin,-.*Moreri.-*-Saxii Onomasdcon.
s BuUait't Academic des Scieaces.i^BlouQi*ii C«ii»ura.-«'Moreri«— *SflX]i 0«mi-
msftioon.
k ■
\
S A M P S O N. si
irfffolrmtitlon ftt a very early period^ aiid becamb sueli an
Adtit^ rea^oner thlit Wood informs us he was the means of
cbbvertiiig Jobh Bradford, the famous martyr. He began
Kfce^ii^e very earty to entertain those prejudfces agarnst
die habits wbioh occasioned so much mischief in tlie diarcb,
zhd which were confirmed in him, and many others, by
aiisocia^ing with the Geneva reformers during their exile
m the time bf queen Mary. He was ordained by arch-
bishop .Cranmer and bishop Ridley, who, at liis request,
dbpensed with the habits, to which now, and eVer after,
be a^tacbed the idea of idolatry. He wks chaplain in^ tbe
alrtify of lord Rustel in bits exjpedition against tbef Scots.
In 1551, be was prisfer'red to the rectory of Allhaflow^',
Breadvstre^9 Loi^on, which he resigned in 1553, ahd the
year following to the deanery of ChicKestler. Odring the
reign of EdwaH VI. lie was accounted one of the ablest
and most tiaeful preachers in confirming the peopte in the
d^btrims of tbe reformation. On the accession of queeh
Maiy he cobbeiled biinserlf for some time ; but having been
active in collecting money forthe Support df poor ^cholar^
in tb^ two universities, harrbwiy escarped being apprehended,
and was obliged to go -abroad, where he resided chiefly at
Strasburgh^ wfth tbe other JEngKsb eiiles, and bad s6md
band in the Geneva translation of the Bible.
On the accession of queen- Elizabeth he' returhedi hbme^
liotdnly confirmed' in his aversion to the Habits, but wrth a
dislike^ it would iappear, to the wholeofthe'hierarchy, and
refused tbe bishopric of Norwich because disisatislied with
the fiatur6 of tbi^ dfBce. He continued, however, to |)reacfa«.
particularly at Paul's cross, wher^ his wohderfiil m^inpiy
and feloquenice ^tre very much admired ; and in September
t5B6 he was mkde a prebendary of Durham'. In Micbief*
toi»'4erm 1561^ be Was installed deaii of Christ- church,
Oxford. On this occa^ioti sonfe members of that society,
wbb' ribfcommended bini fdr the situation, said, that ^"^ it
Wkk veiry doubtful, whether there was a better niah, a
||^feati§r*lingbist, a ibofe complete scholar, or a ibore pro-
Uiisttid (tlvineV and it is certai^i that for some years Be and
Dr. Eawrence Humphrey were the only protestant preacher^
Kt Oxford of any celebrity. In 1 562, he resigned bis pre-
l^^d'bf Dttrham, and became so open and zealous in his
invectives against the. babits^^ that gf^er considerably fpr-
fiearance, be was cite£f, with Dr. Hurophreyy before the
bigb commission court at Lambeth, and Sampson was
^ M SAM P S O N.
deprived of his deanery, and for some time imprisonlKl^
Notwithstanding bis nonconformity, however, he was pre-r
sented, in 1568, to th^ mastership of Wigston^ho^pital,
at Leicester, and had likewise, according to Wood, a pre-
bend in St. Paul's. He went to ^reside at Leicester, and
continued ther^ until his death, April 9, 1589. He mar,-*-
ried bishop Lattmer*s niece, by whom h« had two son^y
John. and Nathaniel, who erected a monument to his m^^
mory, with a Latin inscription, in the chapel of the hos^
pital at Leicester, where he was buried. His works are
lew : 1. "Letter to the professors of Christ's Gospel, in tb^
parish of AUhallows in Breadstreet,'' Strasburgb,1554, 8vo^
which is reprinted in the appendix to StrypeV^' £(;cles4-
astical Memorials," vol. III. 2. ^^ A Warning to take heed
of « Fowler's Ps^lterV' Lond, 1576 and 1578, 8vo. .ThU
was a popish psalter published by John Fowler, on^ce a
Fellow of New-qoUege, Oxford, but who went abroad,
turned printer, and printed the popish controversial works
for some years. . 3^ *^ 3rief Collection of th^ Church and
Ceremonies thereof," LQnd,.l58l, 8vo, 4. " Prayer^ and
Meditations Apostolike ; gathered and frained out of the
Epistles of the Apostles," kc ibid. 159^, 16mo, He was
also editor of two sermons of his friend ^ohn Bradford, on
Tepentance and the Lord's-supper, Lond, 1574, 1581, and
1589, 8vo. Baker ascribes to him, a translation of '^aSjsr-
mon^ of John Chrysostpmey of P^cienc^» of the end of the
world, and the- last judgment,'' ,1550, 8 vo; and of " Arx
Homelye of the. Resurrection of Christ," by John Brenuus,
.1550, 8vo. Other works, or papers in which be was con-r
cerned, may be seen in our authorities^'
. S ANADON (NoEi^- Stepren), a learned Jesuit of France,
was born f^t lioueit in 1^76. He taught polite literature
witk distinguished reputation at Caen, where he contracted
an intimate friendship with Huet, bishop of Avranche.; A
taste for poetry is said to have been the principal bond of
their union. He afterwards professed rhetoric at Paris..; and
^as for some time charged with the education of the. prince
of Conti. He was librarian to the king when he died, Sepr
tember 21, 173$, He published separately various Latin
poems, whicli are reckoned anriong the purest of modern
times ; and also published them in a collected form, f^ ,Cajr-^
I Ath. Ox. new edit vol. I. — Strype*i AddaI'v -^ Slryoe's ^iife Qf Parker.
fp.l69, 184, 186, 243, [448], 468,
S A N A D O N. S»
mintiin Rbri quatuor,'' Paris, 1715, \2tnOy and various tbesea
and philological dissertations ; but is best known by bis
translation of tbe works of Horace with notes; a work
which has been very well received. Tbe satires and
epistles are -ably translated ; but the odes are rather
weakened by a languid paraphrase than a version answerable
to the original. His notes are learned, and many of them
very useful for understanding his author ; but there are also
marks of a falsely delicate and fastidious taste, not unconi-p
mon among French critics. The best editions of his Ho«
race are those of Paris, 1728, 2 vols. 4tQ, aild 1756, 8
vols, 12mo. ' •
SANCHES (Antonio Nunes Ribeiro), a learned phy«
sician, was born March 7, 1766, at Penna-Macor, in Por<r
tugaL His father, who was an opulent merchant, and in«
tended him for tbe bar, gave him a liberal education ;
but, bein^ displeased at finding him, at the age of eighteen^
obstinately bent on the profession of physic, withdrew his
protection, and he was indebted to Dr. .Nun^s Hibeiro^
his motber^s brother, who was sr physician of considerable
repute at Lisbon, for tbe means of prosecuting his medical
studies, which he did, first at Coimbra, and afterwards at
Salamanca, : where he took the degree of 'M. D. in 1724;
and the year following procured the appointment of phy-«'
sician to the town of Benevente in Portugal ; for which,
as is the Custom of that country, be had a small pension.
His stay at this place, however, was but short. He was
desirous of seeing more of the world, and of improving
himself in his profession. With this view he came and
passed two years in London, and had even {in intention
of fixing there ; but a bad state of health, which he attri<^
"buted to the climate, induced him to return to the conti^
nent Soon after, we find him prosecuting, his medical
studies at Leyden, under the celebrated Boerhaave^ and
it will be a sufficient proof of his diligence:and merit .ta
observe, that in 1731, when the Empress, of Russia (Anne)
requested Boerhaave to recommend -to her three physt^^
cians, the f^rofessor immediately fixed upon Dr. Sanch^s
to be one of the number. Just as he was setting out for
llussia, be was informed that his father was lately dead ;
and that his mother, in an unsucce^isful law*auit with the
1 Haries (who has a high opiaion of jSaoailon) De v\iis ^hj)ofQ^tuof^ ▼^f <iyV
vrMorerJ.^iFsiDict. ni»t.
W RANCHES.
i€«e admiraltjr, had-lbtit the gfeater.psrt 'of ^ber for^
tiine< He iminediiitely ^assigned orerbb bwn little'ctaitns
find expectations in Portugal fdr her stipporu Soon aftfr
bb arrival al8t. PeiJerfbuiig, Dr. Bidloo '(son ef'ttevfa-*
moaS'pbjtioian of tliat name), Who wtis at that timt first
pbyaician to the empress, gave bioi an appbintdfient in the
hospital at Moacow^, where be refii^iined fill 1734, when htf
«?ia employed as physician to the arnty, in which capacity
be was preseiit «t the siege ofAsoph, wherb be was at->
tacked with. a dangerous fev^r, and, when be begMto re^
tover, Cmhh) himself in a Vent, abandoned by bis atten^
dants, and plundered of bis papers and effects. In 1740^
be was appointed one of the physicians to the donrt, and
consulted by tbeein][)^ess, iivho bad for eight years beeit
labouring under a disease, the cauiTe of which l^d bevef'
been .satisfactorily ascertained. Dr. Sancb^s, in a cbnVer-^
sation with the pritfie minister, gave it as bis opinion/ tluct
the complaint originated from a stone in ^le of the Ifid-
fieys, and admitted only of paliiatiM. At the end <H^ six
months the ebpress died, and the truib of his opinion waa
confirmed by dissection. Soon afteir the death hf the ettk*
press, Dn S«incb^s Wilis advanced by the I'ej^eht to the of&
fico of first physician ; but the revolution of 1742^ wbteli
placed Elizabeth Peurownid on the throne, deprived birt of
all his appointments. Hardly a day passed that he did ti^t
bear of someof bis friends perishing on*tbe s^caffold; iLnd
it was not without much difficulty that he obtained leave
to retire from Russia. His library, which had cost bilh
1.200 pounds sterling, he disposed of to the adLdetny of St*
Petersburg, of which he was ah honorary membi^r ; and}
in return, tikey agreed to give him a pensioh of fort^
pounds per anoom. During his residence in Russia, hi^ -
iiad availed himself of bis situation ^t court, to establilb A
eorrespoudence with the Jesoits in China, wfad, ih returfi
for books of astronomy and other pfie^ents, sent biin seed^
br platits, together with other articles of n^toral history. It
was from Dr* 8aiicbi6s that the late Mr. Peter Coilitisim first
received the seeds of the true rhubarb, but the plants\4rere
destroyed by some accident; and it was not till several
years afterwai^s that rhubarb was cultivated with soccesk '
m this cbimtry, tvom seeds sent over* by the Ifttb fM
Mounsey. In 1747, he went to reside at Paris, where he
remained till bis death. He enjoyed the friendship df the
most celebrated physicians and pbilosopbeirs of that capi
« A N € H £ «. »l
tB^j at the^innkiHtonof aRoyidMedicfKl Societjry'lie was
choseo a foreign associate* He was likewise a ineinber 0f
,tbe royal »cadeiqy of Lisbon, lo the establishment €»f whioh
bXs advice had .probably contributed, as be drew up, at
the deiiire of the court of Portugal, aeveral memorials on
tbp plans nex^e&sary to be adopted forr the eocout^agemeat
of science. Some of these papers, relative to the esm-
.blis)in)ent of an university, were printed during his life-
time in, Portuguese, find the rest have been foand among
'his manuscripts^ .His services in Russia remained for aia*
teen years unnotified; hilt, when the hite empress Catbe«
rine ascended .the thrpoe, Or. Sanch6s was net foi^oitea.
..He bad attended h^r in a ds^i^rous illness wbeu sfa«was
very ypung ; and ^he now rewardeid him with a 'pension ef
a thou^nd roubles, which was punctually paid tifU bis deatb«
He likewise received a pension from the court of 'Porlugal,
and aooU^r from prince GaUitzin. A great part of bhts
income be employed in acts of benevolence. Of jthe libe-
rality with w;ith he a4ministeced to the wants of bis rela-
lions and friends, several striking instances, which our
limits vvili not permit us to insert, have been relatetl fay
lyir. de Mag.dlan. He was naturally of an infirm habit of
body, and, during the sbst thirty years of his life, ire*
gueo^tly voided small stones with his urine. The disposi-
lion CO this disease increased as he advanced in years, i^nd
for a considerable time before his death, he was confined
to jtiis aparUnepts. The last visit he made was, in 17Sd, to
ith^, grand duke of Russia^ whp was then at Paris. In Sep*
tember 1733, he perceived that his end was appvoaebtng,
an4 be 4ie4 on the 14th of October following* His library,
.which was A:pnsiderable, he bequeathed to his brother. Dr.
Marcello Sanch^s, who was likewise a pupil of Boerbaave,
apd.wlfo resided at Naples. His manuscripts (among which,
,biesid^ a cQqstderabl^ number of papers on medical sub-
jects^ are letters written by him to Boerbaa%'e, Van 8wie-
ten, Gaubius, Haller, Werlbof, Pringle, Foihergill^ and
other learned naen). are in the possession of Dr. Andry,
His printed wprks, on the origin of the venereii dises^s^
and other subjects, are well known to medical readers;
bjit his knowledge, it seeip^f was not confined to his own
,pcp£assion ; be possessed a fund of general learning, and
is said to haye been profoundly versed io politica.'
Sop^l^weiit to the edit, of Uiis Diet. 178>, Uqv^ the LQadon M^^icftl Jouraal.
ti
« A N CHE Z.
SANCHEZ (Francis), or SANCTIUS BROCENSIS;
an eminent classical scholar of the sixteenth centurv, was
born at Las Brocas^ in the' province of Cstremaduras in
iSpain, in 1523. His principal residence appears to have
been at Salamanca, where he was professor of rhetoric, and
taught Greet and Latin with the highest reputation, de-
rived from the originality of his criticisms and remarks oh
-the classics. Justus Lipisius; Scioppius, and others, seem
at a loss for language to express their admiration of bis ta-
•lents and learning. Lipsius bestows the epithets ** divine**
and " admirable ;'*^ and Scioppius says he ought to be con^^*
eidered as ^'communis literatorum oninium pater et doc-^
tor.*' Sanchez died in 1600, in the seventy-seventh year
of his age. He publisfied a great many works on subjects
of classical criticism, and was the editor of Persius, Pon)-
poi^ius Mela, Politian's ** Sylvae," Alciat's emblems, Vir-
gil's Bucolics, and Horace's Art of Poetry, He published
also two Greek grammars, and some other pieces on grant-
mar and rhetoric ; but the work which has perpetuated his
reputation is bis " Minerva, de causis linguae Latinse," Sa-
lamanca, 1587, 8vo, which was often reprinted. In more
i^odern times, an edition was published at Amsterdam, in
. 1754, or 1761, 8vo, with a supplement by Scioppius, and
notes by Perizonius. This was reprinted with farther inr^-
provements by Scheidius, at Utrecht, in 1795, 8vo ; and
.again by Bauer, at Leipsic, in 1804, 2 vols. 8vo.*
SANCHEZ (Gaspaji), a learned Jesuit, was born dt
-Cifuentes, in New Castile, about [553. According to tbe
practice of the society, with such young men as have distin*
guished themselves in their studies, he was appointed tb
teach the learned languages and the belles lettres in the
Jesuits* colleges at Oropesa, Madrid, and other places, and
was at last chosen professor of divinity at Alcala. Here he
spent thirteen years in commenting on the Scriptures, tba
result of which h& published in various volumes in folio, at
different times. It is perhaps no inconsiderable proof df
their merit that Poole has made frequent references to theih
in his " Synopsis Criticorum.'* He died in 1628."
SANCHEZ (Peter Anthony), a learned Spanish ec-
clesiastic, was born at Vigo in Gallicia in 1740. Aft€lr
the preparatory studies of divinity, &c. he entered into the
church, and obtained a tanonry in the cathedral of St.
I AnL l^ihl Hisp.^Siuii Onomast. ' Antonio Btbl. Hisp.-^Dict. Hist!
\
\
SANCHEZ. as
3^eSy and ^aa likewise appointed professor of divinity in
that city. His fame procured him admission into many
learned societies, and he became one of. the most cele-
brated preachers of the last century, nor was he less ad->
mired for his benevolence. He obtained the honourable
title of the father of the unfortunate, among whom he spent
the whole profits of his c^nonry, and at bis death in 1 806,
left no more than was barely sufficient to defray. the ex-
pences of his funeral. The leisure be could sfpare from.hi^
professional duties was employed in the study of the eccle-
siastical history of his country, which produced several
wprks that are highly esteemed in Spain. Some of them
were written in Latin, and some probably in Spanish, but
our authority does not specify which. Among them.are^
1. '^ Summa theologiae sacrae/' Madrid^ 1789, 4 vols. 4to.
2, « Annales sacri," ibid. 1784, 2 vols. 8vo. 3, " History
of the church of Africa/' ibid. 1784, Svo, a work aboundr
ing in learned research. 4. " A treatise on Toleration in
matters of I{ejigion,** ibid. 1785, 3 vols. 4to, rather a sin*
gular subject for a Spanish divine. 5. *^ An essay on the
eloquence of the pulpit in Spain,*' ibid. 1778, 8vo. 7*his
is. a history of sacred oratory in that country in various ages^
with the names of those who yvere th^ best models of iL
The restoration of a true taste in thi^ species of eloquence
be attributes to his countrymen becoming acquainted with
the works of those eminent French preachers Bossuet, Mas-
sillon^ fioordaloue, &c. 6. *^ A collection of )iis Sermons,'*
ibid. 3 vols. 4to. These were much admired in Spain, and
w^re the same year translated into Italian, and printed at
Venice in 4 vols. 4to. 7. '* A paper read in the Patriotia
Society .of Madrid in 1782, on the means of encouraging
industry in Gal licia,*' ibid. 1782, Hvo. This being his na-
tive country. Dr. Sanchez had Iqng laboured to introduce
kabits of industry, and had influence enough to procure a
repeal of some oppressive laws which retarded an object of
iQ o^ucfa importance^
.SANCHEZ, SANCTIUS, or SANCIO (Roderigo), a
Spanish prelate, admired for his writings in the fifteenth
c<;ntury, was born atJSanta Maria de Nieva, in the diocese
of Segovia, in 1.404.. After being instructed in classical
learning, and having studied. the.canon law for ten years at
Silamancf, be was honoured with the degree oT doctos in
*' • • ' •» Diet. Wst: Supptem^nt. • • '
94 V S>ANCttE2.
that factiUy; but afterwards embraced the ecct^sia^leral *
profession, recmed priest's orders^ and was mAde sncces-^ '
stveiy archdeacon of Trevino in tbediocese of Btirgos; dean
of Leon and d^an of Seville. Tbe fir^t preferment b4 held '
twetHy yelkrsi the second seveni' and the third two years. '
Abont 1440^ John II. king of Castille, appointed him en-^
Toy to the emperor Frederick III. and he was also after- '
war<is employed in aimilar commissions or embassies to -
other <rrowned beads^ When Caliittus* III. became pope; *
Henry lY. king of Castitle^ sent him td congratoliate bis '
hirfiness^ which occasioned bim to take tip bis residence at'
Rt>Q)e. In all- his embassies, be ixiade harangues to the '
difleirdfit princes ta. whom be was senty wbicb areiitiH pre^
served in MS. in tbe Vaticati library; On tbe accession of '
pope Patil IL be made Sanchez governor 6f tbe- castle of ^
St Angelo, and keeper of the jewels and treasures of tbe ^
Roman cfanrchi and afterwards^ promoted him* to the
bisboprics of Zamora, Calaborra^ and Pdlencia^ Tbeselast
appointments, however, were little more than aineipures, a^ "
he n^ever quilted Rome, and employed what time be 'could*'
spare from bis official duties in that city.in cortiposing h
great many works, of which a list of iv^enty-niiie. may be^
seen in oar-aotboritios. He died at Rome Oct. 4j'147D'^ '
and was interred in the church of St; JAmes of Sptiin. AU .
though so voluminous a writer^ by far the greater part of '
his works remain in MS. in the VaticaTi and other libraries ;
wetknow of three only which were published/ 1. bis bistory '
of Spain, ** Historise Hispauiie partes quatuor." This Mar- *
chand seems to think was published separately; but it waa '
added to tbe *' Hispania Illu8trata'*of Bel and Scbott, pub-
lished at'Francfort in 1579, and again in J 603. 2. " Spe-
culum vita? butnanae, in quo de omnibus omnium vitsD or-
dinom ae conditionumcommodis ac incommodis tr^ctatur,^^
Rome, l^SHj folioj which, with three subsequent editions,
is accumtely described in tbe'**'Bibliotheca Spenceriana.** *
This work contains so many severe reflections on the clergy '
of the autfabr^s timej that some protestant writers have been
disposed to consider bim as a brother in" disguise* It is ^
certainly singular that he could- hazard ^^o much ' poitit^d ^ '
censure in such an ag^. 3. ^* Epistola- de^ expugnatione ^
Nigropontis," folio, without date, but probably beford'the *
attihor'a lieatb. A- copy of this likewi^ occurs in ttaer"^
'^ Bibl. Spenceriana." Those who are desirous of farther
information respecting Sanchez or his wotks may be amply
S A N C R £ Z. 98'
grstifted in liiarehand, who ha* a ppolix article on the sob«
SANCHEZ (Thomas Anthomv), a learned Spaniard,
and librarian ta the Iiing^ was born in 17^0, and dtstin-*
guished himself by bi$ researcbea into the literary history
of his country, aqd^ bysome editions of its ablest authors,
which be illustrated with very valuable notes. Our autho-
rity, however, conveys ve^y little informauon respecting ^
bis personal history or his works, and does not even men-
tion the. concern be had in the new and much improved '
edition, of^ Antonio^s <^Bibl. HispaiMu'' He died at Ma-
drid ia 1 793^. Has most celebrated work 'is bis ^* Collection '
of Castii Han- poetry anterior to the fifteenth century, to
wfaicb are prefixed menioifs of the first nisrquis^ off SaiitiU
lane, and. a letter addressed to the.constable of Portugal,
oO'tfaeorigjn of Spanish poetry/' Madrid, 1779«-^1 782,
5-voIsi 8vo. This history is now. preferred to that of father
San»ie^oto,i wlucb formerly eojoyed < such reputatio.^i.
Sanchez also wrote ^^ An Apology for Cervantes/* te ans-
wer to a letter published in the Madrid Courier; and *' A '
Letter to Don Joseph Berni, oq his defence of Peter the
C^4i«I," ibid. 17 7 8, 8to.«
SANCHO' (Ignatius), an ^ctraordinary ' Negro, was ^
bora, in fl^9f on board a ship in tbe skve^trade, a few
days after it bad quitted the coasts of Gkiinea for the Spa«»
nish West Indies i and at Car^hagena, received baptism
from tbe<haiid of the bishop, and tlie name of Ignatius. He
lost, his parents in his infancy, a diseaseof the new climate
havingiputaffveariy period to his mother's esistence; while
his father -defeated tbe miseries of slavery by aa act of *
suicide* At little rmore than two years old, his master
broiight him to England^ and gave him to three maiden -
sisters, resident at Greenwich ; who thought^ agceeabJetd
prejudices not uncommon at that time, that ignorance was
the^nly security for his obedienee, and that to enlarge his
mind wodld go near to^mancipate bis person;. By them
he was sumuned Sancho, from a fancied resemblance to
th^'lS4|iHre of Don Quixote. While in tbb aituatiou, the
duke of Montagu, who lived^dn Blackbeatb, accidentally *
saW9^9>o4 adfuired in hiip a native frankness of manner, as
yet .untoftykeft in servitude, and unrefined by education ;
broughtbimfrei^ently bom,e to the duchess; indulged bis
• , V. • >
» Karchaod's Diet. Hist.~;^fit<wio Bibl. Hf^- V^^jSj, new^cjjit.
»6 S A N C H 0.
turn (or readiitg'Witb presents of booksi and strongly rcl>
commended to his mistresses the duty of cultivating a gc*
nhis of such' apparent fertility. His mistresses, however^
i^ere inflexible^ and even threatened on angry occasions
to return Sancho to his African slavery. The love of free-
dom bad increased with years^ and began to beat hi^h in >
his bosom« Indignation^ ami the dread of constant re- '
proach arising from the detection of an amour, finally de-
termmed him to abandon the family, and as his noble pa->
tron was recently dead, he flew to the. duchess for protec- '
tion, who dismissed him with reproof.- She at length, bow,-*'
ever, consented to admit him into her household, where he.
remained as butler till her death, when he found hioiserf^
by her grace^s bequest and his own ceconomy, possessed of
seventy pounds in money, and an annuity of thirty. Free-
dom, riches, and leisure^ naturally led a disposition of «
African texture into indulgences; and that %vhtch dissi- .
pated the mind of Ignatius completely drained the purse.
C^rds had formerly seduced him ; but an unsuccessful corv>
test at cribbage with a Jew, who won his clothes, had der'
termined him to abjure the propensity which appears to be
innate among his countrymen. Ignatius loved the theatre^
and had been even induced to consider it as a resource in
the hour of adversity^ and his complexion sugg^^ted an ^
offer to the manager of attempting Othello and Oroonoko^ >
but a defective and incorrigible articula^on rendered this >
abortive. He turned his mind once more to service^ and
was retained a few months by the chaplain at Montagu-^
house. That roof had been ever auspicious to him ; and
the last d\ike soon placed him about bis person, where ha-^
biiual regularity of life led him to think of a matrimonial
connexion, and he formed one accordingly with a v!ery de-«
sQrviog young woman of West India origin. Towards the
cipse of 1773, repeated attacks of the gout and a coostitu^
tional corpulence rendered him incapable of farther. attend-'
ance in the dpke^s family. At this crisis, the wonificence •
which had protected him through various yicissitudes did
not Tail to e?cert itself; with the.result of bis own frOgality^
it enabled him and his wife to settle themselves in a shop
of grocery, where mutual and rigid jirndustry dc>;enUy.
maintained a numerous family of childrefi, and yvh^ithii life,
of domestic virtue engaged private patronage, ?nd merited
public imitation. He died Dec. 15, 1780,' of a series of
complicated disorders.
S A N C B O. ^t
Mr J^^U remarks diat, of a negro, a batter^ and a
grocer, there are but slender anecdotes to animate' the page
of the biographeri yet it has been held necessary to give
vome sketch of the very singular man, whose letters, with
all their imperfections on their head, have given such ge-
neral satisfaction to the public^. * The display which those
writings exhibit of epistolary talent, rapid -and just con«
'ception, of mild patriotism, and of universal philanthropy,
attracted' the protection of the great, and the friendship of
the learned. A commerce with the Muses was supported
amid the trivial and momentary interruptions of a shop ;
the poets were studied, and even imitated with some suc-
cess ; two pieces were constructed for the stage ; the theory
bf music was discussed, published, and dedicated to the
Princess royal'; and painting was so much within the circle
of Ignatius Sanch'o's judgment and criticism, that several
artists paid great deference to his opihion.
' Such was the man whose species philosophers and ana-
t6mist8 have endeavoiired to degrade as a deterioration of
the human ; and such was the man whom Fuller, with a
benevolence and quaintness of phrase peculiarly his own^
accounted ^' God's image, though cut in ebqny.'* To the
harsh definition of the naturalist, oppressions political and
legislative were once added, but the abolition of the slave
trade has now swept away every engine of that tyranny.
Sancho'left a widow, who is, we believe, since dead ; and
a son, who carried on the business of a bookseller for some
years, and died very lately.^
SANCHONIATHON, is the name of a reputed Phoe-
nician author, as old as the Trojan war, about 1274 B. C.
* Th« fint «ditioft wat patipnized ori^iDally written with m Tiew to pabli-
hj a BubtcripUoo not known since the cation. She declared, therefore, *' that
days of the Spectator. T^e work was no such id^a was ever expressed by
pabiished Ibr tbe benefit of the author*! Mr. Sancho ; and that not a iiii^e let^
family, bf Miss Crewe, an amiable ter was. printed from any duplioat*
young lady, to whom many of the let- preserved by himself, but all were col-
ters are addressed, and who is since lected from the various friends to whom
married to John Phillipa, esq. surgeon they were addressed.*' Her reasons
of the household to the Prince of Wales, for publishing them were •* the desire
Prom the profits of the first edition, and of shewing that an untutored African
A sum paid by the booksellers for li* may possess abilities equal to an Eu«
lierty to. print a. second edition, Mrs, ropean.; and the still superior- motive
Sancho, we are well assured, received of wishing to serve his worthy family .
more thaA 500/. The editor did- not And she was happy,'* she declared;
featitrsrtd gire'them to the pobUo till ** in pubUd^ acknowledgiag she had
she bad obviated an objection which not found the world inattentive to the
kad been tnggested, that they were voice of obscure merit.*'
'.* ' 1 Letters; \1Hi 2 vob. Sto, with a life by Joseph Jekyll, esq.
Vol, XXVIL H
98 S A N C P O N I A T H O N.
and of great reputation for diligence and faithfulness. 'He
is said to have collected out of the most authentic records
be could procure, the ^' Antiquities o( Phcenicia^'^ with the
help of some memoirs which came from Hierombaaly [Hief
jrobaaly or Gideon,] a priest of the God Jeuo or Jao. He
wrote several things also relating to the Jews. Thes^
*J Antiquities of the Phcenicians/' Philo-Bjblius, in the
same Phoenicia, in the days of Adrian, translated inta
Greek ; and Athenseus soon afterward reckoned him among
the Phoenician writers. A large and noble fragment of
this work, Eusebius has given us, verbatim, in his firs);
book of '^ Evangelical Preparation,^' cap. ix. x. and has
produced the strong attestation of Porphjry, the most
learned heathen of that age, to its authenticity. Upon
these authorities, many learned men have concluded that
the genuine writings of Sanchoniathon were translated by
Pbilo-Byblius, and that Sanchoniathon derived a great
part of his information from the books of Moses, nay, some
have supposed that Thoth^ called by the Greeks, Hermes^
and by the Romans^ Mercury, was only another name. for
Moses ; but the inconsistencies, chiefly Chronological, which
the learned have detected in these accounts, and especially
the silence of the ancients concerning this historian, who,
if he bad deserved the character given him by Porphyry,
could not have been entirely Over«looked, create a just
ground of suspicion, either against Porphyry or Pbilor
Byblius. It seems most probable, that Philo-Byblius fa«
bricated the work from the ancient cosmogonies, pretend*
ing to have translated it from the Phcenicianj in order to
provide the Gentiles with an account of the origin of th^
world, which might be set in opposition to that of Moses^
Eusebius and Theodoret, indeed, who, like the rest of the
fathers, were too credulous in matters of this kind^ and
after them some eminent modern writers, have ima-»
gined, that they have discovered a resemblance between
Sanchoniathon^s account of the formation of the world and
that of Moses. But an accurate examination of the doc<*
trine of Sanchoniathon, as it appears in the fragment pre«
served by Eusebius, will convince the unprejudiced reader,
that the Phoenician philosophy, if indeed it be Phoenician,
is directly opposite to the Mosaic. Sanchoniathon teaches^
that, from the necessary energy of an eternal principle,
active but without intelligence, upon an eternal passive
chaotic masSy or Mot^ arose the visible world -, a doctrine,
t
9 A i^.C H O N;I A T H O N. 9>
^f which there are . sopad' ajipearatices in 'the aiKsieilt ^os*
mogonieS) and which was not without its patrons among
the Greeks. . It is therefore not unreasonable to conjec-»
tare, that tbd work wds forged iil opposition to the Jewish
Cosmogony^ and that tbiswas the circumstance which' ren-*
dered it so acceptable to Porphyry. Such is the opiaioii
ofBrucker on this history; and Bod well and Dupin, th6
former. in an express treatisci have also endeavoured to
invalidate its authenticity.^
SANCROFT (Dr. Willum)> an eminent English pre-
late, was borii at Fresingfield^ in Suffolk, Jan. 30, 1616,
tad educated in.grammar^learningat St. Edmund's Bury^
where he was equally remarkable for diligent application
to bis studies, and a piou» disposition ^. In July 1634, he
was sent to EmanUel college in Cambridge,^ where he be-
came very accomplished in all branches of literature, took
his degree of B. A. in 1637, and that of M. A. in 1641, and
was in 1642 chosen fellow of his college. His favourite
studies were theology, criticism, history, and poetry ft but
in all hi& acquirements he was bumble and unostentatious.
In I64d he took the degree of B. D. It is supposed he neyec
sabscribed the covenant^ and that this was connived at, he^^
cause be continued unmolested in his fellowship till 1649 i>
at which time, refusing the engagement^ be was ejected.
Upon this he went abroad, and became acquainted with the
most considerable of the loyal English exiles; and^ it i»
* Among bishop l^aoner^s MSSi in bnt chiefly retigions, exactly and e1«t
the Bodlieian library id the following: gantly transcribed with his own hand,
letter from him to his father, dated while a fellow of Emanuel. Some ot
Sept. 10, 1^1. ** T have lately of- these are from the first edition of MiU
fered up to God the first fruits of that tbn^s lesser poems, which Mr. Warton
csllingr which t intend, baring com- ebserres is perhaps the only instance
moD-placed twice in the chapel ; and on record of their having received for
if through your prayers and God's almost seventy years, any slight mark
blessing upon my endeavours, 1 may of attention or notice. Sancroft, adds
become an inittrament in any measure Mr. Warton, even to his matureryean,
fitted to bear his name before his peo- retained his strong early predilection
pie, it shall be my joy, and the crown to poUte literature, which he still con-
of my rejoicing in the Lord. I am tinued to cultivate ; and from these '
persuaded that for tl^i» end I was sent and other remains of his studies in that,
into the world, and therefore, if God pursuit, now preserved in the Bodleian
lends me life and abilities,'! shall be library, it appears that he was a dili**
villing to spend myself and to be spent gent reader of the poetry of his timea^'
upon the work." both in English and Latin.—- Warton't
f Among his papers at Oxford is a edftion of Milton s Poems, 1785, pre» .
ttry coasiflerable collection of poetry, face, p. v. , . • /
> Vosstus de Hist. Grsec.— Moreri. — Brucker.-*Dod well's ^* Disoonrse eoflh* '
eeraing the Phoniciaa History of Sant'honiathon/*, add<:d to the second edition >
of bis «'Two Letters of Advice,*' 1681. —Gebelin'i «* AUegori^i OnenUlfa^"'
Fftria, 1779, 4to»-^omberlaiid't *< Sanchoniatl|0B.» . ^
H8
100 BANCROFT.
said, be was at Rome when Charles II. was restored. Ht
immediately returned to England, and was made chaplain
to Cosin, bishop of Durham, who collated him to the rec<*
tory of Houghton-ie-Spring, and to the ninth prebeiid
of Durham in March 1661. In the same year he assisted
in reviewing the 'Liturgy, particularly in rectifying the
Kalendar and Rubric. In 1662 he was created, by mafi«
damus, D. D. at Cambridge, and elected master of Ema«
nuel college, which he governed with great prudence. Iii
1^64 he was promoted to the deanery of York, which aU
thdugh he held but a few months, he expended on the
buildings, about 200/. more than he had received. Upon
the ddath of Dr. John Barwick he was removed to the
deanery of St* Paul-s ; soon after which, he resigned the
mastership of Emanuel college, and the rectory of Hough-
ton. On' his coming to St. PauPs he set himself most di*
ligently to repair that cathedral, which had suffered greatly
from the savage zeal of the republican fanatics in the civil
wars, till the dreadful fire in 1666 suggested the more noble
undertaking of rebuilding it. Towards this he gave 1400if.
besides what he procured by his interest and solicitations
Among his private friends, and in parliament, where he
obtained the act for laying a duty on coals for the rebuild-
ing of the cathedral. He also rebuilt the ^eanery, and
improved the revenues of it. In Oct. 1668, he was ad-
Kiitted archdeacon of Canterbury, on the king's presenta*
tion, which be resigned in 1670. He was also prolocutor
of the lower house of convocation ; and was in t,hat station
when Charles II. in 1677, advanced him, contrary to his
knowledge or inclination, to the arcKiepiscopal see of Can-
terbury, In 1678 he p^ibtisbed some useful directions con-
cerning letters testimonial to candidates for holy orders.
He was himself very conscientious in the admission ta or-
ders or the disposal of livings, always preferring men of
approved abilities, great learning, and exemplary life. He
attended king Charles upon his death-bed, and made a very
weighty exhortation to him, in which he is said to hav^
used a good deal of freedom. In 1686 he was named the
first in JaimesII.^s commission for ecclesiastical affairs; but
he refused to act in it. About the same time he suspended
Wood, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, for residing out
of and neglecting his diocese. As one of the governors of
the Charter-house, he refused to admit as pensioner in
'tkat hospital Andrew Popham, a papist, althougli he came .
S A N C R O. F T; 101
^itfaa nomination Ironi th^ court. In Jagie 1 6&8| be joineil^
with sisc of his brethren the bishops in the famous petition
lo king James, in which they gave their reasons why they
could not cause his declaration for liberty of conscience to
be read in churches. For this petition, which the court
called a libel, they were committed to the Tower ; and,
bejng tried for a misdemeanor on the 29th, were acquitted,
to the great joy of the nation. This year the archbishop
projected, the vain expedient of a comprehension with the
protestant dissenters. We have the following account of
this in the speech of Dr. W, Wake, bishop of Lincoln, in
the house of lords, March 17, 1710, at the opening of the
tkcond article of the impeachment against Dr. Sacheverell:
'* The person,^' says he, *' who first concerted this design
was the late most reverend Dr. Sancroft, then archbishop
of Canterbtu*y. The time was towards the end of that un*^
happy reign /of king James II. Then, when we were in
the height of our labours, defending the Church of Eng-
land against the assaults of popery, and thought of nothing
else, that wise prelate foreseeing some such revolution as
soon after was happily brought about, began to consider
how utterly unprepared they had been at the restoration of
king Charles II. to settle many things to the advantage of
the Church, and what happy opportunity had been lost for
want of such a previous care, as he was therefore desirous
should now be taken, for the better and itiore perfect esta«
blishment of it. It was visible to all the ilation, that the
more moderate dissenters were generally, so well satisfied
with that stand which our divines h&d made against popery,
and the many unanswerable treatises they had published iu
eonfutation of it, as to express an unuisual readinessto
come in to us. And it was therefore thought worth the
while, when they were deliberating about those other mat-/
ters, to consider at the saqie tioke what might be done to
gain, them without doing any prejudice to' ourselves. Tho
scheme. was laid oqt, ^nd the several pans of it were com-
giittfid, .not only with the approbation, but by the direc-
tion of that great prelate, to such of our divines, as were
thought the most proper to be intrusted with it. His grace
tcK^ one part to himself ; another was committed to a then
pious and reverend dean (Dr. Patrick), afterwards a bishop
of oiy church. The reviewing of the daily service of our
Liturgy, and the Communion Book, was referred to a select
number of excellent persons, two of which (archbishop^
101
S A N C K O E T.
Sbarp; and Dr. Moore) are at this time upon oar beneb f
and I am sure will bear witness to the truth of my relatiQUi.
The design was in short this: to improve, and, if possible^
to inforce our discipline ; to review and enlarge our Li^
turgy, by correcting of some things, by adding of others ;
s^nd if it shodid be thought adviseable by authority, when
this matter should come to be legally considered, first in
convocation, then in parliament, by leaving some few cere-r
monies, confessed to be indifferent in their natures as in.<<^
different in their usage, so as not to be nece8sarily>ob8erve4
by those who made a scruple of them, till they should be
able to overcome either their weaknesses or prejudices
and be willing to comply with them/* In October, ac«
companiied with eight of his, brethren the bishops, Sancroft
waited ^pon the king, who. Lad desired' the assistance of
their counsels ; and advised him, among other things, to
annul the ecclesiastical commission, to desist from the ex<fr
ercise of a dispensing power, and to call a free and regular
parlian^ent. A few days after, though earnestly pressed
by his majesty, he refused to sign a (kclaration of abhor «»
rence of the prince of Grangers invasion. In December,
on king James's withdrawing himself, he is said to hava
signed, and concurred with the lords spiritual and temporal,
in a declaration to the prince of Orange, for a free par*
liamenty security of our laws, liberties, properties, and of
tjie church of England in particular, with a due indulgence
to protestant dissenters. Bui in a declaration signed by
him Nov. 3, 1688, he says that "he never gave the prince
any invitation by word, writing, or otherwise;" it mus|
therefore have been in consequence of the abdication that
be joined with the lords in the above declaration. Yet
when the prince came to St. James's, the archbishop n^her
went to wait on him, though he had once agreed to it, nof
did he even send any message^. He absented himself
likewise from the convention, for which he is severely cen«
sured by Burnet, who calls him ^^ a poor-spirited and fear*
f ul man, that acted a very mean part in all this great trans*
* Bishop NicolsoD, in one of his
letters lately published, seems to hint
that Sancroft ^as more active in pro-
moting the revolution than has been
supposed. After ceosuring him for not
paying his' respects to the new king,
Iilicolson says, ** I should rather choose
to follow him in the more frank and
•pen passages of his life> than in this
unaccountably dark and mysterious
instance ; especially, since I had ta-
citly consented to his seizing the Tower
tif Londom, and his address to the prioM
of Orange to accept the government.*^
— NicoUon*s Epistolary Corr^pond*
ence, by Mr. NichoUyS vols. 8yo» 1809*
vol, I. p. U.
BANCROFT; Voi
attioir. 'H«*nesolved," says he, ^'neidier to ECtfbr/nor
against, the king's interest; which, considering his high-
post, was thought very unbecoming. For, if be tbocight,
sffi by his behavionr afterwards it seems he did, that the^
nation was running into treason, rebellion, and perjury, it
was a strange thing to see one who. was at the head of the*
ohttrch to sit silent all the while that this was in debate,
and not once so much as declare his opinion, by speaking,
noting, or protesting, not to mention the other ecclesiastic*-
cal methods that certainly became his character.^'
After William and Mary were settled on the throne, he
and seven other bishops refused to own the established go«<
vemmept, from a conscientious regard to the allegiance
they Had sworn to king James. Refusing likewise to take
the oaths appointed by act of paiiiament, he and they
were suspended Aug. 1, 1689, and deprived the 1st of
l^eb. following. On the nomination of Dr. Tillotson to^
this see, April 23, 1691, our archbishop received an order
from the then queen Mary, May 20, to leave Lambeth*
bouse within ten days. But he, resolving not to stir till
ejected by law, was cited to appear before the barons of
the exchequer on the first day of Trinity-term, June 12,,
1691, to answer a writ of intrusion ; when he appeared by
his attorney; but, avoiding to put in any plea, as the case
stood, judgment passed a^inst him, in the form of law,
Jane 23, and the same evening he took boat in Lambeth-
bridge, and went to a private house in Palsgrave-head*
court, near the Temple. Thence, on Aug. 5, 1691, he
letired to Fresingfield (the place of his birth, and the estate
[50/. a year] and residence of his ancestors above tbre^
hundred years), where he lived in a very private manner^
^ill, being seized with an intermitting fever, Aug. 26, 1693,
be died on Friday morning, Nov. 24, and was buried very
privately, as he himself bad ordered, in Fresingfield cburch-*>
yard. ' Soon after, a tomb was erected over his grave, with
an inscription composed by himself; on the right side of
which there is an account of his age and dying-day in La*
tin; on the left, the following E-nglish : <*' William San-
croft, born in this parish, afterwards by the providence of
God archbishop of Canterbury, at last deprived of all,
which he could not keep with a good conscience, returned
hither to end his life, and professeth here at the foot of his
tomb, that, as naked he came forth, so naked he must re-
ti^Hi : the Lord gave> and the Lord bath f^al^en away (as the
IW
SAN CT O R I U S.
sensible secretions and discharges^ he was enabled to de^'
termine with wonderful exactness the weight or quantity
of insensible perspiration, as well as what kind of food or*
drink increased and diminished it. On these experiments^
he erected a curious system, which was long admired by
the faculty. It was divulged first at Venice-in 1614, under*
the title of ^^ Ars de Statica Medicina/* comprehended in
seven sections of aphorisms ; .and was often reprinted at dif^-
ferent places, with corrections and additions by th^ author.
It was translated into French, and published at Paris 1722 ;
and we had next an English version of it, with large ex-
planations, by Dr. Quincy; to the third edition of which'
in 1723, and perhaps to the former, is added, ^* Dr. James^-
Keil's Medicina Statica Britannica, with comparative re-
' marks and explanations ; as also physico-medical essays on
agues, fevers, on elastic fibre, the gout, the leprosy, king^s->
evil, venereal diseases, by Dr. Qumcy.'*
Sanctorius published other works ; as, ** Method! vitan«
dorum errorum omnium, qui in Arte Medica contingunt,
libri quindecim,*' 1602 ; ** Commentaria in primam sectio*
Item Aphorismorum Hippocratis,'* 1609 ; ^^ Commentaria
in Artem Medicinalem Galeni," 1612 ; ^^ Commentaria in-
primam partem primi libri Canonis Avicenne,'' 1625;
*f De Lithotomia, seu Calculi vesicae sectione, Consulta-
tio,*' 1638. All these, which raised his character very
greatly among his own {Profession, were in 1660 printed
there together in 4 vols. 4to.
Sanctorius unquestionably conferred a benefit on medical
science, by directing the observation 6f medical men to
the functions of the skin ; but unfortunately, the doctrines
were extended much too far ; and, coinciding with the me^
^Aaniitrii/ principles, which were coming into vogue after
the discovery of the circulation, as well as with the cA^mt*
eal notions,*which were not yet exploded, they contributed
to complete the establishment of the humoral pathology^
under the shackles of which the practice of medicine con-
tinued almost to our own times. Sanctorius was also the
author of severd inventions. Besides bis statical chair, he
invented an instrument for measuring the force of the
pulse ; and several new instruments of surgery. He was
the first physician who attempted to measure the heat of
the skin by a thermometer, in different diseases, and at
different periods of the .same disease; and it is to his credit
S A N C T O R I U S, 107
diat he was an airowed enenj to empiridft and empirical
postrums^ as well as to all occult remedies. ^
SANDBY (Paul), an ingenious artist, descended from
ar branch of the family of Saunby, of Bab worth in Notting*-
hamsbire, was born at Nottingham in 17S2. In 1746 he
jcame to London, and having an early predilection; for the
mrts, .procured admission to the drawing room in thie Towef^
where be first studied. In 17.4$, William dukeof Cum^
berland, wishing to have a survey of the Highlands of Scot-
land, which Was the scene of his memorable' campaign in
1745-6, Mr. Sandby was appointed draugbuman, undet
jthe inspection of general David Watson, with whom h6
travelled through the North and Western parts of that
most romantic country, and made many sketches. During
bis ^ay at Edinburgh he made a number of small etchings
from these designs ; which on his return to London wer6
published in a folio volume. But drawing of plans abound-
ing ia straight lines being neither congenial to his taste nor
worthy of his talents, be in 1752 quitted the service of the
survey, afid resided with bis brother, Mr. Thomas Saadby,
at Windsor, and during bis continuance there took more
iban seventy views of Windsor and Eton. The accuracy;
taste, and spirit with which they were in an eminent degree
marked, so forcibly struck sir Joseph Banks, that he pur-
chased them all, and at a very liberal price. Mr< Sandby
liad soon, afterwards the honour ef being one of this gen-
tleman's party in a tour through North and South Wales^
and made a great number of sketches from remarkable
scenes, castles, seats, &c. Under the patronage of the late
sir Watkin Williams Wynne, he afterwards took many more
views from scenes in the same country, which with those
before mentioned he transferred to copper^plales, and madil
several sets of prints in imitation of drawings^ in bister or
Indian ink. The first hint of the process by which thii
effect is given to an engraving, Mr. Sandby is said to have
received from the hon. Charles Greville, a gentleman • of
acknowledged taste and judgment in every branch of polite
art. Profiting by this hint, Mr. Sandby so far improved
upon it as to bring the captivating art of Aquatinta to a
degree of perfection never before known in this country.
About 1753 Mr. Sandby, and several members of aii
acaidemy who met at what had previously been RoubiUiac*]i
1 Elojy Diet. Hut de Medicint.— Btes'a Cyclopsdii
• (
lOS 8. A N D BT. >
ivorksfaoqp,: in St Ma^in^s^lftiie, i^khiog- lo: ejet^pd. tbeir
plan^ and establish a society on a brqader basis^ held sever
jral tastings for the , purpose of makhig new . regulations,
^c. .Concerning these . r^ulations it may naturally be
suppojsed there were variety, of opinionsy but Hogarth, who
waspoe.of ^he members, aqd who dasenredly held a^ery
high rank in the arts, disapproved of the jwhole scheme, and
wished the society to j^main as it then was. He tbpugbt
that enlarging the number of $tudents would induce a^rowd
of young men to quit more profitable . pursuits, neglei^t
what might be. more, suitable tO; their talents^ and.intrc^.upe
to the practice , of the. arts more professors than the arts
would support.' This na^turally involved. him in many dis**
putes, with. his brother artists, and as these disputes were
not always conducted with, philosophic calmness, the sa»
tirist sometimes said things that, his opponents deemed, ra-*
ther too severe for the occasipn. On. the publication.. of
bis ^^Analysis of Beauty V tbey recriminated^ ^ with interest,
Among the prints which were then published to ridicule
his, system, Ijne. of beauty, ,&c. are six or. eight,. that
from, the manner in which they are conceived, and the no-
con^mon . spirit ,^ith which they are etched,, carry., more
than probable marks of the burin of Mr* .Sandby, jvvbo was
then a very young man, but afterwards declared, that if, be
had been more intimatjeiy acquainted with Mr. Hogvtb!s
merit, he would on no account have drawti a hue which
plight tend to his dispr^ise^ . j
. On the institution of the Royal Academy^ Mr. Sandby
was elated ja royal academician. By the recommendation
of the duke of Grafton, the, marquis of Granby in 176S
apppint^d bim chief drawing-master of the Royal Academy
atWoolwicbf which office be held with. gres^t. honour. |q
himself and , advantage, to. the institutiojn ; and saw. many
able and distinguished dra^jghtsmen among the. ofQcefs of
artillery^ and corps of Engineers, formed under bis instruc?
^ions,. . , • ; , ,.^ • . . .i. . I
Mr. .Sapdby died at his house at Paddiugton Nov. 7»
1 809, in .the seventy rseventh year of his age. . He. contrir.
buted.niucb to the. reputation of the Eqgliah school ,ol
landi|icape p^iiHing, and. in many of his exquisite ydj&hne:^
ations, uniting .fidelity with, taste, the. bpautif ill. scenery
for which thi^ .island is so. eminently distinguished, is. <li§£
played as in a mirror. For force, clearness, and transpa-
rency, it may very truly be said that his paintings in water
S A N D B Yi 100
^ouf^ httre not yet been equalled ; the views of castle^^
-ruins, bridges, &c. which are frequently introduced, will
^remain monuments tathe honour of the arts, the artists,
and the country, when the originals from which they are
designed are mouldered into dust^ * -
: SANDEMAN (Robert), from whom a reHgious sect is
generally named, was born at Perth in Scotland in i 723.
Being intended for one of .the learned professions, he
atndied for two years at the university of Edinburgh, but
at the expiration of that time manned, and his fortune
being sdiall, entered into the linen trade at Perth, lyhehce
he removed to Dundee, and afterwards to Edinburgh. * The
lady he inarried was the daughter of the rev. John Olaiss
(See Glass), who founded the sect, at -that time called
from him Glassitts ; and Mr. Sandeman, who was' now an
elder in one of Glass's churches, or congregations, and
bad imbibed all his opinions, published a series of letters
addressed to Mr. Hervey, occasioned by that author's
^ Tberon and Aspasio," in which he endeavours to shew,
that his notion of faith is' contradictory to the scripture ac**
count of it, aiid could only serve to lead men, professedly
holding the doctrines commonly called Calvinisticj to
establish their own righteousness upon their frames, in«-
ward feelings, and various acts of faith. In these letters
Mr. Sandeman attempts to prove, that faith is neither more
nor less than a simple assent to the divine testimony con*
cerning Jesus Christ, recorded in the New Testament ; and
he maintains^ that the word faith, or belief, is constaritly
used by the apostles to signify) what is denoted by it in
common discourse, \xt, a persuasion of the truth of any
proposition, and that there is>no differenc^e between be*
Keving any common testimony, and believing the apostolic
testimony, except that which results itom, the nature of
the testimony itself. This led the way to a controversyy
among Calvinists in Scotland,^ concerning the nature of
justifying faith ; and those who adopted Mr. Sandemah's
notion of it, and who took the denomination of Sandemani'*
anSf formed themselves into church order, in strict fellow-
ship wtthithie church of Scotland,* but holding no kind of
communion with other churches. The chief opinions and
practices in which this sect differs from others, are, their
fleekly administration of the Lord's Supper ; their lovev
^ £ai«]). Mag. for 1796.— Gent. Mag. tcI. UCXII^*
110 j^ANDKMAk
ft
feasts, of wbicb every metnber is not oirly tillowed but re^^
quired to partake, and wfaioh eonsist of their dining togetf
tber «t each other^s booses in the interval between the
SQoming and afternoon service : their kiss of cbarity nsedoR
this occasion, at the admission of a new member^ and at
other times^ when they deem it to be tietessary or prdper ;
theiR weekly collection before the LcMrd's Snpper for tbtl
support of the poor, a;nd defraying other expenoes; mu«
tual exhortation ; abstinence from blood and thmgs strange
led; wasfaiiig each other's feet, the preeept concerning
which, as well as other precepts, they understand literally ^
community of goods so far as that every one is to consider
all that lie- has in his possession and power as liable to tbe
calls of tbe poor and church, and the unlawfulness of lay*
ing up treasures on earth, by setting tbem apart for any
distant, future, and uncertain use. They allow of public
andv private diversions so far as they are not connected with
circumstances really sinful ; but apprehending a lot to be
sacred> disapprove of playing at Cards, dice, &c« They
maintain a plurality of elders, pastors, or bishops, in each
church, and the necessity of the presence of two elders in
every act of discipline, and at the administration of the
Lord's Supper. In the choice of these elders, want of
learning, and engagements in trade, &£. are no sufficient
objection ; but second marriages disqualify for the office ;
and they are ordained by prayer and fasting, imposition of
hands, and giving the right hand of fellowship. In their
discipline they are strict and severe, and think themselves
obliged to separate from the communion and* worship of
all such .religious societies as appear to them not to profess
the simple troth for their only ground of hope,, and who
do not walk in obedience to it. We shall otily add, that
in every church transaction, they esteem unanimity to be
absolutely necessary.
In nss -Mr. San deman commenced a correspondence
with Mr. Samuel Pike of London, an independent minis-^
ter; and in 1760 cameiiimself to London, and preached
in various places,, attracting the crowds that usually follow*
novelties. While here be received an invitation to go tot^
America, with which he complied in 1764, and continued
there propagating bis doctrines and discipline in various
places, particularly in New-England, until the politici^l
disputes arose between Great Britain and the colonies,
when he became very obnoxious by taking the part of th^
' S.A.N D E\M A N. Ul
fbrmer; He did not livei howlsreri to witness the unluippy
cooaequences of that coutent,' but died at Danbury^ April
2| 177 i 9 aged fifty-* three. His sect^ altbougb^ not Diiinet*
rou8» s$ill exists, batundeiTarious modidcations, in Scot-
land; and there are a few branches of it in i^^ngland, and
one in PauPs Ailey» Barbican, London, Mr. Sandeman^
besides bis ^^ Letters on Theron and Aspasio,'' published
his correspondence with' Mr. Pike; ^' Thoughts on Chris*
tianity ;*' <* The sign of the prophet Jonah ;'' " The honour
of marriage, opposed to all Impurities;" and ^< On So1q«
snon's Song.'* *
6ANDEKS (Nicholas), a Roman catholic writer of con-
siderable fame, and one of the principal championa of
popery in the sixteenth century, was born about 1527, at
Charlewood in Surrey, and educated at Winchester school,
whence he removed to New college, Oxford. Here he
studied chiefly canon law, and was made fellow of hiseoi-
lege in 1548, and. in 1550, or 1551, took the degree of
bachelor of laws. When queen Mary came to the throne,
be had the offer of being Latin secretary to her majesty^
which he declined for the sake of a studious, academical
life, and remained at Oxford during the whole of her reign.
In 15 57. he was one of the professons of canon law, .and
I'ead what were called the " shaggling lectures," i* e. lee**
tures not endowed, until the accession of queen Elizabeth,
when his principles induced hifti to quit England. He ar-
rived at Rome about the latter end of 1560, and studying
divinity, became doctor in that faculty, and was ordained
priest by Dr. Thomas Goldwell, bishop of St. Asaph, who
at that time resided in the English hospital at Rome. Soon
after, cardinal Hosius, president of the council of Trent,
hearing of his abilities, took him into his family^ andmade
Use of him, as his theologal, in the council. When the
couficil broke up. Dr. Sanders accompanied the cardinal
to Poland, Prussia, and Lithuania, where he was instru*
mental in settling the discipline of the. Romish church; but
his zeal disposing him to think most of his native country,
he returned to Flanders, and was kindly entertained by siif
Francis Englefield, formf>rly privy.-counsellor to queen
Mury, and then in great favour with the court of Spain;
* Wil»on'« His*, of Dissenting Chnrhes— Encyclop. Brit9nutca«— 'The teoeti
•f the »ect were first pablnhed by thf^m* Ives in a tracs :• \h f •' An account tf
UejCtvaman practices obsi'rVtd bf Um CoUrch in St. M^rtiA's-le-Ckaii^/' HStSy
^here ihev Ihcii atiembled.
\
Ua . SAND E R a
through whose hands a great part of those chitAtabieoof^
JectioDs passed, which his catholic majesty-ordered for the
-subsistence of the EogUsh popish exiles. Sanders was<ap-*
.pointed bis assistant, and .being settled at Louvaine, toge^.
;ther,with bis motfaeJr and sister^ be ii^ there twelve yeais^
juid perfofmed many charitable offices to bis indigent coun^
:tryjnen. Much'of this ;tiine lie eiripleyed in- writing in
•defence of popery against Jewdl^ Nowell, and other emi*
iient pro testant divines.
* . Some year^after^ having nscetved an iitvitatioii froortbe
pope, betook ajourney to Rome, whence he was sent as
nuncio 'to the popish ^bisfaops^ abd clergy in Ireland, and
landed there in 1579. At this ttmeOerald-Fit^geraid^^earl
j^ DesaiondyNwas in arms, as be: pretended, in defence of
j:be irberties and religion of his coumr}^ ;. bat in 13U bis
fyarty wsas routed and himself killed. The part Sanders
took in this rebellion is variousiy represeiTted. Camden
says that be; was sent over purpo^ly to encourage* Des*
jmond, and that several companies of Spanisb soldiers went
over wttll liim, and that when their army wassrouted^ be
fled to the woods, and died of hunger. All that the ca-
tholics deny* in this account, is, that Sanders was- sent
purposely i but this they deny very feebly. With, regard
to the manner of Sanders's death, Dodd seems inclined to
prefer Wood^s account, who says that be died of a dysen«>
tery, and Dodd likewise adopts tbe report of Rushton and
Pits, who say that he died at the latter end of 1580, or the
beginning of 1581, because this was long before Desmond*s
defeat, and consequently dissolves in *some measure the
supposed connection between him and Sanders. ' Dodd^
bowever, who is generally impartial, allows that several
catholics, his contemporaries, were pf^ opinion that be was
engaged in the Spanish interest against queen Elizabeth ;
knd his writings prove that he maintained a deposing power
both in tbe church and people, where religion was in dan-
ger. He was, according to all accounts, a man of abilities,
and was -considered as the most acute adversary for tbe
re^establbhment of popery in England,^ which his party
CQuid boast of. He bad, however, to contend with men of
equal ability, who exposed his want of veracity as well as
of argument, and few of his works have survived the times
in which they were written. Among them are, 1. "The.
3ufip^r,of our Lord,' &c." a. defence. of tbe real presence,
being what he calls ^' A confutation of Jewers Apoldgy, a^'
Sanders. ns
i>st)of Alexander Nowel's challenge,'* Louvain, in 1566,
1567, 4to. f2. « Treatise of the Images of Christ and bis
Saints ; being a confutation of Mr. JewePs reply upon that
subject," ibid. 1 567, 8vo. 3. « Tlje Rock of the Church,"
concerning the pritnacy of St. Peter, ibid: 1566, 1567, St
' Omer's, 1 624, 8vo. 4. " A brief treatise on Usury,** ibid.
i566. 5. "De Visibili nionarchia Ecclesiw,*' ibid. 1571,
folio, Antwerp, 1581, Wiceburg, 1592. 6. " De origitie
etpYogressu Schismatis Anglicani," Colon. 1585, Svoj fe-
ptinted at other places in 1586, 1588, and 1590, andtrans^
laced into. French in 1673, with some tracts on the tentts
bf his church, which seem not of the controversial kind.
Mo^ of the former were answered by English divines of
^^:..A^i^ :j -i^j.jy jjjg large volume " ^ ' *' "*
)y Bering, Clerk, anc
may be seen in Stryp<
That on the English schism is refuted, as to bis more im-
portant assertions, in the appendix to Burnet's History of
the BMbrmatibn, vol. IL*
SANDERS (RpBERTJ, an English writer^ wH^se ^istory
maj^ liot be unuseful, was a native of Scotlandf, and born in,
or neafy Breadalbane, about 1727. He was by business a
comb-maker; but not hewing successful in trader and- hav-
ing some taletits, some education, and a good memory, he
commencisd a hackney writer^ and in that capacity pro-
duced some works which have been relished by the lower
"blass of readers. When he came to London is uncertain ;
but, having travelled over most of the northern parts of
these kingdoms, he compiled, from his own survey and the
information of books, an itinerary, entitled '' The Com-
plete English Traveller,** folio. It was published in num-
bers, with th^ fictitious naihe of Spencer, professedly on
the plan oif Fuller*s Worthies^ with biographical notices of
the most eminent men of each county. As the dealers in
this kind of publications thought it too good a thing to be
lost, it has been republished, depriving Mr. Speticer of his
rights, and giving them to three fictitious gentlemen, Mr.
JSurlingion for England, Mr. Murray for Scotland, and
Mr. Llewellyn for Wales. He also compiled, about, 1764,
a work in 5 or 6 voU. 8vo, with cuts, entitled ^' The New-
gate Calendar, or Memoirs of those unfortunate cttlpritt
1 AUi. Ok. vol. L^lMd^ €h. Hitt.— Strype's Parker, p. 377 and 911—*
feumefs tteforinttion.^^'-CoUier'i ficcleiiaiticai l2tfiory«
VouXXVIL I
114 SANDERS.
who fall a sacrifice to the injured laws of their cQuntry, and
thereby make their exit at Tyburn." He was some time
engaged with lord Lyttelton, in assisting his lordship to
compile his ** History of Henry H. ;" and Dr. Johnson, in
his life of that -poetical nobleman, introduces this circum-
stance in no very honourable manner. "When time," says
he, "brought the history to a third edition, Reid (the for-
mer ct)rret;tor) was either dead or discharged ; and the su-
per'mtendence of typography and punctuation was com-
mitted tTt a man originally a comb-maker, but then known
by the style 6i Doctor Sanders, Something uncommon was
probably expected, and something uncommon was at last
done ; for to the doctor'* s edition is appended, what the
world had hardly seen b'efore, a list of errors of nineteen
pages.*' His most considerable work was his " Gaffer
Greybeard," an illiberal piece, in 4 vols. l2mo, in which
the characters of the most eminent dissenting divines, his
contemporaries, are very freely handled. *He had, perhaps
suffered either by the contempt or the refproof of some of
that persuasion, and therefore endeavoured to revenge
himself on the whole, ridiculing, in particular, Dr. Gill
under the name of Dr. Half-pint, and Dr. Gibbons under
that of Dr. Hyitin-maktr, He was also the author of the
notes to a Bible published weekly under the name of the
rev. Henry Southwell : for this he received about twenty-
five or twenty -six shillings per Week, while Dr. Southwell,
the pseudo-commentator, received one htindred guineas
for the use of his name, he having no other recommenda-
tion to the public, b) which he might merit a posthumous
memory, than his livings*. Dr. Sanders also compiled
'* Letter- writers," " Histories of England," and other works
of the paste and scissors kind ; but his " Roman History,"
written in a series of letters from a nobleman to his son, in
2 vols. 12mo, has some merit. Towards the latter end of
his days he projected a general chronology of all nations,
and had already printed some sheets of the work, under
the patronage of lord Hawke, when a disorder upon his
longs put a period to his existence, March 19, 1783. He
' was much indebted to the munificence of Mr. Granville
* Dr. Henry Southwell, who died in rectory of Asterby in Lincolnshire, bnt
3779, was of a good family in Cam- no one that knew him ever suspected
bri(fgc6hire, was eduQjited at Magda- hifflof writing a book.
7en college, Cambridge, and had the
SANDERS. 115
■
Sh&rpk More piartictilars of this man^s history and of the
secrets of Bibk-niaking may be seen in our authority.'
SANDERS. See SAUNDERS.
SANDERSON (Dr. Robert), an eminent English
bishop, was descended from an ancient family, and was
the yoiuigeftt son of Robert Sanderson, of Gilthwaite-hall,
Yorkshire, by Elizabeth, one of the daughters of Richard
Carr, of Batterthwaite-hali, in the parish of Ecclesfield.
He was born at Rotherham, in Yorkshire, Sept. 19, 1587,
and educated in the grammar-school there, where he made
so uncommon a progress in the languages, that, at thirteen,
he was sent to Lincoln college in Oxford. Soon after
taking iAi degree of B. A. his tutor told Dr. Kiibie, the
rector, that his ** pupil Sanderson had a metaphysical
brain, and a matchless memory, and that he thought he
had improved or made the last so by an art of his own in-
vention." While at college, he generally spent eleven
hours a day in study, chiefly of^ philosophy and the clas-
sics. In 1606 he was chosen fellow, and in July 1608,
completed his degree of M. A. In November of the same
year, he was elected logic reader, and re-elected in Nov.
1609. His lectures on this subject were published in 161 5^
and ran through several editions. In 1613, 1614, and
1616, he served the office of sub-rector, and in the latter
of those years, that of proctor. In 1611, he was ordained
deacon and priest by Dr. King, bishop of London, and took
the degree of bachelor of divinity in 1617. In 1618, he
was presented by his cousin sir Nicolas Sanderson, lord
viscount Castleton, to the rectory of Wybberton, near
Boston, in Lincolnshire, but resigned it the year following
on account of the unhealtbiness of its situation } and about
the same time was collated to the rectory of Boothby-Pan-
nell, or Paynel, in the same county, which he enjoyed
above forty years. Having now quitted his fellowship, h^
married Anne, the daughter of Henry Nelson, B. D. rec-
tor of Haugham in the county of Lincoln ; and soon after
was made a prebendary of Southwell, as he was also of
Lincoln in 1629. He continued to attend to his parochial
duties in a very exemplary manner, and particularly la-
boured much to reconcile differences, and prevent law-suits
both in his parish, and in the neighbourhood. He also
often visited sick and disconsolate families, giving advice
1 Gent. M»g. vol. LIIL p. 400, 482.
I 2
ll§ SANDERSON.
and often pecuniary assistance^ or obtaSning tbe latter by
applications to persons of opulence. He was often called
upon to preach at assizes and visitations ; but bis practice
of reading his sermons^ as it Was then not very comnion»
raised some prejudice against him. Walton observes, that
notwithstanding he had an extraordinary memory, he had
such an innate bashfulness and sense of fear, as to render
it of little use in the delivery of his sermons. It was re*
marked, when his sermons were printed in 1632, that ^^ the
best sermons that were ever read, were never preached.**
At the beginning of the reign of Charles I. he was chosen
otie of the clerks in convocation for the diocese of Lincoln ;
and Laud, then bishop. of London, having recommended
him to that king as a man excellently skilled in casuistical
learnings he was appointed chaplain to his majesty in 1631*
When he became known to the king, his majesty put many
cases of conscience tb^him^ and received from him solutions
which gave him so great satisfaction) that at the end of bis
month's attendance, which was in November, the king told
him, that " he should long for next November ; for he re-
solved to have more inward acquaintance with him, when
the month and he returned." The king indeed was never
absent from his sermons, and used to say, that *' be carried
his ears to hear pther preachers, but bis conscience to hear
Mr. Sanderson^'' In 1633 he obtained, through the earl
of Rutland's interest, the rectory of Muston, in Leicester-
shire, which he held eight years. In Aug. 1636, when the
court was entertained at Oxford^ he was, among others,^
created D. D. In 1642, he was proposed by both Houses
of parliament to king Charles, who was then at Oxford, tD
be one of their trustees for the settling of church affairs^
and approved by the king: but that treaty came to no-
thing. The same yean his majesty appointed him regius
professor of divinity at Oxford, with the canonry of Christ
church annexed : but the national calamities hindered him
from entering on it till 1646, and then he did not hold it
undisturbed much more than a year. In 1643, he was no«*
minated by the parliament one of the assembly of divines,
but never sat among them : neither did he take the cavenani
or engage^venty so that his living was sequestered ; but, so
great was his reputation for piety and learning, that he was
not deprived of it. He had the chief hand in drawing up
^* The Reasons of the university of Oxford against the so-
lemn League and Covenant^ the Negative Oath> and lh#
SANDERSON. 117
Ordinances concerning Discipline and Worship :** and,
when the parliament had sent proposals to the king for a
peace in church and state, his majesty desired, that Dr.
Sanderson, with the doctors Hammond, Sheldon, and Mor-
ley^ should attend him, and advise him how far he might
with A good conscience eomply with those proposals. This
request was rejected by the presbyterian party ; but, it be*
log complied with afterwards by the independents, when
his majesty was at Hampton-court, and in-the isle of Wight,
in .1647 and 1648, those divines attended him there. Dr.
Sanderson often preached before him, and had many public
and private conferences with him, to his majesty's great
satisfaction. The king also desired him, at Hampton-court,
since the parliament had proposed the abolishing of episi-
copal government as inconsistent with monarchy, that he
would consider of it, and declare his judgment; and what
be wrote upon that subject was afterwards printed in 1661,
§vo, under this title, '^ Episcopacy, as established by law
in England, not prejudicial to Regal power." At Sander^
son's taking leave of his majesty in this his last attendance
on him, the king requested him to apply himself to the
writing of *^ Cases of Conscience ;" to which his answer
was, that ^' he was now grown old, and unfit to write cases
of conscience." But the king told him plainly, *^ it was
the simplest thing he ever heard from him ; for, no young
man was fit to be a judge, or write cases of conscience."-^
Upon this occasion, Walton relates the following anecdote :
that in one of these conferences the king told Sanderson,
or one of them that then waited with him, that '^ the re-
membrance of two errors did much afflict him, which were,
bis assent to the earl of Strafford's death, and the abolish--
ing of episcopacy in Scotland ; and that, if God ever re-
stored him to the peaceable possession of his crown, he
would demonstrate his repentance by a public confession
and a voluntary penance, by walking barefoot from the
Tower of London, or Whitehall, to St. Paul's church, and
would desire the people to intercede with God for his par-
don." In 1643, Dr. Sanderson was ejected from his pro-
fessorship and canonry in Oxford by the parliamentary vi-
sitors, and retired to his living of Boochby-Pannel. Soon
.after> he. was taken prisoner, and carried to Lincoln, to be
exchanged for one Clarkes a puritan divine, and minister
of Alington, who had been made prisoner by the king'^
D^rty. He was, however^ soon released upon articles, one
118
SANDERSON.
of which was, that the sequestradon of bis living shoiild be
recalled ; by which means he enjoyed a moderate subsist*'
ence for himself, wife, and children, till the restoration.
But, though the articles imported also, that he should Vive
undisturbed, yet he was far from being either qdiet or safe^
being once wounded, and several times plundered ; and
the outrage of the soldiers was ^ucb, that they not only
came into his church, and disturbed him when reading
prayers, but even forced the common prayer book froiii
bim, and tore it to pieces. During this retirement, be re-
ceived a visit from Dr. Hammond, who wanted to discourse
with him upon some points disputed between the Calvinists
and Arminians ; and he was often applied to for resolution
in cases of conscience, several letters upon which subjects
were afterwards printed*. In 1658, the hon. Robert Boyle
sent him a present of 50/. ; his circumstances, as of most of
the royalists at that time, being very low. Boyle had read
bis lectures " De juramenti obligatione,'* published the
preceding year, with great satisfaction ; and asked Barlow,
afterwards bishop of Lincoln, if he thought Sanderson
could be induced to write cases of conscience, provided he
had an honornry pension all6wed, to supply him with books
and an, amanuensis ? But Sanderson told Barlow, ^< that, if
any future tract of his could bring any benefit to mankiitd,
be would readily set about it without a peinsion.*' Upon
this, Boyle sent the above present by the hands of Barlow ;
and Sanderson presently revised, finished, and published,
bis book ^^ De obligatione conscientis," which, as well as
' * While Dr, Hammond was at San-
dersiOD's house, he laboured to per-
suade him to trust to bis excellent
memory, and not to read his sermons.
Dr. Sanderson promised to try the ex-
periment, and having on the Sunday
following, exchanged pulpits with a
neighbouriog clergyman, be gave Dr.
Hammond his sermon, which was a
very short one, intending to preach it
as it was written, but before he bad
gone through a third part, he became
disordered, incoherent, and almost
incapable of finishing. Ou ^heir re-
iocn Dr. Sanderson s^id with much
earnestness, '* Good doctor, give nie
jhy sermon, and know, tiiat neither
you, nor any man liTing, shall ever
persuade me to preach again without
book.*^ Ha'mmond replied, '* 6ood
doctor, be not angry ; for if I ev«r
persuade you to preach again without
book, I will give you leave to tiutu all
those that 1 am master off.*' Dr.
Sanderson on some occasions expresfsed
his sense of the great timidity and
bashfnieess of his temper, and thought
it bad been injurious to him.
■*T^
f Aubrey says, <* When I was a fresh-
man and heard him read his first lec-
ture, he was out in the Lord's prayer.'^
Letters written by Eminent Persons,
|8i3, 3 Tols. Svo. £vcn when *< Pr.
Sanderson was preparing his lectures^
he hesitated so nnch, and repeated 00
often, that at the time of reading, h«
was often forced to produce, not what
was best, but what happened tpt be
at hand." RM&bler, No. 19.
SANDERSON. 119
«
that '* De jurajpa^nti obligatione/' were the substaace of
part of his divinity lectures.
lu Aug. 1660, upon the restoration^ he was restored to
bis profei>sorship and canonry ; and soon after, at the re-
commendation of Sheldon, raised to the bishopric of Lin*
coin, and consecrated Oct, 28. He enjoyed his new dig-
nity but about two years and a quarter : during which time
he did all the good in his power, by repairing tbexpalace at
Bugden, augmenting poor vicarages, &c. notwithstanding
he was old, and had a family ; and when hjs friends sug-
gested a little more attention to them, he replied, tha^ he
Wft them to God, yet hoped he should be able at l\\$ d^atb
tp give them a competency. He died Jan. 29, 1662-3, in
bis seventy-sixth year ; and was buried in the chancel at
Bugden, in the plainest and least expensive manner, ac-
cording to his own directions. Dr. Sanderson was in his
person moderately tall, of a healthy constitution, of a
mild, cheerful, and even temper, and very abstemious. In
his behaviour, he was affable, civil, and obliging, but not
ceremonious. He was a man of great piety, modest}^ learn-
ing and abilities, but not of such universal reading^s might
be supposed. Being asked by a friend, what boo^he stu-
died most, when he laid the fouiidatiou of his great learn-
ing, he answered, that *^ he declined to read many books,
but what be did read were well chosen, and read often ;
and added, that they were chiefly three, Aristotle's ^ Rhe-
toric,' Aquinas's * Secunda Secundae," and TuUy, but espe-
cially his f Offices,' which he had not fead over less than
twenty times, and could even in his old age recite without ^
book." . He ^old him also, the learned civilian Dr. Zouch ^^
had written ^^Elementa JurisprudentisB," which he thought
he could also say w^thqut book, and that no vyise man could
read it too often^gpfeides his great knowledge in the fa-
thers, schoiikliK^iKi casuistical and controversial divi-
nity, JJi^Rs eK^Ctlj^ vefsed in ancient and modem history,
was a good 9<tvtiquary, and indefipLtig^ble searcher into re-
.cprds, and well acquainted with heraldry and gen/ealogies; , ■.,
of which last subject be left 20 vols, in MS. now in the
library of '^ir Joseph Banks. The vorthiest<''and most
learned of l]is contefpporaries speak of him in the most re-
spectful terms : " That stai/J and well-weighed noan Dr.
Sanderson," . says tfamm.Qnd, ^^ .conceives all things deli-
berately, dwells upon them discretely, discerns things that
differ exactly, passeth bis judgment rationally, and ex-
presses it aptly, clearly, and honestly."
129 SANDERSON.
The morial character of this great and good man^ Mc,
Granger observes, has lately been, rashly aod feebly at-
tacked by the author of the '* Confes^ionaJ," and as ably
defended by the author of "A Dialogue between * Isaac
Walton and Homologistes," 1768. Cyery enemy to church
government has been, for the same reason^ an enemy to
bishop Sanderson and every other prelate ; but the upright-
ness and integrity of his heart, as a casuist, was never be-
fore called in question by any man who was not an entir^i
stranger to his character. He saw and deplored, and did
bis utmost, honestly and rationally, to remedy the com^
plicated ills of anarchy in church and state ; when *' every
man projected and reformed, and did what was right in his,
own eyes. No image can better express such a condition,
thau that of a dead animal in a state of putrefaction, when,
instead of one noble creature, as it was, when life held it
together, there are ten thousand little nauseous reptiles
growing out of it, eyery one crawling in a path of its own.'**
We shall now give some account of his writings, which,
for good sense, clear reasoning, and manly style, have
always been much esteemed. In 1615, he published, i.
*' Logicae Artis Compendium,'' ^s we have already men-
tioned. In 1671 appeared, as a posthumous work, hi$
'^ PhysicsB scienties compendium," printed at Oxford. 2.
'^ Sermons,'* preached and printed at different times,
amounting to the number of thirty-six, 1681, folio; with
the author's life by Walton prefixed. 3. ^< Nine Cases of
Conscience resolved;" published at different times, but
first collected in 1678, 8vo. The last of these nine cases
is " Of the use of the Liturgy," the very same tract which
was published by Walton in his Life of Sanderson, 167S,
under the title of ^'Bishop Sanderson's judgment concern-
ing submission to Usurpers." In this tract is given a full
account of the manner in which Dr. Sanderson conducted
himself, in performing the service of the church, in the
times of the usurpation. 4. ^' De Juramenti Obligatione,"
1647, 8vo; reprinted several times since, with, 5. ** De
Obligatione Conscientiae." This last was f^rst printed, as
we have said,' at the request of Mr. Boyle, and dedicated
to him; the former, viz. <' De Juramenti Obligatione,'^'
was translated into English by Charles L, during his con-
finement in the Isle of Wight, and printed at London \i\
^ Madia's Sermons, ScmiOD on the evils of Anarchy, p. 8^
». . .1 ■ •
SANDERSON. 121
l!SBS, 8to; and of both there is an English translation
entitled << ^Prelections on the Nature and Obligation of pro-
missory oaths and of conscience/' London^ 1722^ 3 vols.
Sro. 6. *< Censure of Mr. Antony Ascham bis book of the
Confusions and Revolution? of Government,'* 1649, 8vo,
This Ascbam was the rump parliament's agent at Madrid^
and was murdered there by some English royalists. 7.
^ Episcopacy, as established by Law in England, not pre-
judicial to the Regal Power," 1661, mentioned before. 8.
"Pax Ecclesifie ; about Predestination, or the Five Points;**
printed at the end of his Life by Walton, 8vo. Our bishop
iseems at first to have been a strict Cal/mist in those points:
for in 1632, when twelve of his sermons were printed tOr
gether, the reader may observe in the margin scrme accu<«
sationd of Arminius for false doctrine; but in consequence
of his conferences with Dr. Hammond, he relaxed ffom the
rigid sense, as appears by some letters that passed between
them, and which are printed in Hammond^s works. d«
** Discourse concerning the Church in these particulars :
first, concerning the visibility of the true Church; second-
ly, concerning the Church of Rome,*' &c. 1688 ; published
by Dr. William Ashetoo, from a MS copy, which he had
from Mr. Pullen, the bishop*8 domestic chaplain. 10. A
large preface to a book of Usher's, written at the special
fcommand of Charles L and entitled, '^The Power commu-
nicated by God to the Prince, and the Obedience required
of the Subject,*^ &c. 1661, 4to, and 1683, 8vo. 11. A
prefatory Discourse, in defence of Usher and his writings^
prefixed to a collection of learned treatises, Entitled, '* Clavi
Trabales ; or, nails fastened by some great masters of at-
Ijemblies, confirming the king's supremacy, the subjects*
duty, and church government by bishops," 1661, 4to. 12.
f* Prophecies concerning the return of Popery,'* inserted
111 a book entitled *' F^ir Warning, the second pietrt," Lon-
don, 1663. This volume contains also several extracts
from the writings of Whitgift and Hooker, and was publish-
ed with a view to oppose the sectaries, who were said to be
opening a door at which popery would certainly enter. 13.
** The preface to the Book of Common Prayer,*' beginning
with these words, ** It hath been the wisdom of the church.**
14. ^^ BrtK>/hu;, sen Explanatio Juramenti," &c. inserted in
the *^ Excerpta e corpore statutorum Univ. Oxon.'* p. 194.
It was written to explain the oath of obligation to observe
^tke penal statute^. 15, f^ Articles of Visitation and In*
123
SANDERSON.
qairy concerning matters ecclesiastical/^ &a Lond. 1662^
4to. Dr. Sanderson and Dr. Haniaiond were jointly con-
cerned in a work entitled ^^ A pacific discourse of God^s
frace and decrees/' and published by the latter in 1660.
n the preface to the Polyglott, Dr. Bryan Walton has
classed Dr. Sanderson among those of his much honoured
friends who assisted him in that noble work. Peck, io the
second volume of his ^^ Desiderata Curiosa/' has published
the *' History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of
the Blessed Virgin St. Mary at Lincoln : containing au ex*-
act copy of all the ancient monumental inscriptions there,
in number 163, as they stood in 1641, most of which were
soon after torn up, or otherways defaced. Collected by
Robert Sanderson, S.T. P. afterwards lord bishop of that
church, and compared with and corrected by sir Willtam
Dugdale's MS survey."*
SANDERSON (Robert), an antiquary of considerable
]iote> was a younger son of Christopher Sanderson, ^jus-»
tice of the peace for the county palatine of Durham, who
had suffered for his attachment to the Stuart family during
the civil war. He was born July 27, 1660, at Eggleston-
ball, in that county, and entered a student of St. Jpbn^$
college, Cambridge, under the tuition of Dr. Baker, April
7, 1683. He remained in the university several years, aq4
' was contemporary with the celebrated Matthew Prior. Re-
moving to London, lie afterwards turned his attention to
the law, and was appointed clerk of the rolls, in the Rolls
chapel. He contributed largely to the compilation of Ry*
mer^s Foedera, ^nd was exclusively concerned in arranging
thQ three concluding volume^, from IB to 20, whiph he
successively dedicated to kings George I.^nd II. (See
Rymer.)
In 1704 he published a translation of ^^ Original Letj^ers
frgm William III. whilst Prince of Orange, to Charles II.,
!|Lord Arlington, and otb^ers, with an Accoiupt of the Prince's
Reception at Middleburgh, and his Spepcb on tfoat ppca*
sionV dedicating the book to lord WoqctsjtQpk. Ha 9I10
wrote " A History of Henry V." in the vf^y of anuaU, it|
nip^ volumes, of which tbp first four have been Ipst, and
the others still remain in ipanijfscript amongst his p^p(erv
Ip 1714 be became ac^ndidat^ for the plaqe of hi«toriQ-»
' Life by Wa^Uon, with tracts, 1678, Svo.— Walton's Lives by Zouch.— nio».
. Brit. — Atb. Ox. vol. n.-~Bishop Barlow's Remains, p. 333 and 634.— Words-
wprtl^'s l^GpL BiQ|;r^p^y.-^Gen{. Mag. vol. LXXl. .
SANDERSON. 123
grapber to queen Anne, and received a very handsome offer
of assistance from Matthew Prior, at that time ambassador
to the court of France. His success, however, was pre-*
vented by the change of ministry which succeeded on the
queen's death. On the 2dth of November, 1726, he was
appointed usher of the high court of chancery, by sir Jo^
seph Jekyll, the master of the rolls. He succeeded, in
1727, by the death of an elder brother, to a considerable
landed property in Cumberland, the north riding of Yorlc-
shire, and Durham. After this^ though he continued
chiefly to reside in London, he occasionally visited his
country seat at Armatbwaite castle, a mansion pleasantly
situated on the bank^ of the Eden, about ten miles from
Carlisle. He was married four times ; for the last time to
Elizabeth Hickes of London, when he had completed bis
70th year. He died Dec. 25, 1741, at his house in Chan^
eery-lane, in the 79th year of his age, and was buried in
Red- Lion- Fields. He was a devout man, well read in di«
vinity, attached to the forms of the church of England, and
very regular in his attention to public and private worship.
He was slightly acquainted with the Hebrew language, and
conversant in the Greek, Latin,* Spanish, Italian, and
French. He made a choice collection of books in various
languages, and left behind him several volumes of MSS,
relating chiefly to history, and the court of chancery, and
including a transcript of Thurloe^s State Papers. He kept
a diary, in which be noted down, with minute attention*
the* slightest occurrences of his life. As be left no issue,
his estates descen.ded, on the death of his last wife, in
175-3, to the family of Margaret, his eldest sister, oiarried
to Henry Milboiu*ne, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne ; whose
great grandson, William Henry Milbourne, was high she-
riff of Cumberland in 1794.^
SANDERSON. See SAUNDERSON. ^
SANDERUS (Anthony), an eminent topographer and
antiquary, was born at Antwerp, in Sept. 15S6. He was
first taught Latin at Oudenarde, and pursued his cl issical
studies at the Jesuits' college in Ghent. He then studied
philosophy at Doua^, and in 1609 obtained the degree of
master of arts. A^ter pome stay in his native country, he
entered on a course of theology at Louvain, which be
eompleted at Douay, and in 1619, or 1621, took th^
' Ni\hols*8 Buwyer.-^Rees's Cyclop^dui,
124 S A N D E R U S.
degree of docror in that faculty. Being ordained priest,
officiated for several years in various churches in the diocesar
of Ghent, was remarkably zealous in the conversion of A^-
reticSf i. e. protestants, and particularly contended much
with the anabaptists, who were numerous in that quarter.
Having, however, rendered himself obnoxious to^ the Hol^
landers, by some services in which he was employed by the
king of Spain, their resentment made him glad to enter into
the service of cardinal Alphonso de la Cueva, who was then
in the Netherlands, and made him his almoner and secre-^
tary. Some time after, by the cardinal's interest, he was
made canon of Ipres (not of Tournay, as father Labbe as*
»erts) and finally theologal of Terouanne. He died in 1664,
in the seventy-eighth year of his age, at AfHingham, an
abbey of Brabant in thei diocese of Mechlin, and was inter-
red there, with a pious inscription over his grave, written
by himself.
The long list of bis works shews that his life was not
spent in indolenpe. Some of these of the religious kind
we shall omit. The principal, which respected literature,
or the biography and ' history of the Netherlands, were, 1 .
*' Dissertatio parsenetica pro instituto bibliothecee publicae
Gandavensis,'* Ghent, 1619, 4to. 2. ** Poematum libri
tres," ibid. 1621, 8vo. 3. ** Panfegyricus in kudem B.
TbomaB de Villanova," ibid. 1623, 4to. 4. *' Encomium
S. Isidori," Antwerp, 1623, 8vo. 5. *^ De Scriptoribu^
Flandriae, libri tres,'' ibid. 1624, 4to. 6. *^ De Ganda*
▼eMsibus eruditionis fama claris,*' -ibid. 1624, 4to. 7. '^De
Brugensibus eruditionis fama ciaris,'' ibid. 1624, 4to. 8.
" Hagiologium FlandriaB," &c. ibid. 1625, 4to, and with
additions, at Lisle, 1639. 9. ^^ Elogia Cardinalium sanc«
titate, doctrina, et armis illustrium,'' Louvain, 1625, 4to«
10. ** Gandavium, sive rerum Gandavensium libri sex,*^
Brussels, 1627, 4to. 11. '^De Claris sanctitate et erudi«
tione Antoniis," Louvain, 1627, 4to. 12. ^* Bibliotheca
Belgica mauuscripta,'* 2 parts or volumes, Lisle, 1641 and
1643, 4to. 13. " Flandria lllustrata," Cologne, 1641 and
1644, 2 vols. fol. a most superb book, well known to the
collectors of foreign history and topography. There is an
edition published at the Hague in 1730, 3 vols. fol. but tb6
original is preferred on account of th^ superior beauty of
the engravings. 14, '^ Chorographia sacra Brabantia, sive
celebrium aliquot in ea provincia ecclesi^ruip et ccenobio-
rum descriptio,*' Brussels and Antwerp, 1659, 2 vols. fo(^
8ANDERUSL 123
1669. This is a still more splendid work than the former,
v^nd of much more rare occurrence in a complete state, very
few copies of the second volume being in existence. The
reason assigned is, that the entire impression of the second
volume was suppressed as soon as completed, and remained
in the warehouse of a bookseller at Brussels until 1695, in
which year that city was bombarded by the French, and all
the copies, except a few in the possession of the author's
friends, perished by fire. This likewise was reprinted at
the Hague in 3 vols. foL 1726 — 27, but with different plates,
and of course this edition is not so highly esteemed. San-
ders wrote other topographical works, which appear to re-
main in MS.^
SANDFORD (Francis), a herald and heraldic writer,
descended from a very ancient and respectable family, still
seated at Sandford, in the county of Salop, was the third
ton of Francis Sandford, of that place, esq. by Elizabeth,
daughter of Calcot Chambre, of WiJliamscot in Oxford-
«bire, and of Carnow in Wicklow in Ireland. He was bora
in 1630, in the castle of Carnow in the province of Wick-
low, part of the half barony of Shelelak, purchased of
James I., by his maternal grandfather, Chalcot Chambre.
He partook in an eminent degree the miseries of the period
which marked his.youth. At eleven years of age he sought
ftn asylum in Sandford, being driven by the rebellion from
Ireland. No sooner had his pitying relatives determined to
educate htm to some profession, than they were proscribed
for adhering to the cause of their sovereign ; he received,
'therefore, only that learning which a grammar school could
give. As some recom pence for the hardships be and his
faoiily had experienced, he was admitted, at the restora-
tion, as pursuivant in the college of arms^ but conscien-
tiously attached to James II., he obtained leave to resign
his tabard to Mr. King, rougedragon, who paid him 220/.
for his office. He retired to Bloomsbury, or its vicinity^
where he died, January 16, 1693, and was buried in St.
Bride^s upper church yard. The last daya of this valuable
man corresponded too unhappily with the first, for he died
*< advanced in years, neglected, and poor.'* He married
Jtfargaret, daughter of William Jokes, of Bottington, in
the county of Montgomery, relict of William Kerry, by
whom he bad issue. His literary works are, 1. '^ A genea*
* Fo|>peiiBibkBel{^.— Moreri«-^LoBgt&aa'i Catalog ae for 18 lO,
12« S A N D P O R D.
logical History of the Kings of Portugal," &c. London,
\664fy fol. partly a translation, published in complimetit lo
Catherine of Braganza, consort to Chai*les IL It is become
scarce. 2. . " The Orch?r and Ceremonies used at the Fu-
neral of his Grace, George Duke of Albemarle,'* Savo}*,
16?0.. This is a thin folio, the whole represented in en*
graving. 3. ** A genealogical History of the Kings of
England, and M'onarchs of Great Britain, from th^-Nordian
Conquest, Anno 1066, to the year 1677, in seven Part*
or Books, containing a Drscourse of their several Lives, Mar-
liagesj ancl Issues, Times of Birib, Death, Places of Bu-
rialj and monumental Inscriptions, with their Effigies, Sfeals,
Tombsj Cenotaphs, Devices, Arms," &c. Savoy, 167^,
fol. dedicated to Charles IL, by whose command the wtjrk
was undertaken. It is his best and most estimable perform-
ance. The plan is excellent, the fineness of the no'meronis
engravings greatly enrich and adorn it : many are by Hoi'**
lar, others by the best artists of thnt period, inferior to
him, but not contemptible, even when seen at this age of
improvement in graphic art. The original notes are not
the least valuable part of the work, conveying great in-
formation, relative to the heraldic history of our monarch^,
princes, 'and nobility. Mr. Stebbinjx» Somerset herald,
reprinted it in 1707, continuing it until that year, giving
some additional information to the original works; but the
plates being worn out, or ill touched, this edition is far iih-
ferior to the first. " The Coronation of K. James 11. and
Q Mary,'* &c.*iilustrated with sculptures. Savoy, 1687, a
most superb work. When James declared he would have
the a-ccount of his coronation printed, Mr. Sandford and
Mr. King, then rouge-dragon, obtained the earl n^arshaPs
consent to execute it ; the lattqr says, the greatest part
passed through his hands, as well as the whole management
and economy of it, though he declined having his name
appear in the title-page, contenting himself with one third
part of the property, leaving the honour, and twoTemain-
ing shares of it, to Mr. Sandford ; well foreseeing, he says^
that they would be maligned for it by others of their office ;
and he was not mistaken, for Sandford, with all the honour,
had all the malice, for having opposed the earl marshaP^
appointing Mr. Burghill to be receiver of fees of honoiif
for the heralds, and endeavouring to vest it in the king; so
that the affair was taken and argued at the council table.
The earl marshal, at the insinuation of some of th6 be-
8 A N D F O R D. 127
raids, suspended him, tinder pretence that he had not
finished the history of the coronation ; but he submitting,
the suspension was soon taken off. The book at last was
not successful, for the publication being delayed until
1687, and the revolution following, which threw a damp
on such an undertaking, Messrs. Sand ford and King gained
no more than their expen'ces, amounting to 600/.*
SANDINI (Anthony), an Italian ecclesiastical historian,
was bom June 31, 1692, and became, by the interest of
his bishop, cardinal Rezzonico, who was afterwards pope
Clement XI 11. librarian and professor of ecclesiasticcil his-
tory ^t Padua, where he died, Feb. 23, 1751, in the fifty-
ninth year of his age. He is known principally by his
** Vitae Pontificum Romanorum," Ferrara, 1748, reprinted
under the title of " Basis Historiae Ecclesiasticae.'* He also
wrote " Historian Familias Sacr® ;*' ** Historia S. S. Apos-
tolorum ;*' ** Disputationes XX ex Historia Ecclesiastica
ad Vitas Pontificum Romanorum," and " Dissertations,'*
in defence of tiie " Historian Familiae Sacrae," which fathei*
Serry had attacked.*
SANDIUS (Christopher), or. Van Den Sand, a So-
cinian writer, was born at Konigsburg in the year 1644.
After becoming an ecclesiastic, he went to Amsterdam,
where lie died in 1680, aged only thirty-six. He published
various works, among which are, 1. " Nucleus Historiaf;
Eeciesiastics," 1669, in 2 vols. 8vo, reprinted at Cologne,
in 1676 : and in London in 1681. 2. " Tractatus de Ori-
'gine Animae, 1671." 3. *< Notae et Observationes in G.J,
Vossium de Historicis Latinis," 1677, a work of consider-
able learning. 4. " Centuria Epigrammatum ;" 5. " In-
terpretationes paradoxae IV. Evangeliorum ;" 6. " Confes-
aio Fidei de Deo Patre, Filio, et Spiritu Sancto, secuhdum
Scripturam;" '* Scriptura SacraD TTrinitatis RevelatrixJ'
But the only work now much known, which was published
after his death, is his *^ Bibliotheca Anti-Trinitariorum,^*
Freistadt, 1684, 12mo, containing an account of the lives
and writings of Socioian authors, and some tracts giving
many particulars of the history of the Polish Socinians.'
SAN DR ART (Joachim), a German painter, was born
at Francfortin 1606. He was sent by his father to a gram-
mar school; his inclination to engraving and designing
* Atb. Ox. vol. II. — Harris** edition of Ware. — Noble's CoHeje of Arms. —
Gent Mag. voK LXIU.
« Diet Hist. > Moreri.— Diet. Hi.t.
125 8 A N D R A R T.
being irresistiblci he was sufFered to indulge it, and tir^nt
on foot to Prague, where he put himself under Giles Sade-
ler, the famous engraver, who persuaded him to apply bi^
genius to painting. He accordingly went to Utrecht, and
was some time under Gerard Honthrost, who took him inlor
England with him; where be stayed till 1627, the year in
which the duke of Buckingham, who was the patron of
painting and painters, was assassinated by Fehon at Ports-
mouth. He went afterwards to Venice, where he copied
the finest pictures of Titian and taul Veronese; and from
Venice to Rome, where he became one of the most consi-
derable painters of his time. The king of Spain sending
to Rome for twelve pictures of the most skilful hands then
in that city, twelve painters were set to work^ one of wfaomi
was Sandrart. After a long stay in Rome, he went to N»«
pies, thence to Sicily and Malta, and at length returned
through Lombardy to Francfort^ where he married. A
great famine happening about that time, he removed to
Amsterdam; but returned to Francfort lapon the cessit«
tion of that grievance. Not long after, he took possession
of the manor of Stokau, in the duchy of Neuburg, which
was fallen to him ; and, finding it much in decay, sold all
his pictures, designs, and other curiosities, in order ^a
y^ise money for repairs. He had but just completed these,
when, the war breaking out between tbe Germans and the
French, it was burned by the latter to the ground. He
then rebuilt ic in a better style; but, fearing a second in-*
vasion, sold it, and settled at Augsburgh, where he exe-
cuted many fine pictures. His wife dying, he left.Augs-
burgh,. and went to Nuremberg, where he established ait
academy of painting. Here he published his '^ Academia.
artis pictorias,*' 1683, fol. being »an abridgrtient of Vasari
a4)d Ridolfi for what concerns the Italian painters, and of
Charles Van Mander for the Flemings, of the seventeenth
century. He died at Nuremberg, in 1688. His work above
mentioned, which some have called superficial, is but a
part of a larger work, which he published before under the
title of *' Academia Todesca della architettura, scultura, e
pittura, oderTeutsche academic der edlen banbild-mahle-
Ten-kunste," Nuremberg, 1675 — 79, 2 vols. fol. He pub*
lished also, *' Iconologia Deorum, qui ab antiquis coleban-
lur (Germanice), ibid. 1680, fol. " Admiranda Sculpturaei
Teteris, sive delineatio vera perfectissima statuarum," ibid-
1680, fol. ^* Romse aniiquss et novae theatrum,^' i6S^, foK
^ A N D R A R t. i2Sl
^'^ l^bHUKNTttin Fotttinalia/' ibid. 1685, fol. A German
^ditioD of all bis works was published by Volkmann, at
Nuremberg, in 1669 — 75, 8 vols, fol.'
SANDYS (Edwin), a very eminent English prelate, thct.
third son of Wil(iam Sandys, esq. and Margaret his wife^
descended from the ancient barons of Kendal, was bora
near Hawksbead, in Furness Fells, Lancashire, in 1519*
The same neigbbourbood^ and almost the same year, gave
birth to two other luminaries of the reformation, Edmund
Grindal and Bernard Gilpin* Mr. Sandys*s late biographer
conjectures, that be was educated at the school of Furness
Abbey, whence be was removed to St. John^s-coliege,,
Cambridge^ in 1532 or 1533, where be had for his con-
temporaries Redmayn and Lever, both great lights of tha
reformation, beside othets of inferior name, who continued
in the hour of trial so true to their principles, that, accord-
ing to Mri Baker, the learned historian pf that bousef
^* probably more fellows were, in queen Mary's reign,
ejected from St. John's than from any other society in either
tiniversityt" Several years now elapsed of Saudys's life^
during which in matters of religion men knew not how to
act or what to believe ; but, though the nation was at this
time under severe restraints with respect to external con-»
duct, inquiry was still at work in secret : the corruption^
of the old religion became better understood, , the Scrip-
tures wete universally studied, and every impediment being
removed with the capricious tyranny of Henry VIII., pro-
testantism, with little variation from its present establish-
ment in England, became the religion of the state. >
During this interval Sandys^ who, from the independence
bf bis fortune, or some other cause, had never been scbo*
iar or fellow of bis college, though he had served the
bffice of proctor for the university, was in 1547 elected
master of Catherine-ball. He was probably at this tima
vicar of Haversham, in Bucks, his first considerable pre-*
ferment, to which, in 1548, was.added a prebend of. Peter-
borough, and in 1552, the second stall at Carlisle. \}^ith-
out the last of these preferments he was enabled to marry^ ^
end chose a lady of his own name, the daughtei'of a branch
unnoticed by the genealogists, a beautiful and pious wo-*
man. The next year, which was that of his vice-cban«
cellorship, rendered bim unhappily conspicuous by his
< PilkingtoD.-ii^Strtttt*
V9L.XXVW. K
13d S- A N 0 Y S.
yielding to the command or request of Dudley, duke d
Nortliumberland, and preaching a sermon in support of
lady Jane Gray's pretensions to the crown, after the death
of Edward VI. The designs of Dudley's party having been
almost immediately defeated, Sandys was marked out for
vengeance ; and the popish party in the university, as the
first step towards regaining an ascendant, resolved to de-
pose the vice-chancellor, which was performed in a man-
ner very characteristic of the tumultuous spirit of the
times. From this time, in July 1553, he ceased to reside
in college, or to take any part in the administration of its
concerns.
He then left the universitv, amidst the insults of his
enemies, and the tears of bis friends, -^ho reasonably an-
ticipated a worse fate than that which befel him. On his
arrival in London, he was ordered to be confined in the
Tower, - where the yeomen of the guard took from him
every thing which he had been permitted to bring froni
Cambridge; but his faithful servant, Quintiq Swainton,
brought after him a Bible, some shirts and other necessa-
ries. The Bible being no prize for plunderers, was sent
in, but every thing else was stolen by the warders. Here,
after remaining three weeks, solitary and ill accommo-
dated in a vile lodging, he was removed to a better apart-
ment, call/ed the Nun's Bower (a name now forgotten in
ihat gloomy mansion), where he bad the comfort of Mr.
John Bradford's company. In this apartment ' they re-
mained twenty-^nine weeks, during which time the mildness
yet earnestnessof tfaeirpersuasions wroughton their keeper,
a bigoted catholic, till he became a sincere protestant,
'' a son begotten in bonds^" so that when mass was cele-
brated in the chapel of the Tower, instead of compelling
his prisoners to attend, the converted gaoler frequently
. brought up a service-book of Edward VI. with bread and
wine, and Sandys administered the sacrament in both kinds
to himself and the other two.
Here they continued until their apartments being wanted
for the persons concerned in Wyat's conspiracy, they were
removed to the Marshalsea. On their way there they found
the people's minds greatly changed. Popery, unmasked
and triumphant, had already shewn its nature again,- and
general disgust had followed the short burst of joy which
had attended the queen's accession. . Sandys walked along
the streets attended by bis keeper : and as he was generally
B A K D V S. 131
ktoo«!il, the people prayed that God would eomfort him^
and strengthen him io the mitb* Struck with these ap-
pearances of popularityi the keeper of the Marshalsea saidj
<< These vain peo|^ would set you forward to the fire :
but you are as Tain as they^ if you^ being a young mao^
will prefer your own conceit before the judgoient of so many
worthy prellUes^ and so many grave and leamed^nen as are
ia this realm. If you persist, you shall find me as strict a
keeper, aa one that utterly misliketh your religion." Dr«
Sandys nobly replied^ " My years, indeed, are few, and
tny learning is small ; but it is enough to know Christ
crucified ; and who seeth not the blasphemies of popery
bath learned nothing. I have read in Scripture of godly
and courteous keepers, God make you like one of them ;
if not,. I trust he will give me strength and patience to b^ajr
your bard dealing' with me." The keeper then asked^
" Are you resolved to stand to your religion ?" *< Yes,'*
^aid Dr. Sandys, " by God's grace." « 1 love you the
-better, therefore," said the keeper, « I did but tempt youj
every favour which I can show, you shall be sure of : nay^
if you die at a stake, I shall be happy to die with you.'*
:And from that day such was the confidence which this good
•man reposed in Sandys, that many times he permitted him
,to walk alone io the fields j nor would he ever suffer him
to be fettered> like the other' prisoners. He lodged him
also in the best chamber of the house, and often permitted
his wife to visit him. Great resort was here made to Dr.
Sandys for his edifying discourses, and much money was
oflFered him, but he would accept of none. Here too the
communion was celebrated three ^r four times by himself
and his companions, of whom Saunders, afterwards the mar-
tyr, was one, to many communicants.
After nine weeks confinement in the Marshalsea, he was
set at liberty, by the intercession of sir Thomas Holcroft
knigbt-marsbal. This, however, was not accomplished
without much difficulty, and so intent was Gardiner, bishop
of Winchester, on bringing Sandys to the stake, that it
required ^ome management on the part of sir Thomas
before he could succeed ; and no sooner Was Sandys libe-
rated than Gardiner, being told that he had set at liberty
one of the greatest heretics in the kingdom, procured or-
dcrs.io be issued to all the constables of London to search
for, and apprehend hipa. In Sandys's. final escape, as re-
iatedby his late biographer, the hand of Providence wi*s
132 SANDYS.
Strikingly visible. While he was in the Tower, tranting si
pair of new hose, a tailor was sent for, who, not bein^
permitted to measure him, had made them too long, anA
while he was now concealed at the house of one Hurleston,
a skinner in Cornhill, he sent them, as Hnrleston's own^
to a tailor to be shortened. This happened to be honest
Benjamin the maker, a good protestant| who immediately
recognized his own bandy work, and required to be shown
to the house where Dr. Sandys was, that he might speak
with him for bis good. At midnight he was admitted, and
informed Dr. Sandys, that all the constables of the city^
of whom he himself was one, were employed to apprehend
him, that it was well known that bis servant had provided
two geldings, and that he meant to ride out at Aldgate to-
morrow. " But," said he, •* follow my advice, and, by-
God's grace, you shall escape. Let your man walk all the
day to-morrow in the street where your horses are stabled^
booted and prepared for a journey. The servant of the
man of the house shall -take the horses to Betbna]«>
green. The man himself shall follow, and be booted as if
h6 meant to ride. About eight in the morning I will be
with you, and here we will break our fast. It is both term
and parliament time, and the street by that hour will be
full of people; we will then go forth*— look wildly, and,
if you meet your own brother in the street, do not shun,
but outface him, and assure him that you know him not.*'
Dr. Sandys accordingly complied, and came out at the ap-
pointed hour, clothed in all respects as a layman and a
gentleman. Benjamin carried him through bye^lan^es to
Moorgate, where the horses were ready, and Hurleston as
his man. That night he rode to his father-in-law's house,
but had not been there two hours, when intelligence
was brought, that two of the guard had been dispatched
^o apprehend him, and would be there that night. He was
then immediately conducted to the house of a farmer near
the sea-side, where he remained two days and two nights
in a solitary chamber. Afterwards he removed to the house
of one James Mower, a ship-master, near Milton-shore,
where was a fleet of merchant-men awaiting a wind for
Flanders. While he was there. Mower gathered a con-
gregation of forty or fifty seamen, to whom he gave an ex^*
hortation, with which they were so much delighted^ that
they promised to defend him at the expence of their lives.
On Sunday May 6, be embs^rked in the asune vessel with
SANDYS. 1S3
Or. Coxe, afterwards bishop of Ely, and the ship was yet
in sight, when two of the guard arrived on the shore to ap-
prehend Dr. Sandys.
t His danger was not even yet entirely over, for on his
arrival at Antwerp, he received intelligence that king
Philip of Spain had sent to apprehend him, on which h«
escaped to the territory of Clev^, from thence to Augs-
jburgh, where he remained fourteen days, and then re-
moved to Strasburgh. Here he took up his abode for the
present, and here unquestionably spent the mo^t gloomy
portion of his life. His own health was at this time deeply
injured; he fell sick of a flux (the usual concomitant of
hardships and afflictions), which continued without abate**
nieat for nine months ; his only child died of the plague;
and iiis beloved wife, who had found means to follow^ him
about a year after bis flight from England, expired of a
consumption, in his afms. In addition to his sorrows, the
disputes concerning church discipline broke out among th^
English exiles, on which several of his friends left the
place. After his wife's deattf, he went to Zurich,, where
be was entertained by Peter Martyr, but, his biographer
thinks, the time did not permit him to receive any deep
tincture either as to doctrine or discipline from Geneva or
its neighbours.; Within five weeks the news of queen
Mary's death arrived ; and after being joyfully feasted by
BuUinger, and the other ministers of the Swiss churches,
he returned to Strasburgh, where hie preached ; after
which Grindal and he set out for their native country to-
gether, and arrived in London on the day of queen Eliza-
beth's coronation.
Dr. Sandys was now somewhat less than forty years old,
in the vigour of his mental faculties and with recruited
bodily strength. The first public scene on which he ap-
peared was the great disputation between the leading di-
vines of the protestant and popish side, in which, if his
talent for debate bore any proportion to his faculty of
preaching, he must have borne a very conspicuous part.
On the 21st of December, 1559, he was consecrated by
archbishop Parker to the see of Worcester. Browne Willis
bas roost unjustly accused our prelate of having enriched
bis faipily out of the lands of this see ; on the contrary, he
traosmitted it to his successor, exactly as be found it, that
^ saddled with the conditions of an exchange which the
CfowQ had by statute a right to make. He accepted it oa
134 8 A N I> Y »,
these conditions, and what he was never seized of, il wa«
impossible for him to alienate. After all, this was scarcely
a matter sufficient to excite Browne Willis's superstition^
reverence^ for the rental of the manors taken away was. no
more than ]9S/. 12^. S^d. per ann. and that of the spiritu*^
alities given in exchange 1 94/.
^ At Worcester began the inquietudes and vexations which
pursued bishop Sandys through his latter days. The papists
in his diocese hated him, and he was at no pains to cpnciliate
them. At Hartlebury, in particular, it was his misfortone
to have for his neighbour sir John Browne, a bigoted pa*
pist, who took every opportunity to insult the bishop, and
to deride his wife (for he had by this time married Cecily^
sister of sir Thomas Wilford), by calling her ** My Lady,*»
a style which in the novelty of their situation, some of the
bishop- s wives really pretended to ; so that in conclusioti «
great affray took place between the bishop's servants and
those of the knight, in which several were wounded on
both sides. At Worcester Dr. Sandys remained till 1570^
when on the translation of bis friend Grindal to York, he
succeeded him in the see of London, a station for which
he .was eminently qualified by his talents as a preacher, and
as a governor. During this period, he had interest to pro^
cure for his kinsman Gilpin, a nomination to the bishoprio
of Carlisle, but Gilpin refused it. At London, Dr. Sandys
sat six years, when be was translated to York, on the re-
moval of Grindal to Canterbury.
Years were now coming upon him, and a' numerous fa-
mily demanded a provision ; but as it was a new and un«
popular thing to see the prelates of the church abandon-*
ing their cathedrals and palaces, and retiring to obscure
manor-houses on their estates, in order to accumulate for-f
tunes for their children, an abundant portion of abloquy
fell upon Sandys, who seldom lived at York, and not very
magnificently at Southwell. Yet he visited his diocese
regularly, and preached occasionally in his cathedral with
great energy and effect. In 1577, during a metropolitical
visitation, he came in his progress to Durham, the bishoprio
of which was then vacant, but was refused admittance by
Whittingham, the puritan dean. The archbishop, however,
with his wonted firmness proceeded to excommqnication.
The issue of this contest will come to be noticed in our
account of Whittingham. In the month of May 1582^
being ooc^ mor^ i^ a pro^recis through bis diocese, a di$^T
8 A N D Y & US
bolical atteospt wa> mada to blast bis cbaracter. He bap?
peoed to lie at an infi in Doncaster j wberei through the
contrivance of sir Robert Stapleton, and other enemiets,
the inn-keeper's wife was put to bed to bioi at midnight
when be was asleep. On this^ according to agreement,
the inn-keeper rushed into the room, waked the archbishop
with his noise, and offered a drawn dagger to his breast,
pretending to' avenge the injury*. Immediately sir.Robert
Stapleton came in, as if called from his chamber by the
inn-keeper; and putting on the appearance of a friend, as
indeed he had formerly been, and as the archbishop theii
thought him, advised his grace to make the matter up^
laying before him many perils and dangers to his name
and the credit of reUgion that might ensue, if, being one
gainst so many, he should offer to stir in such a cause ;
^d persuading him, that, qotwithstanding his innocency^
which the archbishop earnestly protested, and StapletoQ
then acknowledged, it were better to stop the mouths of
needy persons than to bring his name into doubtful quesr
tion. With this advice, Sandys unwarily complied; but,
afterwards discovering sir Robert's malice and treacherous
dissimulation, he ventured, in confidence of bis own inno-
eency, to be the means himself of bringing the whole
cause to examination before the council in the star-cham-
ber. The result of this was, that he was declared entirely
innocent of the wicked slanders and imputations .Taise4
against him ; and that sir Robert Stapleton and his accom-
plices were first imprisoned, and then fined in a most ser
vere manner. This affair is related at large by sir John
jHarrington, a contemporary writer; suid by Le Neve, who
gives a fuller account of it, from an exemplification of the
decree, made in the star-chamber, 8 May, 25 Eliz. pre-
served in the Harleian library.
The last act of the archbishop^s life seems to hs^ve been
the resistance he made against the earl of Leicester, who
wanted to wrest from the see a valuable estate. It is to be
regretted that after having made this noble stand, our pre-
late should have granted a long lease of the manor of
Scroby to his own family.
Of the decline of archbishop Sandys^s age, and of the
particular disorder which brought him to his grave, no
circumstances are recorded. He died at Southwell, July.
10,:- 1588, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, and was bu«
ried in the collegiate church o( that places He was the
136 SANDYS.
first English bishop who, by his prudence or parsimony^
laid the foundation of a fortune in his family, which has
justified their subsequent advancement to a peerage. With
his father's savings, the manor of Ombersley, in Worcester-r
shire, was purchased by sir Samuel Sandys, the eldest son,
whose descendants, since ennobled by the family name, still
remain in possession of that fair and ample domain. There
also the archbishop's portrait, together with that of Cicely
his second wife, is still preserved. She survived to 1610,
and has a monument at Woodham Ferrers, iq Essex, where
she died.
Dr. Whitaker, whose late life of archbishop Sandys we
have in general followed, as the result of much research
find reflection, observes that after all the deductions which
truth and impartiality require, it will still remfiin incon-
testable, that Sandys was a man of a clear and vigorous
understanding, of a taste, in comparison, above that of the
former age or the next, and, what is more, of bis own :
that he was a sincere Christian, a patient sufferer, an in-
defatigable preacher, an intrepid and active ecclesiastical
magistrate. What w^s his deportment in private life, we
are ho where told, On the other hand, it cannot be de-
nied, that the man who after his advancement to the epis-
copal order, in three successive stations, either kindled
the flames of discord^ or never extinguished them, who
quarrelled alike with prptestants and papists, with his suc-
cessor in one see, (Aylmer) and with his dean in another,
who in his first two dioceses treated the clergy with a
harshness which called for the interposition of the metro-
politan, and who drew upon himself from two gentlemen
of the country, the extremity of violence and outrage, must
have been lamentably defective in Christian meekness and
forbearance ^. In every instance, indeed, he had met witlr
^reat provocation, i^nd in the last the treatment he received
was atrocious ; but such wounds are never gratuitously- in-
flicted, and rarely till after a series of irritations on both
liides. In. doctrinal points his biographer attempts, by
various extracts from his sermons, to prove archbishop
jSandys less inclined to Calvinism than some of his contem-
* We know not if Mr. Lodge has be. easy aleganoe of^ a courtier with af
ftowcd the same attention ou the con- muchfplety, meekness, and benevolence,
duot of archbishop Sandys, but his in* as ever ornamented the clerical cha-
ference is somewhat different. <* This racter.** Lodge's Ktustrai^OQ^n voV 1^
pr^faite> conduct happily united Uie p. 2S2,
SANDYS. 187
«
poraries. On the oth6r hand Dr. Wbitaker asserts the
dear, systematic, and purely evangelical thread of doc*
trine which runs through the whole of bis sermons, namely,
salvation through Christ alone, justification by faith in him,
sanctification through his holy Spirit, and lastly, the fruits
of faith, produced through the agency of th&same Spirit,
and exemplified in every branch of duty to God, our neigh*-
bour and ourselves. These " Sermons'* were first printed
i&lmost immediately after the archbishop's decease, and
again in 1613, in a quarto volume, containing twenty-two,
but have lately become so scarce that Dr. Wbitaker un«
dertook a hew edition, with a life prefixed, which was pub-*
lished in 1812, 8vo. The archbishop was also concerned
in the translation of the Bible begun in 1565, and the por^
tion which fell to his lot was the books of Kings and Chro-
nicles. Several of his letters and other papers are in<-
serted in Strype's Annals and Lives of Parker and Whit-
gift, ^nd in Burnet's History of the Reformation, Fox*s
Acts, &c.^
SANDYS (Sir Edwin), second son of the preceding,
was born in Worcestershire about 1561, and admitted of
Corpus-Christi-coUege, Oxford, at sixteen, under the ce-
lebrated Hooker. After taking his degree of B. A. he was
made probationer-fellow in 1579, and was collated in 1581
to a prebend in the church of York. He then completed
bis degree of M. A. and travelled into foreign countries,
and at his return was esteemed for learning, virtue, and
prudence. He af>pears afterwards to have studied the law.
While he was at Paris, he drew up a tract, under the title
of ^' £urop8B Speculum," which he finished in \5S9; an
imperfect copy of which was published without the au-
thor's name or consent, in 1605, and was soon followed by
another impression. But the author, after he had used
all means to suppress these erroneous copies, and to
punish the printers of them, at length caused a true copy
to be published, a little before his death, in 1629, 4to^
under this title : ^' Europae Speculum ; 'or a view or survey
of the state of religion in the western parts of the world.
Wherein the Romane religion, and the pregnant policies
of the church of Rome to support the same, are notably
1 Life by Dr. Wbitaker.— Biog. Brit.r-Strype's Craomer, p. 314. 40^^
Strype's Parker, p. 66, 78, 103, 208, 296, 333, 357, 438.— Strype'g Grindal,
p. S. 19^, 228, 245.— Strype's Whitgiffc. p. 283.— Harringtoo'g Brief View.—
Le Kerf's ^rcbbishops, ?•!• ll.«*-f ox's Acts antl Moum4eiits,
IM SANDYS;
displayed ; with some other memorable, discoveries and
memorations. Never before till now published according
to the author's original copie. Multum diuque desidera«*
turn." Hagae Comiiis, 1629. To this edition was a pre-
face, which has been omitted in the latter editions ; thoogh
some passages of it were printed in that of 1637^ 4to* It
was also reprinted in 1673, and translated both into Italiaa
and French.
In May 1602, he resigned bis prebend, and in May
1603, received the honour of knighthood Arom James I.;
who afterwards employed him in several affairs of great
trust and importance. Fuller tells us, that he was dex-
trous in the management of such things, constant in par*
liament as the speaker himself, and esteemed by all as an
excellent patriot, ^* faithful to his country,'' says Wood,
^* without any falseness to his prince/' It appears^ bow-»
ever^ that for some opposition to the court in the parliar
ment of 1621, he was committed with Seldento thec\istody
of the sheriff of London in June that year, and. detained
above a month ; which was highly resented by the House
of Commons, as a. breach of their privileges; but, sir
George Calvert, secreury of state, declaring, that neither
Sandys nor Selden had been imprisoned for any pariiar
mentary matter, a stop was put to the dispute. Sir Edwin
was treasurer to the undertakers of the western plantatio.ns.
He died in October 1629, and was interred at Nortbborne in
Kent ; where he bad a seat and estate, granted him by
James I. for some services done at that king's accession to
the throne. A monument, now in a mutilated state, was
erected to his memory, but without any inscription. He
bequeathed 1500/. to the university of Oxford, for the en*
dowment of a metaphysical lecture. He left five sons, all
of whom, except one, adhered to the parliament during
the civil wars. Henry, the eldest, died without issue..
£dwin, the second, was the well known parliamentary
colonel, of whose outrages.much may be read in the pub-
lications of the times, and who, receiving a mortal wound
at the battle of Worcester, in 1642, retired to Northborn^
to die, leaving the estate to bis son sir Richard, who was
killed by the accidental explosion of bis fowling-piece iiji
1663. His son, sir Richard, was created a baronet in 16^4,
and dying in 1726, without male issue, was the last of the
family who lived at Nortbborne, where the mansion re-
mained many years deserted^ and at 4ength was palled
down.
9 A N D Y S( in
. There was one sir Edwin Sandys, who publisbed, a$
Wood informs us, ^* Sacred Hymns, pousisting of fifty se^r
iect Psalms of David,'' set to be sun^ in five parts by Ro^
bert Taylor, and printed at London, 1615, in 4to; but
whether this version was done by our author, or by another^
of both his names, of Latimers io Bupkingbamsbire, is un-
certain^ '
SANDYS (GEOaaE), brother of the preceding, was the
seventh and youngest son of the archbishop of York, and
was born at the archiepiscopal palace of Bishoptborp ia
1577. In 1588 he was sent to Oxford, and matriculated
of St. Mary Hall. Wood is of opinion, that he afterwards
removed to Corpus-i-Christi-college. How long he resided
in the university, or whether he iook a degree, does not
appear. In August 1610, remarkable for the murder of
king Henry IV. of France, Mr. Sandys set out on bis tra*
vels, and, in the course of two years, made an extensive
tour, having visited seyeral parts of Europe, and many
pities and countries of the East, as Constantinople, Greece,
Egyp^9 ^^^ the Holy Land ; after which, taking a view of
the remote parts of Italy, he went to Rome and Venice,
and, on his return, after properly digesting the observations
be bad made, published, in 1615, his welUkuown folio, the
title of the 7th edition of which, in }673, is, ** Sandys*
Travels, contaaoing an history of the original and present
atateoftbe Turkish empire; their laws, government, policy,
military force, courts of justice, and commerce. The Ma^
hometan religion and ceremoniest A description of Con-
stantinople, (he grand signior^s seraglio, and bis manner of
living : also of Greece, with the religion and customs of the
Grecians. Of Egypt; the antiquity, hieroglyphics, rites,
customs, discipline, and religion, of the Egyptians. A
voyage on the river Nilus* Of Armenia, Grand Cairo,
Rhodes, the Pyramides, Colossus : the former flourishing
and present state of Alei^andria- A description of the
Holy Land, of the Jews, and several sects of Christians
living there; of Jerusaleip, Sepulchre of Christ, Temple
of Solomon, and what else, either of iintiquity or worth ob-
servation. Lastly, Italy described, and the islands ad^
joining; as Cyprus, Crete, Malta, Sicilia, the Eolian islands;
of Rome, Venice^ Naples, Syracusa, Mesena, iEtna, Scylla,;
iind' Chary bdis; and other places of note» Illustrated with
> Atb. Oz. vol |,-^Qep. piet.— Fnller's Wonliies.— C«p;i. Lit,
140 SAND'YS:
fifty maps and figures." Most of the plates', especially
those relating to Jerusalem and the Holy Land, are copied
from the " Devotissimo Viaggio di Zuallardo, Roma,"
15S7, 4to. Of these travels there have been eight or ten
editions published, and it still bears its reputation, his ac«
counts having been verified by subsequent travellers. Mr.
Markiand has a copy of this work, edit. 1637, with a M&
copy of verses by the author, which may be seen in the
^* Censura Literaria,^* but was first published at the end of
bis <* Psalms," 1640, 8vo.
Sandys distinguished himself also as a poet; and bis
productions in that way were greatly admired in the times
they were written. In 1632 he published *^ Ovid's Meta-'
morphoses Englished, mythologized, and represented in
figures," Oxford, in folio. Francis CJeyn was the inven-
tor of the figures, and Solomon Savary tLe engraver. He
bad before published part of this translation ; and^ in the
preface to this second edition, he tells us, that he has at-
tempted to collect out of sundry authors the philosophical
sense of the fables of Ovid. To this work, which is dedi-
cated to Charles I. is subjoined ^* An Essay to the transla-
tion of the i£neis." It was reprinted in 1640. In 1636,
he published, in 8vo, *' A Paraphrase on the Psalms of
David, and upon the Hymns dispersed throughout the Old
and New Testament,"' 1636, 8vo, reprinted in 163S, folio;
with a title somewhat varied, - This was a book which,
. Wood tells us, Charles I. delighted to read, when a pri-^
soner in Carisbrooke castle. There was an edition of 1 640,
with the Psalms set to music, by Lawes. In this last year
be published, in 12mo, a sacred drama, written originally
by Grotius, under the title of '< Christus Patient," and
which Mr. Sandys, in his translation, has called " Christus
Passion^," on which, and ^^AdamusExuV* and Masenius,
is founded Lauder^s impudent charge of plagiarism against
Milton. This translation was reprinted, with cuts, in 1688,
8vo. The subject of it wics treated before in Greek by
Apollinariifs bishop of Hierapolis,. and after him by Gre-
gory Nazianzen ; but, according to Sandys, Grotius ex^
celled all others. Langbaine tells us, with regard to San-«
dys' translation, that ^* he will be allowed an excellent
artist in it by learned judges ; and he has followed Horace's
advice of avoiding a servile translation, •> — ^ nee verbum
verbo curabis reddere fidus interpres' — so he comes so
near the sense of his author, that nothing is lost ; no spirits
SANDYS. I4t
evaporate \a the decanting of it into Ehglish ; and, if there
be any sediment^ it is left behind.'' He published 'also a
metrical paraphrase of '^ The Song of Solomon/' London,
164iy 4to, dedicated to the King, and reprinted in 1648
wi^h jiis ".Psalms." There are but few incidents known
concerning our author. AH who.mentbn him agree in be-
stowing on him the character, not only of a man of genius,
but of singular worth and piety. For the most part of his
latter days he lived with sir Francis Wenman, of Caswell^
pear Witney in Oxfordshire, to whom his sister was mar»
xied ; probably chusing that situation in some measure on
account of its proximity to Burford, the retirement of his
intimate acquaintance and valuable friend Lucius lord vis«
count Falkland, who addressed some elegant poems to him^
preserved in Nichols's '' Select Collection," with several
by Mr. Sandysy who died at the hoi>se of bis nephew, sir
Fraiicis Wyat,at Boxley in Kent, in 1643; and was in«
terred in the chancel of that parish-chureh, without any
inscription; but in the parish register is this entry:
" Georgius Sandys poetarum Anglorum sUi ssbcuU facilv
princeps, ^epultus fuit Martii 7, Stiio Anglise, anq. Donr«
1 64S." His memory has also been handed down by various
writers, with. the respect thought due to his great worth
and abilities. Mr. Dryden pronounced him the best ver-
sifier of the age, but objects to bis ** Ovid," as too close
aoid literal ; and Mr, Pope declared, in his notes to the
Iliad, that English poetry owed much of its present beauty
to his translations. Dr. Warton thinks that Sandys did
more tp polish and. tune the English versification than Den-
.ham. or.WaUery who are usually applauded on this subject;
jet his poems are not now much read. The late bio-
grapher of his- father observes^ that ^^ the expressive energy
of his prose will entitle him. to a place among English clasr-
i^cs, when his verses, some of \%bich are beautiful, shall be
forgotten. Of the exc^lleni?e of bis style, the dedication
jof hi« travels to prince Henry, will afford a short and very
conspicuous example."!
SANNAZARIUS (James), vernacularly Giacomo San*
KAZABQ) a celebrated Italian and Latin poet, was born at
KapJes, J.uly 28, ^458. His fan^ily is said to have been
■«;rigiually of Spanish extraction, but settled at an early
* Aih. Ox. vol. IT.— Cibber's Lives. — Fuller's Worthies. — Censura Lit. voU,
••IV. and V. — ElUi's Sp^cimeiw, vol. II K p. 24.— Bowles's editiou of Pope.-r^
JKIcboU'f Foeins.-r Wbiuker'fl l^ife of Abp. Safutys, p. y) vij.
H2 S A N JJ A ^.A 11 1 U S.
period at S^nto l>ft(zafd, iiilotirishiiigtbwfl sittiat^d betweefl
tbe Tcf^sino and the Po, where it was IdDg conspicuous for
nobility and opulence^ Reduced at length by the calami*^
ties of war, the more iminediate progetiitors of otir poet
removed to Naples. His father dying while this son wad
very youngs his mother, unable from her poverty, to keep
up her former rank^ retired with her family to Nocerm di
Paganii in Umbria^ where Sannazarius pressed a consider-
able portion of his youths He had previously to his re-
moval from Naples acquired the elements of the Greek and
Latin languages, under the tuition of Junianus Maius, who
conceiving a high opinion of his talents, prevailed on his
mother to return again to Naples, where he might continue
b'is education. Here he was admitted a member of the
Academia Pontana, and took the name of Actius Syncerus.
'He had formed an early attachment of the most tendet
kind to Carmosina Bonifacia, a young Neapolitan lady,
but not being a favoured lover, uttered his disappointment
in many of those querulous sonnets and canzoui which are
«till extant. In compositions of this kind Sannazarius is
considered as having surpassed every other poet from the
days of Petrarch. To dissipate his Uneasiness, he tried the
effect of travelling ; but on his return, bis grief was
heightened by the report of the death of his mistress. She
is understood to be the lamented Phyllis of his Italian and
Latin poems.
The increasing celebrity of Sannazarius^ as a scholar
and poet^ having attracted the notice of Ferdinand king of
Naples, that monarch's younger son, Frederick, who was
greatly attached to poetry, invited him to coUrt, and be-
came his patron ; he also grew into favour with Alphonsus^
duke of Calabria, the next heir to tbe crown, and under
him embraced a military life, and served in the Etruscan
war. During his campaigns, Sannazarius continued to
cultivate his poetical talent, and when in consequence of
the series of misfortunes and deaths in the royal family, his
patron Frederick came to the crown, he conceived the hope
.of very high honours, but obtained only a moderate annual
pension, and a subyrban villa, called Mergillina, to which^
.although at first he was chagrined, he became reconciled^
and this villa was afterwards the delight of his muse. In
about four years, Frederick was dethroned by the combioed
powers of France and Spain, ,and now experienced the dis-
interested fidelity of our poet, who sold bis possessions to
S A N N A 2 A R I d S. 143
assist tbe f^illen monarch, attended him to France, and
continued firmly attached to him as long as he lived.
In 1503, he again returned to Naples, was^ replaced in
his favourite villa, once more frequented the court, and
obtained the favour of tbe reigning queen. Here he found
another mistress in Cassandra Marchesia, one of the ladies
of honour, whom he describes as very beautiful and very
learned, but as he was now too far advanced in years for a
passioq such as he formerly felt, Cassandra is to be con-
sidered merely as his poetical mistress, and the chaste ob-
ject of bis Platonic attachment. The attachment, it is
said, was muiuaf, and a confidential intercourse continued
to subsist between them till the poet's decease, nor does it
appear that Cassandra ever formed any matrimonial con-
nection. Sannazarius, however, has been numbered by
some amopg the votaries of pleasure, and they tell lis he
affected the levity and gallantry of youth when in his old
age. In his friendships he is said to have been uniformly
ardent and sincere. In gratitude to the memory of Pon-
tanusy who had given a powerful impulse to his youthful
studies, he became the editor of his works. He is also '
connneuded for his probity, his love of justice, and abhor-
rence of litigation.
Tbe indisposition which terminated his life was brought
on by grief and chagrin, on account of the demolition of
part o( his delightful villa of Mergillina, in decorating
which be had taken peculiar delight. Philibert de Nassau,
prince of Orange, and general of the emperor's forces, was
the author of this outrage on 'taste and the muses. He ex-
pired soon afterwards at Naples, and, it is said, in the house
of Cassandra, in 1530, in the seventy-second year of his
age. The tomb of Sannazarius, in a church near his villa,
which he built, is still- to be seen, and has the same mix-
ture of heathen and Christian ornaments which are so fre-
quently to be found in his poems.
His principal Latin poem, ** De Partu Virginis," took up
his attention, in composition, revisals, and corrections,
about twenty years; obtained him the highest compliment^
from the learned of his age, and two honorary briefs from
two popes ; and certainly contains many brilliant and highly
finished passages, but it brought his religion into some
su^iqioD. In a po^m on the miraculous conception, that
great mystery of the Christian church, we find the agency
of th<^ Dryads and Nereids employed ; the books of the
146 S A N S O V I N O.
. 8ANSOVINO. (Francis),, an Italian poet and bHtoriaa^
was. borq in 1521 ai Rome, and was the son of Jiioies'Saa-'
sovino, an eminent sculptor and celebrated architect, whose'
eulc^y Vasari has left us. He studied the belles Jettres at
Venice, and took bis degrees in law at Padua ; but that
scien.ce not sj;iiting bis taste, be devoted himself wholly ta
poetry, history, and polite literature, and died in 15&6, at
Venice, aged sixty-five, leaving more than fifty w^ksj all
written in Italian. They, ^on^ist of " Poems i" iiot;es- on
Bocqaccio's/^ Decameron, on Ariosto, Dante, &c." transla-
tions of ancient historian and .some histories written by
himself, .as his '^ Ven^zia de^critta," of wbicb the best edi-
tion is that of 166;^, 4to ; ^* Istoria Universale jd&W origioer
guerre, ed imperio de Turchi,^' 1654, 2 vols. 4to, reckoned
a capital work. His *' Satires'' are in a collection with
.those of Ariosto, and others, Venice, 1560, 8vq; his
^' Ci&pitoIi'V.wich those of Aretino, and different .writecs,
|540, and 1583, 8vo ; to which we may add his ^' Cento
novelle Scelte," Venice, 1566, 4to.*
SANTEUL, or SANTEUIL {John Baptist), in Utin
$AMTOLius, a celebrated modern Latin. poet, was born^afi
Paris May 13, 1630, of a good family.. He studied. the
belles lettres at the college of St. Barbe, and in that of.
Louis le Grand, under the learned Pere Coiisart, and. en-
tering soon after among the regular canons of St. Victor,
devoted himself wholly to poetry, commencing lus career
by celebrating some great men of that time. . He also was
employed to write many of those inscriptions which, may
be seen on the public fountains and mpnuments of Paris,
and this he did in a style at once clear, easy, and digot-
fied. When some new hymns were wanted for the Paris
breviary, he was requested by bis brother Claude, Pelisfson»
and Bossuet, to compose them^ which he accomplished
with the greatest success and applause, in an elevated,
perspicuous, and majestic style, suited to the dignity of.
the subject. The reputation which he gained by these in*
duced the order of Clugny.to request some for their bre*
viary. With this he complied, and in. return they granted
bin) letters of filiation, and a pension. Santeul was much
esteemed by the literati of his time, and by many persons
of rank, among whom were the two princes of Cond6, fia-
tber and son, whose bounty he frequently experienced ;
1 NiceroD^ toI. ^XIL*^Tirabo8chi.
8 AN t tV L. Ul
•ltd Louis XIV. who settled a pension upon Mm. He
gr^tly ofFedded the Jeiuits, however, bj his epitaph* in
pmise of their enemy Arnauld. Whilfe Santeul's Liltin
poems w^re always much admired by his countVymenj he
seems to have enjoyed fully as much reputation/ during his
life-time, for his wit, and oddities of character. La Bru-
■ yere, under the name of Theodes, has described him as, in
one moment, good-humoured, trattable, easy, and cottt^
. plaisant, in another, harsh, violent, choleric, and capri-
eious ; as at once simple, ingetfudus, credulous, sportive,
^nd volatile ; in short, a child, with grey hairs, and as
speaking like a fool, and thinking like a sage. He utters,
adds La Bruyere, truths in a ridiculous manner, and sen-
sible things in a siliy way ; and we are surprised to find so
much intdiect shining through the clouds of buffoonery,
contortions, and grimaces. He had great credit for his
witticisms, many of which may be seen in the " Santolianal^*
When the duke of Bourbon went to hold the states of Bur-
gundy at Dijon, Santeul attended him, and died therie,
August 5, 1697, aged sixty-seven, as he was on the "point
of returning to Paris. His death was attributed to an in*
considerate trick played upon him by some one whom his
oddity of charaieter had encouraged to take liberties, and
who put some Spanish snuff into his wine-glass, which
brought on a complaint of the bowels that proved fatal in
fourteen hours. Besides his Latin hymns, l!2mo, he left
a considerable number of Latin " Poems," 1739, 3 vols.
* 12mo. *
SANTEUL (Claude), brother of the preceding, born
Feb. 3, 16i28, also wrote some beautiful hymns in the Paris
breviary, under the name of " Santolius Maglorianus," a
name given on acicount of his having resided a long time in
the seminary of St. Magloire at Paris, as a secular eccle-
siastic. Though the brother of Santeul, and a poet like
him, he was of a totally different temper and disposition;
mild, calm, and moderate, he had none of that heat arid
impetuosity, by which his brother, was incessantly agitated,
fie was esteemed not only for his poetical talents, but his
deep learning and exemplary piety. He died September
^9, 1684, at Paris^ aged fifty-seven. Besides his hymns
on the particular festivals, which are very numerous and
preserved by the family in MS. 2 vols. 4to ; some of his
1 Perrault Lei Hommet Uluitres.— ^Santqliana.— Moreri.— Diet. Htit^
L 2
, I
148
5 A N T E U L.
poetry bat been printed with his brother's works. Theim
was another Claude Santeul, related to the preceding, •
merchant and sheriff of Paris, who died about 1799, leav-
ing some <^ Hymns/' printed at Paris in 1123^ 8vo.^
SANZIO. See RAPHAEL.
. SAPPHO, an eminent Greek poetess, was a native of
Mitylene in the island of Lesbos. Who was her father i9
uncertain, there being no less than eight persons^who havo
contended for that honour ; but it is universally acknow-
ledged that Cleis was her mother. She flourished, accord-^
ing to Suidas, in the 42d olympiad } according to Euse-*
bins, in the 44th olympiad, about 600 years B. C. Her
loVe-afFairs form the chief materials of her biography.
Barnes has endeavoured to prove, from the testimonies of
Chamieleon and Hermesianax, that Anacreon was one of
her lovers ; but from the chronology of both, this has been
generally considered as a poetical fiction. She married
ofie Cercolas, a man of great wealth and power in the isv
land of Andros, by whom she had a daughter named Cleis.
He leaving her a widow very young, she renounced all
thoughts of marriage, but not of love ^ ; nor was she very
scrupulous in her intrigues. Her chief favourite appears to
have been the accomplished Pbaon, a young man of Les*
bos ; who is said to have been a kind of ferry-man, and
thence fabled to have carried Venus over the stream in his
boat, and to have received from her, as a reward, the fa-
vour of becoming the most beautiful man in the worlds
Sappho fell desperately in love with him, and went into
Sicily in pursuit of him, he having withdrawn hitnself thi-^*
tber on purpose to avoid her. It was in that island, ar^d
on this occasion, that she composed her hymn to Venus*
This, however, was ineffectual. Phaon was still obdurate,
and Sappho was so transported with the violence of her
passion, that she had recourse to a promontory in Acar-
nania called Leucate, on the top of which was a temple
dedicated to Apollo. In this temple it was usual for de*
^ " Sappho formed an academy of
females who excelled in music ; and it
was doubtless this academy which drew
on her the hatred of the women of Mi-
tylene, who accused her of being too
fond of her own sex; but will not her
\ox^ for Pbaon, and the fatal termina-
tioH of her existence^ sufficiently ex-
culpate her ? And might she not have
written the celebrated verses " Blest
as the immortal goda is he,'* &c.' for
another ? Many of our poetical ladies,
whom we could name, have written
excellent impassioned songs of com*
plaint in a male character.'' Or. Biht-
ney in Hist, of Music
1 ltor»rL*>«Dict. Hist.
SAPPHO. ,149
^pairing Idvers to make their vows in secret, and after-
firards to fling themselves from the top of tbeprecipice into
th&sea, it being an established opinion^ that all those who
were taken up alive, would immediately be cured of their
former passion. Sappho perished in the experiment The
original of this unaccountable humour is not known* Her
genius, however, made her be lamented. The Romans
erected a noble statue of porphyry to her memory; and the
Mityienians, to express their sense of her worth, paid her
sovereign honours after her death, and coined money with
her head for the impress. She was likewise honoured with
the title of the tenth Muse.
Yossius is of opinion that none of the Greek poets
excelled Sappho in sweetness of verse ; and that she made
Archilochus the model of her style, but at the same time
took great care to soften and temper the severity of his
expression. Hoffman, in his Lexicon, says, *^ Some au-
thors are of opinion, that the elegy which Ovid made und#r
the name of Sappho, and which is infloitely superior to his
other elegies, was all, or at least the most beautiful part of
it, stolen from the poems of the elegant Sappho." She
was the inventress of that kind of verse which (from her
name) is called^ the Sapphic. She wrote nine books of
odes, besides elegies, epigrams, iambics, monodies, and
other pieces ; of which we have nothing remaining entire
but an hymn to Venus, an ode preserved by Louginus
(which, however, the learned acknowledge to be imper-
fect), two epigrams, and some other little fragments, which
have been generally published in the editions of Anacreon.
Addison has given an elegant character of this poetess in
the Spectator (No. 223 and 229), with a translation of two
of her fragments, and is supposed to have assisted Philips
in his translation.^
' SARASIN (John Francis), a French miscellaneous au-
thor, was born' at Hermanville, in the neighbourhood of*
Caen, about 1604. It is said, in the/^ Segraisiana," but
we know not on what foundation, that he was the natural
son of Mr. Fauconnier of Caen, a treasurer of France, by
a woman of low rank, whom he afterwards married. Sara-
sin began his studies at Caen, and afterwards went to
Paris, where he became eminent for wit and polite litera-
ture, though he was very defective in every thing that
4 Gen. Dkt— YosfiiM de Poet GraBC— Fawkes'i TniuiatioD.
150
S A R A S I N.
•could be called learning. He tben inade tlie tour of Ger^
•many; and, upon his return to France, was appointed a
kind of secretary to the prince of Conti. Ite was a man
of a lively imagination and ready wit; and much caressed
by those who thought themselves judges of that article.
He was, however, so frequently invited on this account
that he began to envy matter-of-fact men, from whom no-
thing of the kind is expected. He was also unfortunate in
'bis marriage, his wife being a woman of a violent ungo-
vernable temper. It is said that he persuaded the prince
of Conti to marry the niece of cardinal Mazarin, and for
this good office received a great sum ; but this being dis^
• covered, the prince dismissed him from his > service, with
every mark of ignominy, as one who had. sold himself t€
the cardinal. This treatment is supposed to have occa-
sioned his death, which happened in 1654. Pelisson, passw
ing through the town where Sarasin died, went to the
grave of his old acquaiiitancie, shed soMie tears, had a mass
said over him, and founded an anniversary, though he him«
' self was at that time a protestant.
He published in his life-time, " Discours de la Trage-
die;" " L*Histoire du Siege de Dunkerque," in 1649;
and " La Pompe funebre de Voiture," ik the " MisceU
lanea'* of Menage, to whom it is addressed, in 1652« At
his death, he ordered all his writings to be giv'en into the
bands of Menage, to be disposed of as that gentleman
should think proper ; and Menage published a 4to volume
of them at Paris in 1656, with a portrait of the author en-
graven by Nanteuil, and a discourse of Pelisson upon his
merits. They consist of poetry and prose ; and have much
wit and considerable ease, elegance, and invention. Be-
sides this collection in 4to, two more volumes in l2mo
were published at Paris in 1675, under the title of " Nou^
velles Oeuvres de Mr. Sarasin ;'* which appear to consist of
the pieces rejected by Menage, mostly unfinished frag-
ments, but" Boileau encouraged the editor, M. deMonnoye,
to publish them, as not unworthy of Sarasin.*
SARAVIA (Hadrian a), of Spanish extraction, but to
be classed among English divines, was a native.of Artois,
where he was born in 1531. Of his early years we have
no account. In 1582 he was invited to Leyden to be: pro-
fessor of divinity, and was preacher in the French church
*
' Niceron, vols. VI. and £.«-Moreri.— Diet. Hikt.'^^i-PerrauU Lei Homme«
S A R A V I A. 151
there. Having studied the controversy respecting church
government, he inclined to that of episcopacy, and in 1587
oame to England ^vbere he. was well received by some of
the pirates and divines of that day, particularly Wbitgift,
archbishop of Canterbury. He first settled at Jersey,
where he taught a scbool, and preached to bis countrymen,
who ^were exiles tbere. He was appointed master of the
£reet .gnuxiQiar-scbool at Southampton, where Nicholas
Fii^yWr, . the most renowned critic of bis age, received bia
education principally under him, and he also educated sir
ThoKitfis Lake, .secretary of state to James I. He was suc-
cessively promoted to a prebend in the cburcbes of Glou-
cn^er, CaAt^rbury, and Westminster. He displayed great
leaf aing in defence of episcopacy against Beza, when tbat
4ivine reeofiMOQiended the abolition of it in Scotland. He
^ed in 1613, at the age of eighty^-two, and was interred
in. Cii^terbury catbedral, where tbere is a monument to
his'memory. All bis works were published in 1611, one
yoU folio. He must have acquiced a very considerable
knowledge of the English language, as we find his name
in the first .class .of those whom king J^mes I. employed in
the new .translation of tbe Bible. He lived in great inti- .
majcy with hisjellow labourer in the cause of episcopacy,
the celebrated Hooker. *^ These two persons,^' says Wal-
ton, ^' began a holy friendship, increasing daily to so high
wd. mutual .affections, that their two wills seemed to be but
one. and the same.'^^
. ^SARBIEVySKI, or Sarbievi^s (Mattbias Casimir), a
modern Latin poet, was born of illustrious parents, in 1595^
in the duchy of Masovia, in Poland. He entered among
the Jesuits in 1612, and was sent to continue his theol&gi-
x^l studies at Rome, whene he devoted himself to the pur-
suit of .antiquities, and indulged his taste for poetry. Some
L^tin ^' Odes,'^ which he presested to Urban VIII. gained
him that pontiff's esteesi, and the honour of heing chosen
to correct the hymns, intended for a new breviary, then
composing by Urhan's orders. When Sarbiewski returned
•to Poland, he taught ethics, philosophy, and divinity, suc-
cessively at Wilna. Such was the .esteem in which he was
held, that when admitted to a doctor's degree there, La-
dislaus V. king of Poland, who was present, drew the ring
^ Atb.'Ox. Tot. L^ZouQh's edition of Walton'i Lives.—Strype's Life of W^it-
.f'lft, pp« 429, 441.-«8ee tome reSectioQS on his political conduct at Leyden ip
IS^jmann's ** Sylloge Epistolarom."
15a 8ARBI£W,SKT,
from his finger* and put it on that of Sarbiewski ; and tbif
ring is still preserved in the university at Wilna, and made
we of in the inauguration of doctors. Ladislaus also chose
l^im for his. preacher, an office in which he gained great
applause ; and he was frequently his oiiyesty^s companioii
in his journeys, especially when he went to . the baths of
Baden. Sarbiewski was so enthusiastic in. his admiration
of the Latin poets, that he is said to have re^d Virgil ove^
sixty times, and other poetical classics more ^an thirty
times. He died April 2, 1640, aged forty-five. His Latin
poems contain great beauties, mingled with ^ome defects.
An enlarged and very elegant edition of them was publish-
ed at Paris, by Barbou, 1759, 12mo. They consist of La<*
tin odes, in four books; a book of epodes ; one of ditby^
rambic verses; another of miscellaneous poems; and a
fourth of epigrams. His lyric yerses are the most admired j
their style is elevated, but they are sometimes deficient iu
elegance and perspicuity.^
SARJEANT, or SERJEANT (John), a secular priest^
who was sometimes called Smith, and sometimes Holland)
|vas born at Barrow in Lincolnshire, about 1621, and ad->
mitted of St. John's college in Cambridge April 12, 1639^
by the masters and seniors of which he wai recommenfled
to bie secretary to Dr. Thomas Morton, bishop of Durham^
While in this employment he entered on a course of read*
ing, which ended in bis embracing the popish religion.
He then went over, to the English college of secular priests
at Lisbon in 1642 ; and^ after studying there ^ome time, he
returned to England in 1652, and was elected secretary of
the secular clergy, and employed in propagating his reli«
gion, and writing books in defence of it^ particularly against
Dr. Hammond, Dr. Bramhall, Dr. Thomas Pierce, Dr. Til-
lotsou, .Casaubon, Taylor, Tenison, Stillingfleet, Whitby,
&c. In the course of his controversies he wrote' about
forty volumes or pamphlets, the titles of which may be seen
in Dodd. He bad also a controversy with the superiors of
his own communion, of which Dodd gives a long, but now
very uninteresting account. He died, as his biographer
says^ with the pen in his hand, in 1707, in the eighty-sixth
year of his age.*
1 BailleU-^Nov. Act. Erudit: 1753, 8?o, p. 621^624.— Diet. Hift.--Saxii
Qnomait.
s Dodd'8 Cb. Hist.— -Birch's Tillotson.— Aih. Ox. ?ol. II.
6 A R N E L L I. |5l
' 6ARNELLI (Pompey), a leanied Italian prelate, wa«
bom at Poiignano in 1649, and studied principally at Na-
ples. He connnenced bis career as an author about 1668^
and published some pieces connected with grammar and
polite literature. In 1675, after he had been admitted to
priest's orders, pope Clement X. made him honorary pro^
tbonotary ; and in 1679, he was appointed grand vicar to
cardinal Orsini, and obtained other preferment in th^
jDhurch. He died in 1724, He was the author of abovo
thirty works, enumerated by Niceron and Moreri, of which
we may mention, *^ Lettere ecclesiastiche/' in 9 vols. 4to}
^* II Clero secolare nel suo Splendore, overo della vita
commune clericale;'* *^ Bestiarum Schola ad Homines
lerudiendos ab ipsa rerum natura provide instituta, &c. de^'
^em et centum Lectionibus expUcata ;'^ <^ M emorie Grono-
logtche de* Vescovi et Arcivescovi di Benevento, con 1^
serie de Duchi e Principi Lohgobardi nella stessa citta ;'^
^nd the lives of Baptista Porta, Boldoni, &c. He some*
times wrote under assumed names, as Solomon Lipper,
Esopus Primnellius, &c.^
SARPI (Paul), usually called in England, Father Paul,
in Italian, Fra Paolo, a very illustrious writer, was born at
Venice Aug. 14, 1552, and was the son of Francis Sarpi^
a merchant, whose ancestors came from Friuli, and of Isa-
bella Morelli, a native of Venice. He was baptized by the
name of Peter, which he afterwards, upon entering intb
his order, changed for P^ul. His father followed merchan-
dize, but with so little success, that at his death, he left:
bis family very ill provided for, but under the care of a
mother whose wise conduct supplied the want of fortune
by advantages of greater value. Happily for young Sarpi,
(be had a brother, Ambrosio Morelli, priest of the collegia
ate church of St. Hermagoras, who took him under h\H
care, ^^^^'psio was well skilled in polite literature, which
he taught to several children of the noble Venetians : and
be took particular care of the education of his nephew^
whose abilities were extraordinary, though his constitution
was very delicate. Paul had a great memory, and much
strength of judgment ; so that he made uncommon advanceaf
in every branch of education. He studied philosophy anfl
divinity under Capella, a father belonging to the monastery
of th^'Servites in Venice; and when only in bis tendet
I NiceroOy vol. XLII.^— l^eren't /
154 S A R P L
years, made great progress in the mathetnatios, and tb^
Greek atrd.Hebrew tongues. Capella, though a celebrated
master, confessed in a little time that be could give his
pupil no farther instructioua^, and with this opinion of .his
lalents, prevailed with him to assume the religious habit of
the Serviies, notwithstanding his mother and uncle repre**
seated to bim the hardships and austerities of that kind of
life, and. advised him with great zeal against it. But be
was steady in his resolutioos, and on Nov. 24, 1566, took
the habit, and two years after made his tacit profession^
which he solemnly renewed May JO, 1572.
At this time he was in his twentieth year, and defended
in a public assembly at Mantua, several difficult proposi-
tions in natural philosophy and divinity, with such uscom-
mon genius and learning, that the duke of Mantua, a great
patron of letters, appointed him his chaplain, at the same
time that the bishop of that city made him reader of canpM
Jaw and divinity in bis cathedral. These employment!!
a^mmated him to improve himself in Hebrew; and heap-
plied also with much vigour to the study of history, in wfaiieb
lie was afterwards to shine. During bis stay at Mantua he
became acquainted with many eminent persons ; and bis
patron, the duke, obliged him to dispute with persons of
all professions, and on all subjects. Paul bad a profound
knowledge in the mathematics, but the utmost cotiteiiipt
for judicial astrology :" We cannot,'* he used to say,
'^either find out, or we cannot avoid, what will happfen
hereafter/' Fulgentio, his biographer, relates a l^udicrQus
story, in which his patron appears to have been a chief
actor. The duke, who loved to soften the cares of govern-
ment with sallies of humour, having a mare ready to^fpalisi
mule, engaged Paul to take the horoscope of tbe animal's
nativity. This being done, and the scbeme settled, tbe
duke sent it to all tbe famous astrologers in Europe, informir
ing them, that under such an aspect a bastard was born in
the duke's palace. Tbe astrologers returned very diSerent
judgments ; some asserting that this bastard would be a
cardinal, others a great warrior, others a bishop, and others
A po{>e, and- these wise conjectures ^tended not a little to
abate the credulity of tbe times.
Sarpi, however, finding a court life unsuitable to bis in^
4;linatioa, left Mantua in about two years, and, returned to
bis convent at Venice. By chis time he had made a sur-
prising progress in tbe canon and civil law, m all parts of
\ S A R P I. 155
physic, and in the Cbaldee langui^ ; and, as us\taily bi^«
peM, bis great reputation had exppsed him totinuch envy.
For, before he left Mantaa, one Claudio, who was jealous
of bis superior ^talents, accused him to the inquisition of
heresy^ for .bav'tng dented that the doctrine of the Trinity
eoald be proved frohxi the first diapiter of Genesis: but
Paul, appealing to Rome, was honourably acquitted^ axsd
the inquisitor reprimanded for presuming to determioe upoit
things written in a language he did not understands At
.twenty*t\vo he was ordained priest ; and afterwards, when
he bad taken the degree of doctor in divinity, ai^d was ad*
mitted a member of the college of Padua, was chosen pro*
vinciai of his order for the province of Venice, though he
was then but twenty-six : an instance which had' never hap-
pened beifore among the Servites. He acquitted himself in
■this post, «s he did in every other, wji|h the, strictest inte--
grity, honour, and piety; insomuch that, in 1579, in a
general chapter held at Parma, he was appointed, with two
others, much bis seniors, to dr&w up new regulations and
statutes for bis order. This employment made it necessary
for him to reside at Kome, where his exalted talents recom-
inended him to the notice of cardinal Alexander Faroese,
and other great personages.
^ His employment as provincial being ended, he retired
for three years, which he said was the only repose he had
ever enjoyed ; and applied himself to the study of natural
{Aiiosophy aod anatomy. Among other experiments, he
employed himself in the transmutation of nietats ; but not
with any view of discovering the philosopher's stone, which
be always ridiculed as impossible. In the course of his ex-
periments, he made some discoveries, the honour of which,
it is said, has been appropriated by others. He likewise
studied anatomy, especially that part of it which relates, to
the eye ; on which be made so many curious observations,
that the celebrated Fabricius ab Aquapendente did not
scruple to employ, in terms of the liigbest applause, the
authority of Paul on that subject, both in his lectures and
writings. Fulgentio expresses bis surprise at Aquapen*
dente, for not acknowledging, in bis << Treatise of the Eye,'*
the singular obligations he bad to Paul, whom he declares
to have merited all the honour of it. He asserts likewise,
that Paul discovered the valves which serve for the ciriau*
lation of the blood, and this seems to be allowed ; but npt
that he discovered the circulatibn itself, as W^le&us, Mof-
156
S A R I^ I.
ho(F| and others have contended^ against the claim of our
countryman Harvey, to whom that discovery has been
usually, and indeed jastly, ascribed.
Father Paul's great fame would not suffer him any longer
to enjoy his retreat : for be was now appointed procnrator*
general of his order; and during three years at Rome,
tebere he was on that account obliged to reside, he disco-
vered such extraordinary talents, that he was called by the
pope's command to assist in congregations where matters of
the highest importance were debated. He was very much
esteemed by Sixtus V, by cardinal Bellarmine, and by car«*
dinal Castegna, afterwards Urban VII. Upon his return
to Venice, he resumed his studies, beginning them before
6i|n-rise, and continuing them all the morning. The after-
noons he spent in philosophical experiments, or in conver-
sation with his learned friends. He was now obliged to
remit a littfefrom his usual application : for, by too intense
9ttidy, be had already contracted infirmities, with whiich be
was troubled till old age. These made it necessary forhim
to drink a little wine, from which he had abstained till he
was thirty years old ; and he used to say, that one of the
things of which he most repented was, that he had
been persuaded to drink wine. He ate scarce any thing
but bread and fruits, and used a very small quantity of food,
because the least fulness rendered him liable to violent
pains of the head.
His tranquillity was now interrupted by oth^r causes;
Upon leaving Venice to go to Rome, he had left his friends
under the direction of Gabriel Collissoni, with whom he
bad formerly joined in redressing certain grievances. But
this tnan did not answer Paul's expectation, being guilty of
great exactions : and, when Paul intended to return to
Venice,^ dissuaded him from it, well knowing that his return
would put an end to his impositions. He therefore artfully
represented, that, by staying at Rortie, he would be sure
tp make his fortune : to which Paul, with more honesty
than policy, returned an answer in cypher, that " there
was no advancing himself at the court of Rome, but by
scandalous means ; and that, far from valuing the dignities
there, he held them in the utmost abomination." Aftet
this he returned to Venice ; and, coming to an irrecon-
cileable rupture with Collissoni, on account of his corrupt
pracitices, the latter shewed his letter in cypher to cardinal
Sant« Se veriDa, who was then at the head of the inquisitiotb
S A R P L 15T
The cardinal did not think it convenient to attack Paiil
himself, although he shewed his disaffection to him by per*
secuting his friends ; ^ut when Paul opposed Collissoni^f
being elected generij of the order, the latter accui^ed bim
to the inquisition at Rome of holding a correspondence with
the Jews ; and, to aggravate the charge, produced the let^r
ter in cypher just mentioned. The inquisitors still did nol
think proper to institute a prosecution, yet Paul was ever
after considered as an inveterate enemy to the court. of
Rome. He was charged also with shewing too great respect
to heretics, who, on account of his reputation, came to see
bim from all parts ; and this prevented pope Clement Yllh
from nominating him, when he was solicited, to the see of
Nola« He^vas also accused of being an intimate friend of
Moroay, of Diodati, and several eminent Protestants ; and#
that when a motion was made at Rome to bestow on him a
cardinal's bat, what appeared the chief obstacle to his ad««
vancement was, his having more correspondence with be**
retics than with Catholics. <^ Diodati informed me," sayt
Ancillon, in bis ^^ Melange de Literature," that, *^ observ-
ing in bis conversations with Paul, bow in many opinions
he agreed with the Protestants, he said, be was extremely
rejoiced to find him not far from the kingdom of heaven;
and therefore strongly exhorted bim to profess the Protest"
tant religion publicly. But the father answered, that ill
was better for him, like St. Paul, to be anathema for hia
brethren ; and that be did more service to the Protestant
religion in wearing that habit, than be could do by laying
it aside. — The elder Daill^ told me, that in going to and
coming from Rome with de Villarnoud, grandson to Mor-
nay, whose preceptor be was, he had passed by Venice,-
and visited Paul, to whom Mornay bad recommended him
by letters ; that, having delivered them to the father, he
discovered the highest esteem for the illustrious Mr. Du
Plessis Mornay ; that be gave the kindest reception to Mr*
de Villarnoud his grandson, and even to Mr. Daill6 ; that
afterwards Mr. Daill£ became very intimate with fiither
Paul," &c. All this is confirmed by father Paul's letters^
wUcb on every occasion express the highest regard for the
Protestants.
About 1602, he was diverted from bis private studies,
which bo had now indulged, though amidst numerous vex-
atious, for many years,' by the state of public affairs. A
dispute arose between the republic of Venice and the court
15S
8 A R P I.
, ■ » • • • ...
of Rome, r^lMtng to ecclesiastical immutiiti^s; «lt()^ as
hotb dmhity and law were concerned in it, father Patil was
ti[>pointecl divine and canonist for the republic of -Venice,
to act in concert with the law^bnstrttdrs. Ttie dtspiUe bad
etoimenced, and been carfi^d oiij tmder Clement VIII. ; bM
when Paul V. came te thu pdpedotti/ he required absolute
obedience without disputes. At length, \irhen be found
his coMfftiaads slighted, the pop^ excommunicated the
duke, the whole senate, and all thdi^ dominions, in April
1606, and the Venetians in return recalled their ambassad6r
at Rome, suspended the inquisition by drder of state, arid
published by sound of trumpet a proclamation to this eifedl,
viz. " Thdt whosoever hath received from 'Rome any copy
of a papal edict, published there, as well ag!)inst the law c^
God, as against the honour of this nation, shall immediat€^(y
bring it to the council of ten upon pain of death.'* But as
the minds, not only of the common burghers, but also "of
some noble personages belonging to the state, were alarmed
at this papal interdict, Paul endeavoured to relieve- their
fears, by a piece entitled "Consolation of mind, to quiet
the consciences of those who live well, against the tefrrors
of the interdict by Paul V." As this was written for th<A
sole use of the government under which he wds born,'it
was deposited in the archives of Venice ; till at letigth,
from a copy clandestinel}' taken, it was first published at
the Hague, both in the Italian and French latiguages, ahd
cbe tome year in English, under this title, '* Thfe Rights df
Sovereigns and Subjects, argued from the civil, cttnon, an*d
coinmon law, under the several heads of E^^comm'u'm^a-
tioris, Interdicts, Persecution, Councils, Appeals, ItifatB-
bility, describing the boundaries of that power which is
ebimed throughout Christendom by the Crownand theMitr^;
and of the privileges which appertain to the Subjects, both
clergy and laity, according to the laws of God atid- Man.*'
Paul wrote, or assisted in writing and publishing, several
othdr pieces in this controversy between the two states ;
and bad the Inquisition, cardinal Beilarmine, and other
great personages, for his antagonists. Paul and his brother
writers, uhatever might be the abilities of (heir adyefsaries,
were at least superior to them in the justice of th^ir cause.
The propositions maintained on the sfide of Rome were
these; that the pope is invested with all the authority of
heaven and earth ; that all princes are his vassals, and that
he may annul their laws at pleasure; that kings may appeal
S A R P I. 1^9
Id hiia, as he is temporal moqarch of the whole earth ; that
he can discharge subjects from their oaths of aUegiancey
and .make it their duty to take up arms against their 80ve«
i^eiga ; that he may depose kings without any fault commit-
1^ by tbem> if the good of the church requires it-; that the
^l^cgy are .exeaipt from all tribute to kings, and are not
acoountable to them even in cases of high treason ; that the
pope cannot err; that bis. decisions are to be^recieiTed and
obeyed on pain of sin, though all the world should judge
tbem to be false; that the. pope is God upon earth, and
that tacall bis power in question, is to ciA in question 'the
l^^er of God; — maxims equally shocking, weak, perni-^
cious, and absurd, which did not require the abilities or
learning of father Paul, to dedionstrate their falsehood, and
jdestructive tendency. The court of Rome, however, w€»
aow so exasperated against him, as to cite him by a decree^i
Oct. .30, 1606, under pain, of absolute excommunication,
to appear, in person at Rome, to answer the charges of
heresies .against him. . Instead of appearing, he published
a nianifesto, shewing the invalidity of the ' summons ; yet
offered to dispute with any of the pope^s advocates, in a
place of safety, on the articles laid to his charge.
. In April 1607, the division between Rome and the re-
pipl^lic was healed. hy the interposition of France ; aud Ful-
geniio relates, that the affair was transacted at Rome hy
cardinal Perron, according to the. order of the king bis
master. But some English writers are of opinion, that ibis
a^^conimodation between the Venetians and the pope was
owiug'tQ.the. misconduct of king James I., who, if he had
heartily supported the Venetians, would certainty have
disunited them from the see of Rome. Isaac Walton ob-
serves, that during the dispute it was reported ahfoad,
** that, the Venetians were all turned Protestants, which was
believed by many : for it was observed, that the English
ambassador. (Wotton) WdLS often in conference with, the se-
nate ; and his chaplain, Mr. Bedel, more often with father
Paul, whom the people did not take to be his friend; and
also^ for that the republic of Venice was known to give
commission to Gregory Justiniauo, then their ambassador
i^ England, to make all these proceedings known to the
\\ng of England, and to crave a promise of his assistaocie,
ijf need should require," &c. Burnet tells us, ^* That the
breach between the pope and the republic was brought very
near a crisis, so that it was expected a total separation not
160 S A R P t
only from thi court, but the church of Rome, was like td
follow upon it. It was set on by father Paul and the seven
divines with much zeal, and was very prudently conducted
by them. In order to the advancing of it, king James or-
dered his ambassador to offer all possible assistance to them^
and to accuse the pope and the papacy as the chief authors
of all the mischiefs of Christendom. Father Paul and the
seven divines pressed Mr. Bedel to move the ambassador to
present king^ James's premonition to all Christian princes
and states, then put in Latin, to the senate; and they
were confident it would produce a great effect. But the
ambassador could not be prevailed on to do it at that tinle ;
and pretended, that since St James's day was not far off,
it would be more proper to do it on that day. Before St.
James'sday came, the difference was madeup, and that happy,
opportunity was lost ; so that when he had his audience on
that day in which he presented the book, all the ahswjer he
got was, that they thanked the king of England for his good
will, but they were now reconciled to the pope; and that
therefore they were resolved not to admit any change in
their religion, according to their agreement with the court
of Rome.'' Welwood relates the same story, and imputes
the miiscarriage of that important affair to *^ the conceit of
pjreaenting king James's book on St. James's day." But
Dr. Hickes attempts to confute this account, by observing,
that the pope and the Venetians were reconciled in 1607,
and that the king's premonition came not out till 1609,
which indeed appeara to be true ; so thatj if the premoni«
lion was really presented, it must have been only in manu*
script.
The defenders of the Venetian rights were, though com--
prehended in the treaty of April 1607, excluded by the
Romans from the benefit of it ; some, upon different pre«
tences, were imprisoned, some sent to the gallies, and all
debarred from preferment. Bnt then their malice was
obiefiy aimed against father Paul, who soon found the ef-^
fects of it; for, on Oct. 5, 1607, he was attacked, on hit
neturn to his convent, by five assassins, who gave him fif->
teen wounds, and left him for dead. Three of these
wounds only did execution : he received two in the neck;
the third was made by the stiletto's entering his right ear^
ond Coming out between the nose and right cheek ; and so
violent was the stab, that the assassin was obliged to> leave
his weapon in the wound. Being come to himself^ and
S A R P L 461
having bad bis wounds dressed, be told those about hitn^
that the first two he had received seemed like two flashes
of fire, wbic^i shot upon him at the same instant; and
that at the third he thought himself loaded as it were with
a prodigious weight, which stunned and quite confounded
his senses. The assassins retired to the palace of thepope^s
nuncio at Venice, whence they escaped that evening either
to Ravenna or Ferrara. These circumstances di^covefed
Who were at the bottom of the attempt; and Paul himself
once, when his friend Aquapendente was dressing bis
wounds, could not forbear saying pleasantly, that'^^tbey
were made Sfilo Romariie Curia.*^ The person who drew
the stiletto out of hi^ head, was desirous of having it ; but,
as father^s PauPs escape seemed somewhat miraculous, it
was thought right to preserve the bloody instrument as a
public monument : and therefore it was hung at the feet of
a crucifix in the church of the Servites, with the inscrip-
tion, " Deo Filio Liberatori," ^ To God the. Son the De-
liverer." The senate of Venice, to shew the high regard
they had for Paul, and their detestation of this horrid at^
tempt, broke up immediately on the news ; came to the
monastery of the Servites that night in great numbers ; or**
dered the physicians to bring constant accounts of him to
the senate ; and afterwards knighted and richly rewarded
Aquapendente for his great care of him.
How scandalous soever this design against bis life was, it
was attempted ' again more than once, even by monks of
his own order : but the senate took all imaginable precau-
tions for his security, and he himself determined to livcfe.
more privately. In his recess, he applied himself to write
his " History of the Council of Trent," for which. he had
begun to collect materials long before. Walton tells us^
tha( the contests between the court of Rome and the senate
of Venice '" were the occasion of father Paul's knowledge
and interest with king James, for whose sake principally
he compiled that eminent history of the remarkable coun;<*
cil of Trent; which history was, as fast as it tvas written^
sent in several sheets in letters by sir Henry Wotton, Mr.
Bedell, and others, unto king James, and the then bishop
6f Canterbury, into England." Wotton relates, that
James himself '^ had a hand in it ; for the benefit," headds^
** of the Christian world." This history was, first published
by sir Nath. Brent (See Brent), at London,' in 1619, in
folio, under the feigned name of Pietro Soav^ Polano^
Vou XXVII. M
162 S A R P l
which is an anagram of Paolo Sarpi Venetiaik),- and dedf*
cated to James I. by Antony de Dominis, archbishop of
Spalatro^ It was afterwards translated into Latin, English^
French,- and other languages ; and a new translation oT it
into French by Dr. le Courayer^ with notes critical, his-^
torical, and theological, was published at London, 173o>
5 vols, folioi Burnet's account of this work may serve to
ihew the opinion which Protestants of all communities have
ever entertained of it : "The style and way of writing,'.'
says he, ^^ is so natural and masctiline, the intrigues wer«
80 fully opened, with so many judi-ciou^ reflections in att
the parts of it, that as it was read with great pleasure, so it
was generally looked on as the rarest piece of history
which the world ever saw. The author was soon guessed,
and that raised the esteem of the work : for as^ he was ac-^
fjottnted one of the wisest men in the world, so he had great
opportunities to gather exact informations.': He had free
access to-all the archives of the republic of Venice, which
has been now looked on for several ages as very exact,
twoth in getting good intelligence, and in a most careful way
of preserving it : so that among their records he must have
found the dispatches of the ^ambassadors and prelates 6f
fhat republic, who were at Trent ; which being so neat
them, atid the council being of such high consequence, it
k not to be doubted, but there were frequent and parti-r
l^lar informations, both of more public and sfecreter trains-
aetidns transmitted thither. He had also contracted a close
friefidship with Camillus Oliva, that was secretary to one of
the legates, from whom be had many discoveries of the
pf^ctices of the legates, and of their correspondence with
Kotn« : besides many other (Materials and notes of -some
prelates wlio were at Trent, which he had gathered toge-*
ther. His work came out within fifty years of the conclu'*
tion of the council, when several, who had been present
tttere; were still alLve ; and the thing was $o recent in linen's-
0iei^ories, that few thought a man of so great prudence as
^ewasvould have exposed his reputation, by writing in
^uch a nice manner things which he could not justiiFy*
Never was there a man more hated by the coilrt of Rome.
^haTi he was ; and now he was- at their m^rcy, if he had
^bused the world by such falsehoods in matter of fact, as
have been since charged on his work ; but none appeared
l^gainst him for fifty years.'*
Early ip the winter of 1622, bis health began to decline
B A R p r. f^
gt^Hy ; and he Islnguished till January tbe 14tb, w|ien h^
expired, in his seventy-second yean He behaved with tbii
greatest eotistancy and piety during bis illness, and tbe last
wordft be uttered were " Esto perpetua/' which was under«»
itood to be a prayer for the republic.
When tbe tiews of bis deaib reached Rone, the courtiers
rejoiced ; nor could tbe pope himself forbear saying, tbst
the hand of God was visible in taking him out.of tbe worid^
as if it bad been a miracle surely that a man of seventy-two
should die! bis funeral was disiinguisbed by.ltbe public
magnificence of it, and the vast concourse of nobility and
persons of all ranks attending it : and tbe senate, out of
gratitude to his memory, erected a monument to him, tbe
inscriptioi) upon which was written by John Anthony Ve«
nerio, a noble V^netiaii. He was of middle stature; bis
head very large in proportion, to his body, which was ex«
tremely lean. He had a wide forehead, in tbe middle of
wbich was a very large vein. * His eye* brows were* well
arched, his eyes large, black, and sprightly ; bis nose long
and large; l^s beard but thin. His aspect, though grave»'
was extremely soft and inviting; and be bad a very fii>0
hand- Fulgentio relates, that though several kic^gs En4
princes bad desired him to sit for bis picture, yeb b§ n^^ei*
would suffer it to be drawn ; but sir Henry Wottoni in bis<
letter to Dr* Collins, writes thus : *^ And now, sir, .havir|]g
ft fit messenger,, and not long after the time when love«
tokens use to pass between friends, let me be bold to send
you for a new-year's gitt a certain memorial^ not altogether
unworthy of some entertainment under your roof ; na^oelyy
a true picture of father Paul the Servite, wbicb was fira8(
taken by a painter whom I sent uoto bim; my house then
neigbbouring bis monastery. I have newly added there*
tontu a title of -my own conception,' ^^ Concilii Tridentiui
Eviscerator, &c. — You will find a scar iu his face, that was
from the Roman assassinate, that would have killed bia as
be was turned to s^wall near bis convent/'
Father Fulgentio,* bis friend and companion, who was a
man of great abilities and integrity, and is allowed on alt.
bands to have drawn up Paul's life with great judgment
and impartiality, observes, that, notwithstanding the ani-
mosity of the court of Rome against him, the most eminent
prelates of it always expressed the highest regard for him ; ;
and Protestants of all communities have, justly supposed
him one of tbe wisest and best men that ever lived* <^ Fa? ;
^ 2
1^ S A'R PJ.
ther P.aul,** says sir Henry Wotton, " was one of the hum-
blest things that could be seen within the bounds of hu-
manity ; the very pattern of that pre<;e(>t, quanta tloctior,
40nto subniissiory and enough alone lo demonstrate, that
knowledge well digested nan inflat. Excellent in positive,
excellent in scholastical and polemical, divinity : a rare
naibematician, even in the most abstruse parts thereof, as
in algebra and the tbeoriques; and yet withal so expert in
.the history of plants, as if he had never perused any book
i>Qt nature. Lastly, a great canonist, which, was the title
of his ordinary service with the state \ and certainly, in the
'time of the pope's interdict, they had their principal light
from him. When he was either reading or writing alone,
his manner was to sit fenced with a castle of paper about
his ebair and. over his head; for he was of our lord St»
J^lban^si opinion, that all air is predatory, and especially
hurtful, when the. spirits are most employed. — He was of a
quiet and settled temper, which made him prompt in his
counsels and answers ; and the same in consultation which
Themistocles was in action, iura-x^ia^.w Inamarog^ as will
appear unto you in a passage between him and the prince
of CoikI^. The said prince, in a voluntary jourRey to
Rome, came by Venice^ where, to give some vent to his
own humours, he would often divest himself of bis great-
ness ; and after other less laudable curiosities, uot long be-
fore his departure, a desire took him to visit the famovt
obscure Servite. To whose cloyster coming twice, he was
the first time denied to be within ; and at the second it was
intimated, that, by reason of bis daily admission to their
deliberations in the palace, he could not receive the visit
of so illustrious a personage, without leave from the senate,
which he would seek to procure. This set a greater edge
tipo.n the prince, when he saw he should confer with one
participant of nwre than monkish speculations. So, after
leave gotten,^ be came the third time ; and then, besides
other voluntary disoourse, destined to be told by him, who was.
the true unmasked author of the -late Tridentine History?
-^To whom father Paul said, that he understood he was
going to Rome, where he might learn at eaise, who was
the author of that book.'*
Cardinal Perron gave his opinion of father Paul in these
terms : <^ I see nothing eminent in that man ; be is a man
of judgment and good sense,' but has no great learning : I
obaerre bis qualifications to be mer4S common ones^ and
S A R P I. ISS
little superior to an ordinary monk's/* But the learned
Morhoff has justly remarked, ti^iat ^< thi^ judgment of Per-
ron is absurd and maligf^ant, and directly contrary to the
clearest evidence ; since those who are acquainted with
the great things done by father Paul, and with the vast
extent of his learnings will allow him to be superior^
not only to monks, but cardinals, and even to Perron
himself." Courayer, his French translator, ^^'h ^hat
** in imitation of Erasmus, Cassander, Thuanus, and other
great men, Paul was a Cathoiic* in general, and some-
times a Protestant in particulars. 'He observed every thing
in the Roman religion, which could be practised without
superstition ; and, in points which be scrupled, took great
care not to scandalize the weak. • In short, he was equally
averse to alt extremes : if he disapproved the abuses of the
Catholics, he condemned also the too great heat of the
reformed ; and used to say to those who urged him to de-
clare himself in favour of the latter, that God had not
given him the spirit of Luther.'' — Courayer likewise ob-»
serves, that Paul wished for a reformation of the Papaoy^
and not the destruction of it ; and was an enemy to the
abuses and pretences of the ^opes, not tfaetr place/' We
see by several of Paul's letters, that be wished well to the
progress of the relbrmation, though in a gentler manner
than that which bad been taken to procure it; and, if he
limself had been silent on this head, we might have col-^
iected his inclinations this way, from circumstances relat-
iirg to Fulgentio, the most intimate of his friends, and who
waii best acquainted with his sentiments. Burnet iolbrms
us, that Fulgentio preaching upon Pilate's question,
** What is Truth ?" told the audience^ that at last, after
many searches, he had found it out: and holding forth a
New Testament, said, it was therein his hand; but, adds be,
putting it again in his pocket, *' the book is prohibited.''
Of father Paul's whole works, *^ Tutte le sue opere^ oon
un supplemento," an edition was published at Verona,
Under the name of Helmsted, 1761^-68, S vols, 4to$ and
another at Naples in 1790, 24 vols. 8vo. In 1788, ^ trea-
tise was published at London in Italian, entitled '^ Qpi-
nione'di Fra Paolo Sarpi, toccente il governo della repub-
lica Veneziana," 8vo, we know not whether in any of. the
preceding editions. Of his works, we have English trans-
lations, printed at vairious times, of " The Rights of Sove-
reigns and Subjects," *' The History of the Council of
166 S A R T O.
the barpsiebord, with a flute accompaniment, Afust^aof,
Three, sonatas, in London, 1769. *^ GiuUo Sabino cba^
racteristica/' Vienna, 1787.*
SARTO (Andr£A del), or Vannucchi, a famous It^ian
painter, was the son of a tailor, whence he bad the name
of Sarto, and was born at Florence in 1471. He was np^
prenticed to a goldsmith, with whom he lived sometime^
but was then placed with John Basile, an ordinary painter,
who taught him the rudiments of his art ; and afterwards
with Peter Cosimo, and while with him, studied the ear«^
toons of Michael Angelo and Leonardo da Vinci ; and by
these oneans arrived at a mastery in his art. Being at last
dissatisfied with bis master, he associated with Francia
Bigio, and they painted various pieces in conjunction, at
Florence and about it, for the monasteries. At length
come of Sarto's pieces falling under the notice of Francis X,
tliat monarch was so pleased with them, that he invited
Barto into France, and treated him with great, liberality.
He executed many pictures for the, king and the nobility ;
but, while employed upon a St. Jerome for the queens-
mother, he received letters from his wife, with whom het was
infatuated, which made him resolve to return thither. He
pretended domestic affairs, yet promised the king not only
to return, but also to bring with him a good collection of
pictures and sculptures. In this, however, he was over*
ruled by bis wife, and, never returning, gave Francis^ who
bad trusted him with a considerable sum of money, so bad
9n opinion of JPlorentine painters, that he would not look
favourably on them for some years after. Sarto afterwards
gave hinpself up wholly to pleasure, and became at length
very poor. He was naturally liiild and diffident, and set
but ver}' little value upon bis own performances: yet th«
Florentines bad so great an esteem for his works^ that^
during the fury of the popular factions among ihem, they
preserved them from the flames. Sarto died of the plague
in ] ^20, when only 42. Sarto's works, in Mr.i Fuseli'a
Opin^n seem to have obtained their full share of justice*
As a Tuscan, the suavity of his tone and facility of prac-
tice contrast more strikingly with the general austerity aud
elaborate pedantry of that school, and gain him greater
praise *tfaan they would, had he been a Bolognese or Lorn-'
bard.* It cannot, however, be denied that his sweetness
spmatimes borders on insipidity : the modesty or rather
1 From Dr. Burney in Rees's Cyclopaedia. ^
S A R T O. UB
pasiHaniinity of his character cheeked the £dll ^certion of
his powers ; his faults are of the negative kind, and defects
rather than blemishes. He had no notions of nature be^
yond the model, and concentrated all female beauty in his
wif^^Lucretia ; and if it be true that he sacrificed his for^
tune and Francis L to her charms, she must at least have
equalled in form and feature bis celebrated Madonna del
Sacca ! hence it was not unnatural that the proportions of
Albert Durer should attract him more than those of Mi^
cbaelagnolo. His design and his conceptions, which seU
dom rose above the sphere of common or domestic lifc^
kept pace with each other ; here his observation was acute^
and his ear open to every whisper of social intercourse or emo»
tion. The great peculiarity, perhaps the great prerogativoi
of Andrea appears to me that parallelism of oompositionj
which distinguishes the best. of his historic works, seem*
ingly as natural, obvious and easy, as inimitable. In so*
lemn eflPects, in alternate balance of action and repose, b«
excels all the moderns ; and if he was often unable to eoii^
ceive the actors themselves, he gives them probability and
importance by place and posture. Of costume he was
ignorant, but none ever excelled and few approached him
in breadth, form, and style of that drapery which ought 4o
distinguish solemn, grave, or religious subjects. ^ •
SAUMAISE. See SALMASIUS.
SAUNDERS (Sir Edmund), lord chief justice of the
King's Bench towards the close of the seventeenth cett<*
tury, seems entitled to some notice on account of hts
^^ Reports/' although his character in other respects may
as well be consigned to oblivion. He was originally a
strolling beggar d.bout the streets, without known parents
or relations. He Came often to beg scraps at Clement's
Inn, where bis sprightliness and diligence made the society
desirous to extricate him from his miserable situation. As
he appeared desirous to learn to write, one of the attornies
fixed a board up at a window on the top of a stair-case^
which served him as a desk, and there he sat and wrote
after copies of court and other bands, in which at length
he acquired such expertness, as in some measure to set
up for himself, and earn a pittance by hackney-writing.
He also took all opportunities of improving himself by
reading such books as he borrowed of his friends, and in
-> ArgeavUlei vol. li— PilkinstOB by FaseU.
am S A U N D E R S.
tbe course of a few years, became an able attorney and a
rvery eminent 'counsel, his practice in the King*s-beoch
-being exceeded by none. All'this would have redounded
•to. his' honour,- had his progress in integrity kept pace with
ofcher accomplishments, but he appears to have brought into
ills profession the low habits of his early life, and became
as iMucb a disgrace as an ornament to the bar. His art and
cunning were equal to his knowledge, and he carried many
a cause by sinister means, and when detected, he never
was out of countenance, but evaded the matter with a jest,
which he had always at hand. He was much employed by
the king against the city of London, in the business of the
quo warranto, and ^vas a very fit tool in the hands of the
court, and prompted the attorney- general Sawyer, to over-
throw the city charter* It was when this affair was to be
brought to a decision, that Saunders was knighted and
aade. lord chief justice Jan. 25, 1682-3. But just as sen-^
tence was about to be given, he was seized with an apo^
plexy and died. In our authority, a disgusting descriptioit
is given of his person, which seems to have corresponded
wkh his mind. > .
His ^^ Reports*' are considered as peculiarly valuable^
PB .account of the correct state of the pleadings in the ise-
veral cases in the court of King's-bench. . They were first
published in French, 1686, 2 vols. fol. and reprinted in
English,' with the addition of several thousand references,
in 1722. A third edition, by serjeant Williams, appeared
in 1799^ with notes and references, 2 vols. 8vo, usually
bound in three- "
; SAUNDEBSON {Nicolas), an illustrious professor of
the n^athiematics in the university of Cambridge, and fel*^
low of the Royal Society, was born in 1682, atThurlston
in Yorkshire ; where ^is father, besides a small estate^ en*
joyed a place. in the Excise. When he was a year old, he
was deprived, by the small-pox^ not only of his sight, but
pf his- eye-balls^ which were dissolved by abscesses; so
that he, retained no more idea of light and colours than if
he ha,d been bom blind. He was sent early to a free^
sebool at Penniston, and there laid the foundation of that
kndwle^lge of the /Greek and Roman languages, which he
aftetiwards improved so far, by his own application to the
cla^^ic: ^ulhors^ as to. hear the works of Euclid, Archimedes,;
i North's Liv^p of ttie ChapGellors,-«*BHniet'^ Ovo Timel^.^Qraoger.
•
S A U N D E » S O N. IM
juicl Diophantus, read in their brigioal Greek, When he
had passed spme time at this school, bis father, whose oc*''
cupation led him to be conversant in numbers, began to
instruct hicn in the common rules of arithmetic. Here it
was that his genius first appeared : for be very soon he-*
came able to work the common questions, to make long
calculations by the strength of bis memory, and to form
new rules to himself for the more ready solving of such
problems as are often proposed to learners, as trials of
skill. At eighteen, he was introduced to the acquaintance
of Richard West of Underbank,esq. a gentleman of fortune^
and a lover of the mathematics, who, observing his unGom<*
mou capacity, took the pains to instruct him in the prihci**
pies of algebra and geometry, and gave him every encou-
ragement in the proiiecution of these studies. Soon after,
he became acquainted with Dr. Nettleton, who took the
same pains with him ; and it was to these gentlemen tha6
be owed his first in&titution in the mathematical sciences.^
They furnished him with books, and often read and ex-
pounded them to him. ; but he soon surpassed hi$ masters^
and became fitter to teach than learn any thing from them.
His passion for learning growing up with him, his father
sent him to a private academy at Atterqliff near Sheffield;
6ut logiq and metaphysics being the principal learning of.
this school, were neither of them agreeable to the genius,
of our author ; and therefore be made but a short stay**
He remained some time after in the country, prosecuting,
bis stt^dies in his own way, without any other assistant?
than a good author, and some person that could read it to.
bim;. being abje, by the strength, of his own abilities, ta
surmount all difficulties that might occur. His educatioa'
had bithei[to been at the expence of his father^ who, hav«-
ing <a numerous family, found it difficult to continue it ;'
and bis friends therefore began to think of fixing him in^'
some way of business, by which he might support himsellv;
His own inclination led him strongly to Cambridge; and,
after much consideration, it was resolved he should make>
his appearance there in a way very uncommon ; not as a,
scholar, but a master; for, his friends, observing in him a-
peculiar felicity in conveying his ideas to others, hoped
that be might teach the mathematics with credit and ad-
vantage, even in the university ; or, if this design shouldr
miscarry, they promised themselves success in opening a
school for him in London<
J7« S A U N D E 11 S O N.
Accordingly, iii 1707, being now twenty-five, he wa«
brought to Cambridge by Mr. Joshua Dunn, then a fellow-
cominoner of Christ^s college ; where he resided with that
friend, but was not admitted a member of the college. The
society, however, much pleased with so extraordinary a
guest, allotted him a chamber, the use of their library,
and indulged him in every privilege that could be of ad-
vantage to him. But still many difficulties obstructed his
design : he was placed here without friends, without for*
tune, a young man, untaught himself, to be a teacher of
philosophy in an university, where it then flourished in
the greatest perfection. Whiston was at this time mathe-
matical professor, and read lectures in the manner pro-
posed by Saunderson ; so that an attempt of the same kind
by the latter looked like an encroachment on the privileges
of bis office; but, as a good-natured man, and an encou-
rager of learning, Whiston readily consented to the appli-
cation of friends, made in behalf of so uncommon a person.
Mr. Dunn had been very i^ssiduous in making known his
<;baracter; his fame in a short time had filled the univer*
sity ; men of learning and curiosity grew ambitious and
fond of his acquaintance, so that his lecture, as soon as
opened, was frequented by many, and in a short time very
much crowded. *^ The Principia Mathematica, Optics,
and Arithmetica Universalis, of sir Isaac Newton," -were
the foundation of his lecture ; and they afforded a noble
. field to display his genius in. It was indeed an object of
the greatest curiosity that a blind youth should read lectures
in optics, discourse on the nature of light and colours, ex-
plain the theory of vision, the effect of glasses, the phaeno-
mena of the rainbow, and other objects of sight : nor was
the surprize of his auditors much lessened by reflecting,
that as this science is altogether to be explained by lines,
and is subject to the rules of geometry, he might be a mas-
ter of these subjects, even under the loss of sight.
As he was instructing the academical youth in the prin-
ciples of the Newtonian philosophy, it was not long before
be became acquainted with the incomparable author, al-
though he had left the university several years ; and en-
joyed his frequent conversation concerning the more diffi-
cult parts of his works. He lived in friendship also with
the most eminent mathematicians of the age; with Halley,
•Cotes, D.e Moivre, &c. Upon the removal of Whiston
from his professorship, Saunderson's mathematical merit
S A U N D E R S O N. lit
was universally allowed so much superior to that of any
competitor, that an extraordinary step was taken in his
favour, to qualify him with a degree^ which the statutes
require* Upon application made by the heads of colleges
lo the duke of Somerset, their chancellor, a mandate was
readily granted by the queen for conferring on him the de-
gree of master of arts : upon which he was chosen Lucasian
professor of the mathematics, Nov. 1711, sir Isaac New-
ton all the while interesting himself very much in the affair.
His first performance, after he was seated in the chair, was
an inauguration-speech made in very elegant Latin, and a
style truly Ciceronian ; for be was well versed in the
writings of TuUy, who was his favourite in prose, as Virgil
and Horace were in verse. From this time he applied him«
self closely to the reading of lectures, and gave up his
whole time to bis pupils. He continued amotvg the gen*
tiemen of Christ's college till 1723 ; when he took a hous«
in Cambridge, and soon after married a daughter of the
rev. Mr. Dickens, rector of Boxworth in Cambridgeshire,
by whom he had a son and a daughter. In 1728, when
George 11. visited the university,, he was pleased to signify
his desire of feeing so remarkable a person ; and accord-
ibgiy the professor waited upon bis majesty in the senate-
house, and was there created doctor of laws by royal favour.
Saunderson was naturally of a strong healthy constitu--
tion; but being too sedentary, and constantly confining
himself to the bouse, he became at length a valetudinarian.
For some years he frequently complained of a numbness in
his limbs, which, in the spring of 1739, ended in an in-
curable mortification of bis foot. He died April 19, aged
fifty-seven, and was buried, according to his request, in
the chancel at Boxworth. He was a man ra^er to be ad-
mired than loved. He bad much wit and vivacity in con*
versation, and many reckoned him a good companion. He
had also a great regard to truth, but was one of those who
think it their duty to express their sentiments on men and
opinions, without reserve or restraint, or any of the cour-
tesies of conversation, which created him many enemies;
nor was he less offensive by a habit of profane swearing, and
the obtrusion of infidel opinions, which last he held, not«^
withstanding the kindness of providence towards him
throughout his extraordinary life*. He is said, however.
* '< With respect to the infidel part Monthly ReTiewer* *' we aim her»
#f Saundersoa*8 chancter/' sayt the turallj remioded of the joke that
was
•174 8 A U N D E K S O N.
to have received the notice of bis approdcbing death' with,
.great calmnfess and serenity ; and after a short silence, re*-
^uming life and spirit, talked with as much composure as
usual, and at length, we are told, appointed to receive the
jacrament the evening before his death, which a deliriui^
that never went off prevented him from doing.
V A blind man moving in the sphere of a mathematician,
neems a pba&oomenon difficult to be accounted for, and has
excited the admiration of every age in which it has appear-
ed. Tully mentions it as a thing scarce credible in his own
master in philosophy, Diodotus, that ^' he exercised him-
self in that science with more assiduity after he became
blind; and, what he thought almost impossible to be done
without sight, that he described his geometrical diagrams
so expressly to his scholars, that they could draw every
line in its proper direction.*' Jerome relates a more remark-
able instance in Didymus of Alexandria, who, ^* though
blind from his infancy, and therefore ignorant of the very
letters, appeared so great a miracle to the world, as not
only to learn logic, but geometry also, to perfection, which
seems the most of any thing to require the help of sight.^"
But, if we consider that the ideas of extended quantity,
which are the chief objects of mathematics, may as well be
acquired from the sense of feeling, as that of sight ; that a
fixed and steady attention is the principal qualification for
this study; and that the blind are by necessity more ab-
stracted than others, for which reason Democritus is said
to have put out his'eyes, that he might think more in-
tensely ; we shall perhaps be of opinion, that there is no
other branch of science better adapted to their circum-
stances.
It was by the sense of feeling, that Saunderson acquired
most of bis' ideas at first; and this he enjoyed in great
acuteness and perfection,^ as it commonly happens to the
blind, whether by the gift of nature, or, as is more pro-
bable, by the necessity of application. Yet he could not,
as ^onie have imagined, and as Mr. Boyle was made to be-
lieve of a blind man at Maestricbt, distinguish colours by •
that sense ; and, having made repeated trials, he used to
say, it was pretending to impossibilities. But he could
passed on the learned university, on they have put in Saandenon, who be- *
bis bei\ig elected to fill the Lucasiaa lieves in no God at all'." Month. Rev.
chair — * They have turned out Whis- vol. XXJCVI.
ton for bftUeviog' in but ooe God ; «od
-J
B A U N D E R 9 O W. 17^5
-with great nicety and exactness discern' Ibe least (fiiferehce
of rough and smooth in a' surface, or the least defect of pd-
lisb. Thus he distinguished in a set of Roman nnedals tbte
genuine from the false, though they had been counterfeited
with such exactness as to deceive a connoisseur who hi£d
judged by the eye. His sense of feeling was very accurate
also in distinguishing the least variation in the atmosphere';
aiul be has been seen in a garden^' when observations have
been making on the sun, to take notice of every cloud, that
interrupted the observation, almost as justly as they who
could see it. He could tell when any object was held near his
face, or when he passed by a tree at no great distance, pro«-
vided there was a calm air, and little or no wind : these he
did by the different pulse of the air upon his face.
An exact and refined ear is what such are commonly
blessed with wfaaare deprived of their eyes; and our pro*
fessor was perhaps inferior to none in the excellence of hfs.
He could readily distinguish to the fifth part of a note ; and,
by his performance on the flute, which he had learned as
an aipusement in his younger years, discovered such a ge-
nius for music, as, if he had cultivated the art, would have
probably appeared as wonderful as his skill in the mathe-
matics. By his quickness in this sense he not only distin-
guished persons with whom. he bad ever once conversed so
long as to fix in his memory the sound of their voice, but
in some measure places also« He could judge of the size
of a room, into which he was introduced, of the distance
he was from the wall ; and if ever he had walked over a
pavement in courts, piazzas, &c. which reflected a sounds
and was. afterwards conducted thither agaip, be could
exactly tell whereabouts in the walk he was placed, merely
by the note it sounded.
There was scarcely any part of the mathematics on which
he had not written something for the use of his pupils : but
be discovered no intention of publishing any of his works
till 1733. Then his friends, alarmed by a violent fever
that had threatened his life, and unwilling that his labours
should be lost to the world, importuned him to spare some
time fjcom his lectures, and to employ it in finishing some
of his works ; which be might leave behind him, as a va-
luable legacy both to his family and the public. He yielded
so far to these entreaties as to compose in a short time bis
£tements of Algebra ;'* which he left perfect, and tran-..
scribed fair for the press. It was published by subscription
^4
176 8 A U N D E R S O N.
rat Cambridge, 1740, in ^ vols. 4to, with a good me^sfa--
tinto print of the author, and an account of his life aad
character prefixed.
Saunderson entertained the most profound veneration for
^Mr Isaac Newton. If he ever differed in sentimeat from
any thing in sir Isaac's mathematical and philosophical Wri-
tings, upon more mature consideration ^ he said, he always
found the mistake to be his own. The more he read his
works, and observed upon nature, the more reason he found
to admire the justness and care as well ae liappiness ef ex-
pression, of that incomparable philosopher. Saunderson
left many other writings, though none perhaps prepared
for the press. Among these were some valuable comments
on the ^' Principia," which not only explain the more diffi^
cult parts, but often improve upon the doctrines ; these
are published, in Latin, at the end of his posthumous
." Treatise on Fluxions,*' a valuable work, which appeared
in 1756, 8vo. His manuscript lectures too on most parts
of natural philosophy, might, in the opinion of Dr. Button^
who has perused them, form a . considerable volume, and
prove an acceptable present to the public.^
SAURlN (Elias), a protestant divine, was born August
28, 1639, at Usseaox, in the valley of Pragelas on the
frontiers of Dauphiny, where his father^ officiated as minis-
ter. He was himself appointed minister of Venterole in
4 661^ of Embrun in 1662, and would have been shortly
chosen professor of divinity at Die, but meeting acciden-
tally with a priest who was carrying the host to a sick per-
son, he would not take off his hat. This trifle, as might
be expected ia a popish country, was so much resented,
that Saurin found it necessary to retire into Holland, where
he arrived in June 1664, was appointed minister of the
Walloon church at Delft the following year, and had a great
share in deposing the famous Labadie. In 1671, he was
invited to be minister of the Walloon church at UtiPecht^
where he became very celebrated by bis works, and had
some very warm disputes with Jarieu, which were th* sub-
ject of much conversation ; but be is said to have satiifac-*
torily answered the charge of heresy which that author
^ brought against him. Saurin died unmarried at Utrecht,
April 8, 1703, aged sixly-fonr, leaving the following works:
» Life prefixed to his Algebra — Manin's Biog. Philog.—Biog. Brit. Sopp]*.
aicnt, TOl. Vli.— 'HutCoa't Diftiouary.
S A U B I K. I7f
li.1i << JtxamiAation of M. Juriisu's Theology/' BtqIs* Svdj
in which he treats of sevleral important questions io diviaity ;
<' Reflections on the Rights of Conscience,'' a^nst Jurieii^
ttisd Bayte's Philosophical Commentary; a treatise on ^ the
Love of God," in which he supports the doctrines of disin-i
terested love ; and another on the *^ Love of our Neighs-
hours," 4a.* ,
SAURJN (James), a very celebrated preacher, was the
SOD of an esoinent protestant lawyer, and was born at Nismes
in 1677* His father retired^ aft^r the repeal of the edic4{
of N^ta, to Geneva, at which pbce be died. Sauria
made no small progress in his studies, but abandoned then
for.aome tiaie» that he might fcdlow arms; In 16d4, he
inade »> campaign as a cadet in lord Galloway^s company,
and soon afterwards procured a pair of coloulrs. But ^tci
soott as ihe duke of Savoy had concluded a peace with
France,- Saurio quitted a profession for which he never was
designed; and, on his return to Geneva again, applied,
himself to philosophy and divinity, under Turretin and
bther professors. In itOO, be visited both Holland and
England. In this last country he remained five years, and
preached among the French refugees in London. Here
also he married in lt03, and returned to the Hague in
1705, Soon after be becaitie pastor to the church of
French refugees, who were permitted to assemble in the
chapel belonging to the palace of the princes of Orange at
the Hague, in which he officiated during the remainder of
his life» When the princes^ of Wales, afterwards queen
Caroline^ passed through Holland on her way " to England,
Saurin had the honour of paying his respects to her, and
she, upon her return, desired Dr. Boulter, the preceptor to
pirince Frederic, the father of the present king, to write
to Saurin, to draw up a treatise ^^on the education of
princes." The work was done> but never printed, and the
author received a handsome'present from the princess, and
afterwards a pension from George II. to whom he dedicated
a volupoEie of his sermons. Saurin died Dec. 30, 1730. He
possessed great talents, with a fine address, and a strong,
clear, and harmonious voice, while his style was pure, un-
affected j and eloquent. His principles were what are called
moderate Calvinism. Five volumes of his sermons have
- made their appearance at different times; the first in 1709^
t Cliaiirepie.^Moreri.--:I>Mt. Ui^'
VoIh XXVIL N •
17S SAURtK.
the second in' 1712, the third some years after/ the fotirlif
in 1722, and the fifth in 1725. Since bis dearth, the ser->
nions relating to the passion of Jesus Christ, and other
subjects, were published in two volumes. In 1727 h&
published "The State of Christianity in France."
But his most considerable work was^ " Discourses histo-
rical, critical, and moral, on the most memorable Events of
the Old and' New Testament.'' His first intention was to
have published a set of prints, with titles and explanations ;
but^ as that had been before executed by Fontaine amongst
the Roman catholics, and by fiasnage amongst the protes-
tants, it became necessary to adopt a newer plan. Thi$
gave rise to the work abov^ mentioned, which the authot
left imperfect. Two Volumes made their appearance in
folio, and the work was afterwards reprinted in four in 8vo.
Six other discourses form a part of a fifth volume in 8vo^
published by Mn Roques, who undertook a continuation of
the work. It is replete with learning. The Christian and
the heathen authors, philosophers, poets, historians, and
critics, are cited with the utmost profusion, and it forms a
compilation of all their sentiments on every subject dis-»
cussed throughout the work. The author shews himself tof
be a warm advocate for toleration ; and, though the catho-
lics are more frequently censured than commended, yet
his principles are very moderate. *^ A Dissertation on the
Expediency of sometimes disguising the Truth" raised a
clamour against, the author, the fury of which be had not
power 16 appease. As an historian^ he believed that he
was permitted to produce the chief arguments of those that
maintain, that in certain cases truth may be disguised ; and
the reasons which they gave who have asserted the contrary.
Without deciding the question, it is easy to perceive that
he is a favourer pf the former. His principal antagonist
was Armand de la Chapelle ; to whom Francis Michael Ga«
nicoH replied with great spirit, in a work, entitled ^^Lettres
s6rieuses & jocoses." The three first of the lettres, in the
second volume, are in favour of Saurin. He was answered
by La Chapelle with great violence. Saurin imagined, that
be should be able to terminstte this dispute by reprinting the
dissertation separately, with a preface in defence o£ his
assertions : but he was deceived ; for La Chapelle pub-
lished a very long and scurrilous reply. It was Saurin^s .
intentkm entirely to have neglected this production ; but
hs found a new champion in Francis Bruys, This dispuu^
S A It R I N. • 119
liras at length brought before the synod of Cslmpen ; wbo^
in May 1730, ordered the churches of Utrecht, Leyden^
ami Amsterdam, t6 make their examinations, slnd report
the result of tbern^ to the synod of the Hague, which was to
sit in the September following^ Commissaries wdre ap*
pointed for this purpose. The synod of Campen gave its
opinion, and that of the Hague confirmed it : but, having
made no mention of the instructions sent , to the Wailooa
church at Utrecht, that assembly complained, and ordered
Mr. Banvoust,'6ne of its ministers, to juaiify his proceed-
ings and his doctrine, /niis he did in a large octavo vo"*
luihe, printed at Utrecht in 1731, after the death of Sau^
rin, entitled *<^ The Triumph of the Truth and Peace; or.
Reflections on the most important Events attending the last
Synod assembled to determine in the case of Messieurs
Saurin and Maty»^' Saurin had contributed to this peace,
by ^giving such a declaration of his sentiments as satisfied
the protestant churches ; and he repeated that declaration,
when he foresaw that the new lights^ which Mn Bruys had
thrown upon this subject, were going to raise a storm that
might perhaps have been severer than the last. Saurin^s
serofions are how well known^ in this country by the Selec-
tions translated into English, and published in 1775 — 1784,
by the rev. Robert . Robinison, 5 vols. 8vOj to which Dr.
Henry Hunter added a sixth volume in 1796.^
: SAURIN (Joseph), a French mathematician, was born
in 165d at Courtusbn, in the principality of Orange. He
was educated by his father, and was at a very early age made
a minister ^t Eure in Dauphiny. But he was compelled to
retire to Geneva in 1633f in consequence of having givea
offence in a sermon, which he afterwards heightened at
Berne by preaching against some of the established doc-
trines of the church. He then withdrew to Holland, but
was so ill received by his brethren, that he determined to
turn Roman catholic ; with this design, in 1690 he went to
Paris, and made an abjuration of his supposed errors under
the famous Bossuet, rather, it is believed, to have an op-,
portunity. of pursuing his studies unmolested at Paris thaa
firom.any motives of conscience or mental conviction. After
this he had a pension from the king, and was admitted a.
member of the academy of sciences in 1707, as a geome-^
trician. The dedinie of Saurin's life was spent in the peace*
A Li£B \^ BobiatOB prefixed to his S^rmouv^Chaofepit,— Mortrit
N 2
190 S A U ]^ I N.
able prosecution of his mathematical studies^ oce^iona%^
interrupted by literary controversies witb Rousseau and
otbenk He was a man of a daring and impetuous spirit^
and of a lof^ and independent mind. Saurindied at Paris'
io ,1737. Voltaire undertook the vindication of bis menMiy^
but has not been sufficiently successful to clear it from every
unfistvourable impresaion.^ It was even said lie had bee»
guilty of criooes, bybis own confession, that ought to have
been punished with death.
Saurin*s mathematical and philosophical papers printed
in the Memoirs of the Academy of. Sciences, wbieh are
numerous, are to be found in the volumes for the years fol-
lowing; viz. 1709, 1710, 17 IS, 1716, 1718, 1720, I722y
1723, 1725, 1727. He left a son, who acquired some re-
putation as a dramatic writer and lyric poet.^
SAUSSAY (Andrew du), doctor of law and divinity,
curate of St Leu, at Paris, official and grand vicar in the
same city, and afterwards bishop of Toul, was bom about
1595, at Paris. He was preacher in ordinary to Louis XIIL
who bad a great esteem for him, and by whose CMrder he
wrote tbe ^^ Marty rologium Galiicanum,'' 1638, 2 vols. foL
M. du Saussay succeeded Paul de Fiesqoe in the diocese of
Toul, 164^, and discovered great zeal in the- governnoent
of his church, and died Septembers, 1675, at Toul, aged
eighty. He left many works besides that above mentioned,
which contain great learning, but shew very little critici^
knowledge.*
SAUSSUtlE (Horace Benedict be), an eminent na*^
turalist, was born at Geneva in 1740. Hi» father, an en«*
lightened agricultiirist, to whom we are indebted for;Bome
essays on rural economy, resided at Conches, on the bank9
of the Arve, about half a league from Geneva. Botany waa
his first study, and this made bim acquainted with Haller,
whom he visited in, 1764, during his retreat at Bex. He
was further excited to study the vegetable kingdom in con*-
sequence of his connection with C. Bonnet, who marriedi
bis aunt, and who soon discovered-the talents of his nephew^
Bonnet was then engaged in e^camining the leaves- of plants^
Saussure also turned his attenticm to these vegetable organv
and published ^^ Observatfons on the Skin of Leaves*' aboucr
the year 1760*
At this time the prolessorshi]^ of philosophy at G«fi«w
6 A U S 8 U R E. 1*1
kecame Tftoaut^ and Saussure, who was then onljr twenty-
one^ obtained the chair. While in this office, he com-
menced his journeys among the mountains, to examine the
mibstaoces of which the elevated ridges of our globe are
composed, and during the first fifteen or twenty years of
his professorship, he was alternately employed in fulfilling
the duties which his - sitnataon imposed, and in traversing
the different mountains in the neighbourhood of Geneva.
He even extended his excursions on one side to the Rhine,
and on the other to Piedmonts About this time, too, ht
travelled to Anvergne, for the purpose of examining some
extinguished volcanos; and soon after he undertook a tour'
to. Paris, Holland, England, Italy, and Sicily. In these
journeys his constant object was the study of nature. He
always carried with him the instruments necessary for ob«-
servations, and never set out without having formed for
himself a regular plan of experiments.
In 1779, he published the first volume of *^ His Travels
in tbe Alps," which contains a detailed description of the
environs of Greneva, and an account of an excursion as far
as Chamouni, a village at the foot of Mont-Blanc. All
naturalists have read with pleasure tbe description )ie has
given, in this volume, of his Magnetometre, The more he
exanained the mountains, the more he felt the importance
of mineralogy : to enable him to study this branch of science
with still greater advantage, he learnt the German language.
The hew mineralogieal knowledge which he acquired may
be easily seen by comparing the latter volume of bis travels
with tbe first.
In the midst of his numerous excursions in tbe Alps^ and
even during the time of the troubled politics of Geneva in
1782^ he found opportunities to make his hygrometrical
experiments, the result of which he published in 1783,
under the title of "Essays on Hygrometry." We are in-
debted to him for the invention of tbe bygrometre, although
Deluc had already invented bis whalebone bygrometre,
wbich occasioned a dispute between bim and Saussure. In
1786, be .gaTe up bis professorship in favour of his disciple
Pictet The second volume of tbe Travels of Saussure was
published in 1786; and contains a description of the Alps,
which surround Mont-Blanc. Some years after the publi-
cation of this' volume, Saussure was received asaforeigd
associate in tbe academy of sciences at Paris; but our au-
diof not pnly honoured, but wa$ desirous of serving his
np 8 A y s s u ji E.
country. He founded the Society of Artf, tjQ which. Gq^
neva is greatly indebted, and presided in this society to
the very last,, its prosperity being one. of his principal phr
jects. He also shewed his z^al to serve his country wbil^
he was member of the Council pf Five Hundred, and of
the National Assembly of France. It. was frqm hi^ ^sidur
ou^ labour in that Assembly that his health Qrst began to
fail I and in 1794 a paralytic stroke deprived. him of the use
of one side of his body. It was, however, after this acci-
dent that he drew up the two l^st volumes of his Travels^
which appeared in 1796, They contain an accppnt of hi$
travels in the mountains of Piedmont, Switzerland, and in
particular of his ascent to the summit of IVIont Blaqc,
He gave the last proof pf his atti^cbment tp science in
publishing the ^^ Agenda,'! ^hich completes the fpurtl^ vor
lume. During his illness he also published his observation^
^^ on the Fusibility of Stones with the Blowpipe ;*' and h^
directed the ^^ experioients on the height of the bed of the
Arve.*' When be was at the baths of Plombieres for hi^
health, he observed the mountains atva distance, and pror
cured specimens of the strata he perceived in the ipost $teep
ropks. He had announced to the public, tha^t he ip^ended
\o complete his travels by his ideas on th^ pripiitive state of
the earth i; but jthe more new facts hp acquired, and the
more he meditated on this subject, the less could he deter:^
mine with regard to those great revolutions which have pre-*
ceded the present epoch. In general, he was a Neptunian,
that is to say, he attributed to water the revolutions of thif
globe. He admitted it to be possible that elastic fluids, iq
disengaging themselves from the cavities, ufight ^-^ise
inquntainf.
Though his health w?is gradually imp^iired by degrees,
he still retained the hope of re-establishing it, but strength, ^
and life forsook him by slow and painful steps, and he die4
March 22, 1799, lamented by his family and his country.*
SAUVAGES (Francis Boissier de), the inventor of
modern nosology, was born at Alais, in Lower Languedpc,
iMay 12, 1706. He appears to have owed little to his first
tutors, but his own talents enabled him to mal^e a rapid
progress in literature and philosophy. With a ytew to
study physic, he went to Montpellier in ,1722, and receive^
fbe degree of doctor in 1726. The thesis whi9h he df^
\ Life by SenDebier; a most extravagant panegyrje.
X .
S A U V A G E S. 18?
fended on this occasion was on a singular subject^ ^ Si I'a-
mour petit ^tre gu^ri par ies remedes tir^s des plantes?^'
To determine whether love can be cured by herbs seems
rather a trial of skilly than a serious discussion. It procured
him, however, the name of the Iqverdoctoir, ai^d it is said
that he wrote some poems on the same subject. In 1730,^
he went to Paris with a vi^w to farther improvement
in hi» profession, and afterwards returned to IVIontpeU
lier, ']wbere he obtained a professorship in 173^. His re-
putation for ingenuity of speculation and extensive reading
for some tikne retarded his practice, but these speculationa
were not allowed much weight iq the treatment of bis pa-
tients. In 1740, he was appoinjted demonstrator of tho
plants in the botanic garden, and in 1752 he was made pro*
fessor of botany. He married in 1748, and had two sons
^nd four daughters, who survived him. A serious disease^
whipb continued nearly two years, proved fatal in the midst
of bis useful and honourable career, in the month of Fe-
bruary, 1767, in the sixty- first year of his age.
Sauvages was much loved by his pupils, to whom he
cp^irounicated freely all that he knew, and received with
equal readiness whatever information any one was enabled
to give hig^. • He w.as an able mathematician, au accurate
observer of phi^nomena, apd ingenious in devising expert*
men^s ; but had too much bias to systeips, sq ,that he did
not always consult f/acts upinfluenced by prepossession. He
was a member of the most learned societies of Europe, viz*
of the Royal Society of London^ of those of Berlin, Upsal^
Stockholm, and Montpellier, of the Academy ^^ Nature
Curiosorum^'' of the Physico- Botanical Academy of Flo-
rence, land of the Institute of Bologna. He obtained the
prizes given by many public bodies to the best essays ou
given subjects ; ^nd a collection of these prize-essays was
published at Lyons in 1770, in two volumes, with the title
of " Chef d'CEuvres de M. de Sauvages."
His works were ye^y numerou/s on varioufi medical sub<-
jects, and he published a valuablje botanical work, '/ Me«
thodi^s foliorum, sen Plantar Florap lyionspeliensisjuxta folio-
rum ordinem,'' containing about 500 plants, omitted in
Magnoi*s ^^ Botanicon Monspeliense;*' but that on which his
fame most depends was his system of nosology. This was
preceded by a small work, entitled *^ Nouvelles classes des
Maladies,^' &c. .1732, 12mo; and after considering the
aubject for thirty years, he produced his complete system.
184 SA0VAGES.
^ Nosologica methodica, ^stens mdrbortim classed, genera^
et species/' &c. 1763, 5 vols. Svo, and after his deatb|
J 768, 2 vols. 4to. Since the ap(>earance of this Otork, the
aobject has been ably cultivated by Linnseus, by Vogel, by
l^agar, and lastly, by Dr. Cullen, to whose arrangemeafc
many give the preference.*
SAUVEUR (JosEPji), an eminent French matbematipian,!
was.born^at La Fleehe, March 24, 1 6 53, He wai totally
dumb till he was seven years of age ; and ever after was
obliged to speak very slowly and with difficulty. He very
early discovered a great turn for mechanics, aqd when sent
to the college of tb(d Jesuits to learn polite literature, made
very little progress, but read with greediness books of
arithmetic and geometry. He was, however, prevailed on
to go to Paris in 1 670, and, being intended for the church,
applied himself for a time to the study of philosophy am)
theology; but mathematics was the only study he culti-
vated with any success ; and during his eourse of philoso-
phy, he learned the first six books of Euclid in the space of
a month, without thb help of a master.
As heliad an impediment in his voice, he was advised by
M. Bossuet, to give up the church, and lo apply himself
to the study of physic i but this being against the inclii^a-
tion of his uncle, from whom b^ drew his principal re-
sources, Sauv^ur determihed to devote himself to bis fa-
vourite study, so as to be able to teach it for his support.
This scheme succeeded so well, that he soon became the^
fashionable preceptor in mathematics, and at twenty-three
years of age he had prince Eugene for his scholar. — He
had not yet read the geometry of Oes Cartes ; but a
foreigner of the first quality desiring to be taught it, be
tfiade himself master of it in an in<ipnceivably small space
of time. — Basset being a fashionable game at that time,
the marquis of <Dangeau asked him for ^ome calculatiods
relating to it, which gave suqh satisfaction, thai Sauveut^
bad the honour to explain them to the king and queen.
In 1681 he was sent with M. Mariotte to Chantilli, to.
make some experiments upon the waters there, in which
be gave great satisfsiction. The frequent visits be made
to this place inspired him with the design of writing a trea-
tise on fortification ; and, in order to join practice with
theory, he went to the siege of Mons in 1691, where bd
> ]ik>y, Diet, Hut. ck Medioine^^Diot, Hitt.
S A U V E U R. tSS
continued all the while in the trenches. With the ssttie
rhw also be visited all the towns of Flanders ; and on his re^
turn he became the mathematician in ordinary at the court^
with a pension for life. In 1680 he had been chosen to
teach mathematics to the pages of the Dauphiness. In
16S6 be was appointed mathematical professor in the Royot
College. And in 1696 admitted a member of the Academy
of Sciences, where he was in high esteem with the mem«
bers of that society. He became also particularly ac«
quainted with the prince of Cond^, from whom be received
many marks of favour and affection. In 1703, M. Vauban
having been made marshal of France, he proposed Sau<«»
▼enr to the king as his successor in the office of examinef
of the engineers ; to which the king agreed, and honoured
bim with a pension, which our author enjoyed till bit
death, which happened July 9, 1716, in the stxty-fourthf
year of his age.
Sauveur ' was of an obliging disposition, and of a good
temper; humble in his deportment, and of simple manners.
He was twice married. The first time he took a precaution
more like a mathematician than a lover ; for he would not
meet the lady till he had been with a notary to have the
conditions he intended to insist on, reduced into a written
form ; for fear the sight of her should not leave him enough
master of himself. He had children by both his wires ;
and by the latter a son, who, like himself, was dumb for
the first seven years of bis life.
An extraordinary part of Sauveur^s character is, that
diough he had neither a musical voice nor ear, yet he
studied no science more than music, of which he composed
an entire new system. It was he also who first invented the
monochord and the echometer. He pursued his researches
even to the music of the ancient Greeks and Romans, to
the Arabs, and to the very Turks and Persians themselves;
and was the inventor of the term Acoustics, now generally
adopted to signify the theory of sounds atid their proper-
ties. But Dr. Burney does not speak very highly of some
of his musical theories.
Sauveur*s wHtings, wliich consist of pieces rather than
of set works, are ail inserted in the volumes of the memoirs
of the Academy of Sciences, from 1700 to 1716, on vari-»
OHs geometrical, mathematical, philosophical, and musical
subjects. ^
\ Miosmii vol, iy,«THiitUm'i Dict-^aniey's Hist, of Moiio*
185
S A V A G E-
SAVAGE (Henky), an English divine, was bora alKMVt
1604, of a good family, in the parish of Eldsfield, Wori
pestershire. He entered of Baliol college, Oxford, as a
commoner in 1621, took the degree of B. A. in Nov. 1625,
in 1628 was made probationer fellow, and in 1630 com-r
pleted his roaster's degree. On the commencement of the
rebellion, he travelled into France with Williain lord
Sandys, whose sister, the lady Mary, be afterwards mar-
ried. Soon after his .return he obtained the mastership of
his college, Feb. 20, 1650, being at that time bachelor of
divinity, and next year took his doctor's degree in the
same faculty. Notwithstanding this compliance with the
ns^ufping powers, he was, on the restoration, made chap*^
lain in ordinary to his majesty, prebendary of Gloucester
in 1665, and rector of Biadoii near Woodstock in Oxford-
shire. He died, master of Baliol college, June 2, 1672,
and was buried i^ the chapel.
Dr. Savage had a controversy with John Tombes, on in-
fant bapjtism, and with Dr. Cornelius Surges on church-
refori|>ations, which produced some pamphlets of little
eonse^uence now ; bis principal work was his history of
Balliol college, entitled ^* Balliofergus, qr a commentary
vpon the foundation, founders,^ and affairs "of Balliolcol-
lege,*' 1668, 4to. Wood says, he had no natural geny for
a work of this kind, and has committed many blunders ;
and it may be added, that bis style is uncommonly vague^:
diffusive, and pedantic. Hi^ aim was to appear great ia
little things, and the gravity with which he discusses the
origin, derivation, &c. of the name Katherine, whether it
should \)e spelt with a K or.a C, at what time the letter k
' was introduced, and the double / in Balliol, is truly won-*
derful. By his wife, lady Mary Sandys, he left issue
Henry, Edwin, John, Katherine, and Thomas, and bad
buried two daughters in 1670 and 1671, in St. Mary Mag-
dalen^s church, Oxford. His widow died in an obscure
bouse in St. Ebbe's parish, between the church ai)d West-
gate, May 15, 1683, and was b pried in St. Mary Magda-
len's church.'
SAVAGE (John), D. D. the benevolent president of the
famous club at Rpyston^, an4> sl^ Mr. Cole says, the only
• •
"^ 0f this club, ^ee an account by the list of members, . we find Ralph
Mr. Goagh-in Gent.' Mag. LIII. p. Freeman and Christopber Anstey^ both
814. , Dr. Sayage, however, was not D. D. The club likewise had iti» cbaQ**
the only elergymab belonging to if. In lain, and a well-stored wine-cellar*!
> Ath. Ox. vol. n;-^faaimen*8 Hist, of Oxf.-^W«td's MSS. in Mtt». AshmoU
SAVAGE. J87
l^vgyman ever {tdmitted into it, was a member of Ema^
iiuel college, Cambridge, where he took his degrees, and
was D. D. of both universities. He was rector, first of
Bygrave, then of Clothall, Herts, and lecturer of St. George^
Hanover-square, London. In his younger days he ha4
traveiled with James,; fifth earl of Salisbury, who gave him
the great living of Clothall, where Dr. Savage rebuilt the
rectory-house. In his more advanced years be was sq
lively, pleasant, and facetious, that he was called the
f^Aristippus" of the age. One day, at the levee, George L
asked him, ^' How long he had stayed at Rome with lord
Salisbury ?•' Upon his answering how long, " Why,'* said
tbe i^ing, ^f you stayed long enough, why did you not
convert the Pope ?" ^^ Because, 9ir/ • replied he, ^* I had
nothing better (o offer him.'' Having been bred at West*
minster, be had always ^ great fondness for the spboo], at*
tended at all their plays and elections, assisted in all their
public exercises, grew young agaiU) and, among boy?^
Yfas 9 great boy himself. He used to attend the schools,
to fi|f qish the lads with extempore epigrams at the flections,
lie died March 24, 1747, by a fall down the stairs belong-
ing to the scaffolding for lord Lovat's trial ; and the king^i^
pcholars had so great a regard for him, that, after his de-
Cease, they made ^ collection among themselves, and, at
their own charge, erected a sqfiall tablet of white marble to
his memory in the East cloister, with a Latin inscription*-
Besides a visitation and an assize sermon, Mr. Cole attri-
l^ntes the following works to him : 1. <^ The Turkish ijisr
tory by Mr. KnoUes and sir Paul Rycaut abridged,'* 1701^
9 vols. 8vo. This was shewn to sir Paul, who approved of
it so much, that he designed to have written a preface to
i^ had not death prevented him. 2. ^' A Collection of
Letters of the Ancients, whereby is discovered the morality,
gallantry, wit, humour, manner of arguing, and in a word
(he genius of the Greeks and Romans,** 1703, 8vo.^
SAVAGE (Richard), an eminent instance of the use*-
l^ssness and insignificancy of knowledge, wit, and genius,
without prudence and a proper regard to the common
maxims of life, was born in 1698. He was the son 'of
Anne countess of Macclesfield, by^ the earl of Rivers. He
might have been considered as the lawful issue of the earl
of Macclesfield; but bis mother, in order to procure a
) Nichols's Bowyer.-*Cole'« MS Athenae in Brit, Mtti.
18S SAVAGE.
si^ptitratioH from her husband, made a public eodfeMiott of
aduhery in this instance. As soon as this spurious ofFgpring
was brought to light, the countess treated him with every
kind of unnatural cruelty. Slie committed him to the care
of a poor woman, to educate as her own. She prevented
the earl of Rivers from making him a bequest in his will of
6000/. by declaring him dead. She endeavoured to send
hitn secretly to the American plantations ; aiul at laftt, to
bdry him iti poverty and obscurity for ever, she placed him
as an apprentice to a shoemaker in Holbom. About tbiif
tiihe his nurse died ; and in searching her effects, which
^^ Ttnagined to be his right, he found some letters whieh
infbrmed him of his birth, and the reasons for which it was
concealed. He now left his low occupation, and tried
every method to awaken the tenderness, and attract th^'
regard, of his mother: but all bis assiduity was without
effect ; for be could neither soften' her heart, nor open hey
hand, and he was reduced to the miseries of want; By
the care of the lady Mason, mother to the countess, he
had been placed at the grammar-school at St. Alban'^,
where he had acquired all the learning which his situation
allowed ; and necessity now obliged him %o becoine an
author.
The first effort of his uncultivated genius was a poem
stgainst Hoadiy, bishop of Bangor ; of which the author
was afterwards ashamed. He then attempted to write for
the stage, but with little success : yet this attempt was at-
tended with some advantage, as it introduced him to the
acquaintance of sir Richard Steele and Mr. Wilfcs. Whilst
he was in dependence on these gentlemen, he was an asii-
duons frequenter of the theatres^ and never absent from a
play in several years^ In 1723 be brought a tragedy on
the stage, in which himself performed a part, the subject
0{ which was ** Sir Thomas Overbury." If we consider
the circumstances under which it was wriftten, it will JBLffonT
at once an uncommon proof of strength of genius, and an
(evenness of mind not to be ruffled. Whilst he was em-
ployed upon this work, he was without a lodging, and
ofton without food ; nor had he any other convenitehces for
study than the -fields or the street ; and, when he had
formed i speech, he would step into a sbof), abd beg the
use of pen, ink, and papen The profits of this plajr
amounted to about 200/. ; and it procured him the notice
and esteem of many persons of distinction, some^rays qf
SAVAGE, 189
l^diiHis gfiaimenng tbr<>ugli ail the clouds of poverty and
oppr^ssioD. Buty wb^n the world was . beginning to be#-
hoild htm with a more favourable eye, a misfortune hefei
bim, by which not only his reputation, but his life, was in
danger* In a night-ramble he fell into a coffee-bouse of
iU<-famei near Charing- Cross; when a quarrel happened,
and one Mr. Sinclair was killed in the fray. Savage, with
bis companion, was taken into custody, tried for murdeiv
and capitally convicted of the offence. His mother was so
inhuman, at this critical juncture, as to use all means to
prejudice the queen against him, and to intercept all the
hopes he bad of life from the royal mercy ; but at last the
countess of Hertford, out of compassion, laid a true ac-
count of the extraordinary story and sufferiags of poor Sa-
vage before her majesty ; and obtained his pardon.
He now recovered his liberty, but had no means of sub«
lusteiice; and a scheme struck him, by which he might
compel his mother to do something for him, and extort
that from her by satire, which she bad denied to natural
affection. The expedient proved successful; and lor4
Tyreonnel, on his promise to lay aside his design, received
him into bis family, treated him as his equal, and engaged
to allow him a pension of 200L a-year. In this gay period
of life, when he was surrounded by affluence and pleasure,,
be published '^ The Wanderer, a moral Poem/' 1729^
which was approved by Pope, and which the author him-
self considered as his master-piece. It was addressed to
the earl of Tyrconnel, with the highest strains of panegy*-
ric. These praises, however, in a short time, he found
himself inclined .to retract, being discarded by that noble*
man om account of bis imprudent and licentious behaviour.
He now thought himself again at liberty to expose the
4Earuelty of his mother, and accordingly published *^ The
Bastard, a Poem.'' This bad an extraordinary sale : and^
its appearance happening at a time when the countess was
at Bath, many persons there in hei; hearing took frequent
opportunities of repeating passages from it, until shaope
obliged her to quit the place.
. Some time after this. Savage fofmed a resolution of ap<»
plying to the queen : she- had given him bis life, and he
hoped her goodness might enable him to support it. He
published a poem on her birth-day, which he entitle
^ The Volunteer Laureat" She graciously sent him fifty
poandsj adtfa aa intimation that be might annually expect
m S A V A G fi.
the same bounty. His condact with regard to this peiisfiofi
was very characteristic ; as soon as be bad receited it, be
imtnedi&tely disappeared, and lay for some time out of the
reach of his most intimate friends. At length he wits see^
again, pennyless as before, but never itiformed any person
where he had been, nor was his retreat ever discoverecl^.
His perpetual indigence, politeness, and wit, still raised him
^ew friends, as fast as his misbehaviour lost him his old
ones; and sir Kobert Walpole, the prime minister, was
<warmly solicited in hisfatour. Promises were given, but
ended in disappointment ^ upon which he published a
poem in the *^ Gentleman's Magazine,'^ entitled| " The
Poet's Dependence on a Statesman."
His poverty Still increasing, he only dined by accident,
when he wasf invited to the tables of his acquaintance, fronft
which the meanness of his dress often excluded him. Hav-
ing no lodgings, be passed the night often in mean houses',,
which are set open for any casual wanderers, sometimes in
cellars, amongst the riot and fijth of the meanest and most
profligate of the rabble; and sometimes,- when he wa&
totally without money, walked about the streets till he was
weary, and lay down in the summer upon a bulk, and, in
the winter, with his associates in poverty, among the ashed
of a glass-house. His distresses, however afflictive, never
dejected him. In his lowest sphere, his pride kept up bis
spirits, and set him on a level with those of the highest
rank. He never admitted any gross familiarity, or sub-^
mitted to be treated otherwise than as an eqUaL ThisT
wretched life was rendered more unhappy^ in 1738, by
the death of the queen, and the loss of his pension. Hi^
distress was now publicly known, and bis friends, there-
fore, thought proper to concert some measures for pro-
curing him a permanent relief, tt was proposed that be
i^hould retire into Wales, with an allowance of SoL peif
annum, to be raised by subscription, on which he was to^
live privately in a cheap place, and lay aside all his aspir«^
ing thoughts. .
This ofl^'er he seemed to accept with great joy, and set
out on his journey with fifteen guineas in his purse. Hiai
friends and benefactors, the principal of whom was Pope^
expected now to hear of his arrival in Wales ; but, on the
1 4th day after his departure, they were surprised with H'
letter from him, acquainting them that he was yet upon
tha road> and without money, and could noi proceed with-^
SAVAGE* 19l
^\ii t remittance. The money was sent, by which he was
enabled to ireacK Bristol ; whence he was to go to Swansea
by water. He could not immediately obtain a passage^
and therefore was obliged to stay some time at Bristol;
where, with his usual facility, he made sin acquaintance
with the principal people, and was treated with all kinds of
civifity. At last he reached the place proposed fdr hi^ re-
sidence ; where he stayed a yeaf^ and completed a tragedy;
which he had begun in London. Ht was now desiipous of
coming' to town to bring it on the stage : but his friends,
and jparticularly Pope, who was his chief benefactor, op« '
posed the design very strongly ; and advised him to put it
into the hands of Thomson and Mallet, to fit it for tbef
stage, and to allow his friends to receive the profits, out of
which an annual pension shoi;iId be paid him^ The pfopo^^
sal he rejected, Quitted Swansea, and set off for London i
but, at Bristol, a repetition of the kindness he h^d formerly
found, invited him to stay. He stayed so long, that by
his imprudence and misconduct he wearied out all hi9
friends. His wit had lost its novelty ; and his irregular
behaviour, and late hours, grew very troublesome to mea
of business. His money was spent, his cloaths worn out^
ahd his shabby appearance made it difficult for him to ob^
tain a dinner. Here, however, he stayed, in the midst of
poverty, hunger, and contenapt, till the mistress of a coffee-
house, to whom he owed about 8/. arrested him for the
debt. He could find no bail, and was therefore lodged in
prison. During his confinement, he began, and almost
finished, a satire, entitled ^^ London and Bristol delinev
ated ;*' in order to be revenged on those who had no more'
generosity than to suffer a man, for whom they professied
a regard, to languish in a gaol for so small a' sum.
vWhen he had been six months in prison, he received a
letter from Pope, on whom bis chief dependance now-
rested, containing a charge of Very atrocious ingratitudes-
Savage returned a very solemn protestation of his inno-
ceiice^ and he appeared much disturbed at the accusation*
In a few days after, he was seized with a -disorder, which
at first was not suspected to be dangerous; but, growing
daily mor^ languid and defected, at last, a fever seizing
him, be expired, August 1, 1743, in his forty-sixth year,
and was4>urTed lu the church-yard of St. Peter, at the eX'»
p^Qce of the g.ioler. Thus lived, and thus died, Richard
Savage^ leavini; behind him a character strangely chequered
I9i SAVAGE.
with vices apd good qualities. H.« was; howtev^r, UQ^owbt^
^dly a man of excellent parts ; and, bad be received thp
full benefits of a liberal education, and had his natural
talents been cultivated to the best advantage, he mighl
have made a respectable figure in life. He was happy in
91) agreeable temper, and a liyely flow of wit, which made
his company much coveted ; nor was bis judgment, . both
of writings and of men, inferior to his wit ; but he was. too
inuch a slave to his passions, and bis passions were too
easily excited. He was warm in his friendships, but im-^
placable in his enmity ; and his greatest faulty which is in«-
(jleed the greatest of all faults, was ingratitude. He seemed
to think every thing due to his mei^it, and tbi^t he waa
little obliged to any one for those favours which he thpu^t
it their duty to confer on him : it is therefore the less
to be wondered at, that he never rightly estimated tba
I(indnes^ of his many friends and benefactors, or pre^^
served ^ grateful and due sense of their generosity to wardii
him.
The works of this original writer, after having long, lain
dispersed in magazines and fugitive publications, were
collected and published by T. Evans, bookseller, in . the
Strandy in an ejegant edition iu two volumes^ octavo,* to
f^hicb are prefixed the admirable ^' Memoirs of Savage,"
written by Dr* Samuel Johnson. They have since been in«
^oiporated in the " English Poets*" *
SAVARON (John), a celebrated president and lieute^
Qant*general in the seneschalship and presidial court of
Clermont in Auvergne, was born there about the begin-
ftipg of the seventeenth century. He had an extensive
]|oowledg;e of the belles iettres and law, and. was one of the
most learned men and eloquent magistrates of his time^
Be attended the states-general held at Paris in li614, as a
deputy from the Tiers Etat of the province of Auvecgne^
Md defended its rights with aseal and firmness against the
nobility and the clergy. He afterwards pleaded with great
i;redit in the parliament of Paris, and died at a very ad^
vanced age in 16B2, leaving many learned works much
esteemed.; the principal are, an edition of ^< Sidonius;
Apollinaris," 16Qi}, 4to. with noites. <' Origine.de Cler-^
mont, Capitale d'Auvergne,*' the most complete edition o£
which is by Peter Dursmd, 1662, folio. |<Trait6 dea
^ Life by J>r. Johnson.
!3 JL V A R O N. \9$
^ Dud^'* Uly. ** Traiti da is SouveralntA du Roi et de
son Roiaiime aux Deputes de la Noblesse/' 161 5^ 8vo, two
parts ; a carious and scarce work. ** Chronologies des Etats
Gin^rauxy*' 8vo ; the object of which is to prove that the
Tiers Etat has always bad admittance there, ft seat, and a
deliberative voice. ^
SAVARY (Francis), seigneur de Breves, a learned
Frenchman who had the merit of introducing oriental
printing into bis country about the beginning of the se-
venteenth century, was the French ambassador at Con-
^ntinople for twenty^two years. On his return, about
1611, Henry IV. sent him to Rome as ambassador
in the pontificate of Paul V. where, in 1613, he ap*
pears to have established a printing-*office ; for in the title
of a translation of Bellarmin's conclusion, and a Psalter into '
Arabic, they are said to come ex typographia Savariana.
Savary is said to have cast the types, and employed on ,
th^e two works, as correctors, Scialac and Sionita, two
Maronites from mount Lebanon. In 1615, Savary re-
turned to Paris, bringing with him Sionita and the printer
PauHn, who, in the same year, printed in small quarto, in
Turkish and French, the "Treaty of 1604, between Henry
the Great, king of France, and the sultan Amurath,'' &c.
The following year appeared an Arabic Grammar, edited
by Sionita and Hesronita. It appears that Savary had the
liberality to lend his types to those who were desirous of
printing works in the oriental languages. He diedin'1627,
when, we are told, the English and Dutch made offers for ^
the purchase of his types, and the oriental manuscripts
wtitch he had collected in the Levant ; but the king of
France bought them, and sQon after a new establishment
appeared at Paris for oriental printing, all the credit of
wbtch was given to the cardinal Richelieu, while the name
of Savary was not once mentioned. Sic vos non vobis^ fcc.
Thetiie types are said to be still. extant in the royal print*
hig office. Savary published an account of his travels,
ttom which we learn, that be projected certain conquests
iti the Levant, for the extension of the commerce of his
country, and the propagation of Christianity. The number
of oriental M8S. wbiph he brought from the Levant amounts
to ninety-seven.'
\ • •
> KKstMo, taI. XVU. * Mcfc Birt.
yot.xxvn. o
194 . S A V A R Y. ^
* SAVARY (James), an useful French writer upon the
subject of trade, was born at Duu6 in Anjou Sept. 22,
1622. He was sent to Paris, and. put apprentice to a mer-
chant; and carried on trade tiH 1658, when he left off the
practice, to apply with more attention to the theory. It
is said, that he bad acquired a very competent fortune;,
but^ in 1667, when the king rewarded with certain privi-
leges and pensions such of his subjects as had twelve chiU
dren aliv6, Savary wa^ not too rich to put in his claim. He
was afterwards admitted of the council for the reformation
of commerce ; and the orders, which passed in 1 670, were
drawn up from his instructions and. advice. Being re-
quested by the comrpissioners to digest his principles into
a volume, he published at Paris, in 1675, 4to, "LeParfait
Negociant, ou. Instruction generate pour ce qui regarde
le Commerce des Merchandises de France et des Pays
Strangers." This went through many editions, the best of
which is that of 1777, 2 vols. 4to : aud has been translated
into almost all European languages. In 1688, he pub-^
li&bed ^' Avis et Conseiis sur les plus impbrtantes matieres
du Commerce," in 4to ; which has been considered as a
second volume to the former work, and often re-printed.'
He died in 1690; and, out of seventeen children which
he had by one wife, left eleven.
Two of the sons, James and Philemon, became after-
waros writers on the sd.me subject. James Savary being
chosen in 1686 inspector general of the manufactures at
the custom-house of Paris, took an account of all the se-
veral sorts of merchandise that passed through it ; and
ranged in alphabetical order all the words relating to ma-
nufactures and commerce, with definitions and explications^
merely at first for his private use, but being told how use-,
ful such a work might prove, if extended and methodized^
he employed his brother Philemon to assist him, but died
in 1716, leaving it unfinished. Philemon at length pub-'
lished it at Paris in 1723, under this title, ^' Dictionnaire
Universel du Commerce," in 2 vols, folio; and, animated
by the favourable reception given to this work, spent three
other years in making it more complete and perfect ; and
finished a third volume, by way of .supplement to the two
former, which appeared in 1729. This wa5 after his deaths
which happened in 1727. This "Dictionary of Com-
merce" has been universally spoken of as a very Excellent
work, and has been often jeprinted. The best edition ia
S A V A R Y. 155
that fedited by Philibert, at Copenhagen,* 1759— 66^ 5"
vols. fol. *
SAVARY (Nicholas), a French traveller, was born at
Vitre in Brittany^ and pursued bis studies at Rennes with
considerable distinction. In 1776, he visited Egypt, at
which place be remained for the space of three years»
Whilst here he paid particular attention to the manners of'
the inhabitants, a knowledge of the Arabic tongue, and an
investigation of antiquities. From Egypt be went to the
islands of the Archipelago, over most of which he travelled,
and examined them with careful attention. On his return
to France, in 1780, he published, " A translation of the
Koran, with a sketch of the life of Mahomet.'' He also
published an extract from the above work, which he called
'^ La Morale de Mahomet." His principal work was
** Letters on Egypt," which have been well received, and
translated into different European languages. Yet it is
objected to this work, and with great appearance of reason^
that the author has yielded too much to the powers of a*
lively imagination, and that he has given rather a fasci-
nating than a correct picture. ' Volney's Travels may serve
to restore the likeness, and correct Savary's exuberances*
Encouraged, however, by the success of this work, Savary
published his <^ Letters on Greece," which is likewise an '
agreeable and entertaining performance. Soon after this
period he died, at Paris, in 1788. He was a m^n of eon-*
siderable talents, an excellent taste, and a lively fancy ; and,
although many of his positions have been controverted, as
well by Volney, as by other writers on the same subjects,
his works are written in a style and manner which render
them highly interesting to a large class of readers. '
SAVILE (Sir George), marquis of Halifiix, a celebrated
statesman, but of equivocal character, was descended from
an ancient family in Yorkshire. He was the son of sir
William Savile, bart. and Anne, daughter of Thomas lord
Coventry, lord keeper of the great seal. He was born
probably about 1630. Upon the death of his father, he
succeeded to the title of baronet, and soon distinguished
himself by his abilities in public affairs ; and being zealous*
in bringing about the restoration, was created a peer, in
consideration of his own and his father's. merits. In 1668
he wa^appointed of that remarkable committee, which sat
* Kiccf 00, tols. IX aud X.-— Diet. HUt, f Diet. Hist.
Q 2
tH S A V I L E.
alBrook-baH fortbe ^Examination of the accounts of the
money which had been given during the Dutch war^ of
which no mennber of the House of Commons was admitted.
In April 1672 be was called to a seat in the privy council ;
andy June following, went over to Holland with the duke
of Bttckingham and the earl of Arlington, as ambassador
extraordinary and plenipotentiary, to treat about a peace
with France, when he met with great opposition from hia
colleagues.
In 1675 be op(K>sed with vigour the non-resistuvg test-
bill; and was removed from the council-board the year
following by the intei^st of the earl of Danhy, the trea--
surer. He bad provoked this lord by one of those witti-
cisms in which he dealt so largely. In the examination
before the council concerning the revenue of Ireland, Iprd
Widrington confessed that be had made an offer of a coh-^-
siderable sum to the lord treasurer, and that his lordship
had rejected it very mildly, and in such a manner as not to.
discourage a second attempt. Lord Halifax observed upon
this, that ^^ it would be somewhat strange if a man should
ask the use of another man's- wife, and the other should
indeed refuse it, but with great civility.'* His removal;
was very agreeable to the duke of York, who' at that time
had a more violent Aversion to him than even to Shaftesbury
himself, because he had spoken with great firmness and'
spirit in the House of Lords against the declaration for a
toleration. However, upon a change of the ministry in
1679, his lordship was made a member of the new counciL
The same year, during the agitation of the bill for the ex«
elusion of the duke of York, he seemed averse to it; but
proposed such liniit^iions of the duke's authority when the
crown should devolve upon him, as should disable him
from doing any harm either in church or state ; such as the
takiqg out of bis bands all power in ecclesiastical matters^
the disposal of the public money, and the power of peace
or w^r, and lodging these in the two Houses of Parliament ;
and that the parliament in being at the king's death should
continue without a new summons, and assume the adminis^^-
tration; but his lordship's arguiag so much against the
danger of turning the monarchy, by the bill of exclusion^
jtito an elective government, was thought the more dirtra-
ordidary, because he made an hereditary king the sabjeet
of his mirth, and had often said *^ Who takes a coachman
to drive him, l^eo^use bis father was a good coachman V*
s A y I L E- m
Yet ht was now jealoos oF a small flip in the sAcceMion ;
tboagfa lie at the seme ttoie studied to infuse into some
persons a zeal for a commonwealtfa ; and to these tie pre-*
tended, that be preferred limitatioiK to an exclusion, be-
Cftuae the otie kept up the monarcby still, only passing
over one person; whereas the other really introduced a
commonwealth, as soon as there was a popish king on thi;
throne. And it was said by some of his frienda, that the
limitations proposed we^re so advantageous to public liberty,
that a man might be tempted to wish for a pojHsfa king, in
Older to obtain them. (Jpon this great difference of opi<^
nion, a fiaction was quickly formed in the new connc:il;
lord Halifax, with the earls of Essex and Sunderland, de-
dsiring for limitations, and against the exclusion, while
the earl of Shaftesbury was equally zealous for thejatter ;
and when the bill for it was brought into the House of
liords, lord Halifax appeared with great resolution at the
head of the debates against it. This so highly exasperated
the House of Commons, that they addressed the king to,
remove him from bis councils and presence for ever : bu!^
he prevailed with his majesty soon after to dissolve that
parliaiOient, and was created 4in eari. However, upon his
majesty^s deferring to call a new parliament, according to
his promise to his lordsfhip, his vexation is said to hav6
been so great as to affect hts health, and he expostulated
severely wi^ those who were sent to him on that affair,
refusing the pott both of secretary of state and lord- lieute-
nant of Ireland. A parliament being called in 168D, h^
still opposed the exclusion-bill, and gained great reputa-
tion by his management of the debate, though it occasioned
tt new address from the House of Commons to remove him.
Hawever, after rejecting that bill in the House of Lord%
his lordship pressed them, though without success, to pro-
ceed to limitations ; and beg^n with moving that the duke
might be obligedto live five hundred miles out of England
during the king's life. In August 1682, he was created a
marquis, and soon after made privy-seal, and, upon kin^
James's accession, president of the council. But on re-
itisiog his consent to the repeal of the tests, he was told
by ttmt monarch, that, though he could never forget bis
paet services, yet, since he would not comply in that pointy
iie was resolved to have unanimity in his councils, and^
AeMiore, dismissed him from ail |n^lic employments. H^
m/ma ^ti/$mwp4k oonsutod by Mr. Sidney, whether, he. would
198 - S A V I L E.
advise the prince of Orange's coining oyer; but, this
matter being only hinted^ be did not encourage a farther .
explanation, looking upon thei attempt as impracticabie,
since it depended oi^do many accidents. Upon the arrival
of that prince, he was sent by the king, with the earls of
Kochester and Godolphin, to treat with him, then at Hun^
gerford.
' In that assembly of the lords which m^t after king James's
withdrawing himself the first time from Whitehall, the
marquis wais chosen their president; and, upon the king's
return from Feversham, he was sent, together with the,
carl of Shrewsbury and lord Delamere, from the prince of
Orange, ordering his majesty to quit his palace at White-
hall, and retire to Hull. In the convention -parlii(ment,
b^ was chosen speaker of the House of Lords ; and strenu-
ously supported the motion for the vacancy of the throne,
and the conjunctive sovereignty of the prince and princess,
upon whose accession he was again made privy-seal. But,
in the session of 1689, upon the inquiry into the authors
^of the prosecutions against lord Russell, Algernon Sidney,
3&C. the marquis, having concurred in these councils in
1683, now quitted the court, and became a zealous op*
poser of the measures of the government till his death,
which happened in April 1695, and was occasioned by a
^gangrene in a rupture he had long neglected. There
seems little in his conduct that is steady, or in his charae«
ter that is amiable. Towards his end he showed some signs
of repentance, which, according to Burnet, were transient.
*^ He was," says that writer, " a man of great aqd ready
wit, full of life and very pleasant, much turned to satire ;
he let his wit turn upon matters of religion^ so that he
passed for a bold and determined atheist, though he.oftctn
protested to me, that he was not one, and said, he be*
lieved there was not one in the world. He confessed be
could not swallow down all 4;hat divines imposed on the
world ; he was a Christian in submission ; be believed as
much as be could ; and hoped, that God would not Ifiy it
to his, charge, if he could not digest iron as an ostrich did,
^or take into his belief things that must burst him. If he
bad any scruples, they were not sought for nor oberished
by him; for he never read au atheistical book in hi^. life.
In sickness, Tknew him very much affected . with a sense
.of religion : I was then often with him, he. seemed full of
|;9Qd purpqsesy bu( they went off with his sickness.: h^ W9^
S A V I L E. 199
coBtanaally talking of inorality aikl friendship* He was
punctual in bis payments, and just in all private dealings;
buktf with relation to tne pablic, be went backward aiid
* forward and changed sides so often; that in the conclusion
Jio side trusted him ; be seemed full of commonwealth no^
tions, yet he want into the worst part of king Charles's
reign. The liveliness of his imagination was always, too
hard for his judgment. His severe jest was preferred by
him to all arguments whatever; and he was endless ill
council ; for, when after much discourse a point was settled^
if b0 could find a new jest, whereby he could make that
which was digested by himself seem ridiculous, he could
not bold, but would study to raise the credit of his wit^
though it made others call his judgment in question. When
he talked to me, as a philosopher, of the contempt of the
, world, I asked him what he meant by getting so many
new titles, which I called the hanging himself about with
beUs and tinsel ; be had no other excuse for it but this,
that, if the world were such fools as to value those matters^
a man most be a fool for company : he considered them
but as rattles, yet rattles please children ; so these might
be of use to bis family."
By his first wife, daughter of Henry Spencer, earl of
Sunderland, he had a son William, who succeeded him ;
and by a second wife, the daughter of William Pierrepoint|
second son of Robert earl of Kingston, he had a daughter
Gertrude, who was married to Philip Stanhope, third earl
of Chesterfield, and was mother to the celebrated earl,. who,
says Maty, may be perhaps justly compared to his grand*
father in extent of capacity, fertility of genius, and bril-
liancy of wit. They bpth, adds, he, distinguished them-
selves in parliament by their eloquence i at court, by their
knowledge of the world ; in company, by their art of pleas-
ing. They were both very useful to their sovereigns,
though not much attachied either to the prerogative or to
the^ person of any king. They both knew, humoured, and
despised the different parties. The Epicurean philosophy
was their common study. William, the second marquts of
HaUfax, died in 1699, when the dignity became extinct in
his family, but was revived in 1700 in the person of Charles
Montague. The marquis William left three daughters:
Anne, married to Charles Bruce, earl of Aylesbury ; Do-
rothy, to Richard Boyle, the last earl of Burlington^ and
Mary, tp Sackville Tuftou^ earl of Thanet,
jMfr S A y I L E.
. George,' marquit of Halifax, was the author of mm^
tracts, written with considerable spirit and eieg-idce. Be«
^ides his ^^ Character of a Trtmfner/' -he wrote *^ Advice tOt
A Daughter ;" ^^ The Anatomy of an £«|uivaleiit ;*' <* A
Letter to a Dissenter, upon his Majesty V late Glorious De:t
claration of Indulgences ;'* '^ A rough Eiraiigbt of a new
Model at Sea, in 1694;" << Maxims of State," All which
ir^re prin^d,^)getber after his death; and the third edi«
tioncame out in 1717» 8vo. Since these, Uiere was alto
published under bis name, ^* The Character of king Charles
the ^Second ; to which is subjoined, Maxims of State, &c/* .
1750^ Bvo, ^^ CharaGter of Bishop Burnet," printed at the
end of his *^ History of his own Times ;" *^ Historical Obser^
cations upon the Reigns of. Edward L H. III. and Richard
IL with Remarks upon their faithful Counsellors and ftilse
Favourites^" 16^9. He also left memoirs of his own times,
from a journal which he kept every day of all the center^
aations which he had with Charles' II. and the most distin<^
guished men of his time. Of these memoirs two lair oopiei
were made, one of which fell into the hands of Daniel earl
tf Nottingham, and was destrt^yed by him. The other
devolved on the marquis's grand- daughter, lady Burling^
ton, in whose possession it long remained; but Pope, as
the late lord Orford informed Mr« Malone, finding, on a
perusal of these memoirs, that the papists of those dayt
were represented in mi unfavourable light, prevailed on faef
to burn them ; and tBus the public have been deprived of
probably a curious and valuable work. ^
SAViLE (Sir Henry), a most learned nMrn^ and a gteat
henefhctor to the learning of. his country, was tbe son of
Kenry Savile o£ Bradley, in the tmirnship of Steiakind, in
the parish of Halifax, Yorkshire, by £Uen> daughter of
Robisjt Ramiden. He was born at Bradley, Nov. 30, 1 54d,
and ficst entered of Brasen*nose college, Oxford, iirhenct»
he was elected to Merton^coUege in 15€1, where he took
the degrees in arts^ and was ehosen fellowt When he
proceeded master of arts in 1570, he read .for that degree
on the Almagest of Ptotemy, which pmcnred him the re-
putation of a. man wonderfully skilled in mathematics and
the Gre^k language; in the former of whicbi he volun^
tarily read a public lecture in the university for some ttme^
1 Birch's Live8.—Roya1 and Noble Aatbora, hf Mr. F«rk.«»Mslsne'f l^k ^f
Drydeii.— Ck^sierfield's Itf emoirii by Dr. Matf . '
K A V I LE. wn
HivHig now gr«ftt interest, be wiit elecltd pfoctor ttv ttn^
yecrs togeiher, 1575. and 1576, an honour not veryooni*^
inon, for bs the proctors were ttieti chosen out of the wfaolii
body of the aniversiiy, by the doctors and diastera, and the
elemion was not, as now, confined to particular eoUegei^
none bat men of learning, and soch as had considerable
interest, durst aspire to that honour. In 1679 be Tisiied
the coMtinent, became acquainted with varioas learned
foieigners, and obtained many taluable MSS, or copies of
them, tie is said to have returned a man of high aecomJ>
plisbflsents, and was made totor in the Greek tfemgtte «e
queen Etiaabeth, or, as it is otherwise expressed, te read
Oreek and mathematics with her majesty, who had a great
^teem for him. In 1595 be wasmade warden of Merton** '
ooUege, which he governed sia and thirty years with .grefit .
credit^ and gi^atty raised its reputation lor learning, b^
a jttdiciottH patronage of stedents most distinguished for
lalents and industry. In 1596, he was chosen provost of
£ton«eollege, of which society also he increased the fame
by filling it with the most learned men, among whom waft
the ever-ademorable John Hales. It is said, however, thai
be ineurred some odium among the younger scholars by
1ms severity, and his dislike of those who were thought
uprightly wi)s. He used to say, *< Give me the plodding
aittdent. If I would look for wits, I would go to Newgate,
there be thewits.** John Earle, afterwards bishop of Salis-
bury, was the only scholar he ever accepted on the reoom-
nendation of being a wk. James I. upon his accession tA
the crown of England, e^tpressed a .particular regard for
him, and would have preferred him either an church or
state; hot sir Henry declined it, and only accepted the
^nourof knighthood from his majesty at Windsor on Sept.
diy 1604. His only son dying about that time, he devoted
his fortune entirely to the promoting of learning. In 1619
he founded two lectures, or professorships, one in geome-
try, the other in astronomy, in tlie university of "Oxford ;
which he endowed each with a salary of 160/. a year, be*
sides a legacy of 600/. for purchasing more lands for the
aaine use. In the preamble of the deed, by which a salary
was anne^^d to tl^se two professorships, it is expressly
a»id that ^ geometry was almost totally unknown and aban-
doned in England." Briggs was his first professor of geo<»
sietry; but Anbr^y say^, on the authority of bishop Ward,
Haat be first 'sent ior Cnater fer that pvi^se^ who, coming
S0« S A VILE.
<Wiih bij sector and quadrant, *' fell to resolving of ^rl»-
angles and doing a great many fine things; Said the gra^e
knight, < Do you call this reading of Geometric ? This k
«bewing of tricks, man/ and so dismissed him with scome,
and sent for Briggs/' - Sir Henry also furnished a library
mth mathematical book? near the mathematical school, for
ibe use of bis professors ; and gave 100/. to the matfaema*
ileal chest of bis own appointing; adding afterwards a
legacyof 40/. a year to tbe same chest, to the universitj
and to his professors jointly. He likewise gave 120/. to^
•wards tbe new^buildrng of tbe schools ; several rare manu-
scripts and printed books to the Bodleian library ; and a
good quantity of matrices and Greek types to tbe printing«>
press at Oxford. Part of tbe endowment of tbe professor-
ships was tbe manor of Little Hays in Essex. He died, at
Eton-college, Feb. 19, 1&21-2, and was- buried in* tbe
chapel there, on the south side of the communion table,
near the body of bis son Henry, with an inscription on a
black marble stone. The university of Oxford paid him
tbe greatest honours, by having a public speech and verses
made in bis praise, which were published soon after in 4to,
under the title of ^* Ultima Linea Savilii,"*and a sumptu-
ous honorary -monument was erected to bis memdry on tbe
south wall, at tbe upper end of the choir of Merton- college
chapel. Sir . Henry Savile, by universal consent, rlinks
among tbe most learned men of bis time, and tbe most
liberal patrons of learning; and with great justice the
bigbest encomiums are bestowed on him by ail the learned
of bis time : by Isaac Casaubon, Mercerus, Meibomius^
Joseph Scaliger, and especially the learned bishop Mon^
tagu ; who, in bis " Diatribqe" ^ppon Selden's " History of
Tithes," styles bim *^ tbat magazine of learning, whose
memory shall be honourable amongst not only the iearned,
but the righteous for ever.^'
We have already mentioned several noble instances of
his muntficence to the republic of letters : and his works
.exhibit equal zeal for the promotion of literature. In 1581,
lie published an English version of, 1. '^ Four Books of
tbe Histories of Cornelius Tacitus, and the Life of Agri<?
cola; with notes upon them," folio, dedicated to quieen
Elizabeth. Tbe notes were esteemed so valuable as to be
.translated into Latin by Isaac Gruter, and published :at
Amsterdam, 1649, in 12mo, to which Gruter subjoined a
jlreatise of our author, pu\>Usbed in 1598, under the titl^^
S A V I L E. 'HOt
2. -'f A View of certain Military Ma^tersi or .commentaries
^nnicerning Roman War&re;'' whicb, soon after its; first
appearance, was translated injto Latin by Marquardusfre-
t^rus, and printed, at Heidelberg in 1601/ but having be*
come ex^cietedidg scarce, was reprinted by Gruten In 1,596,
he published .a collection of the best ancient writers .o( our
£ogU^b history, entitled, 3. ** Rerum Anglicaram Scrip*
tores post Bedam praecipui, ex vetustissimis codicibus.none
primum in lucem editi f* to which he added chronological
tables. at ^he end, from Julius Caesar to the coming. in of
William the Conqueror. This, was reprinted at Francfort
in 1601, which edition has a complete index to it. The
collection contains William of Malmsbury's history of the
kings of England, and the lives of the English bishops ; the
histories of Henry of Huntingdon ; the annals of Roger de
Hoveden ; the chronicle of Ethel werd, and the history of
Ingnlphus; with a dedication to queen Elizabeth, &e.
Wharton, in the preface to his " Anglia Sacra,*' objects
only to. Malmsbury's history, whiph he says was printed^
frpm an incorrect MS. 4. He undertook and finished an
edition, mo^t. beautifully printed, of *^ St. Chrysostom't
Works", in Greek, printed in. 1613, 8 vols, folio. In the
preface, he says, ^^ that, having himself visited, about
twelve years before, all the public and private libraries in
Britain^ and copied out thence whatever he thought useful
jto his design, he then sent sonie learned men into France^
Germany, Italy, apd the East ; to transcribe such parts as
be. had not already, and to collate the others with the best
manuscripts." At the same time, he makes his acknow«>
ledgnient to several great men for their assistance; as
Thuanus, Vdserus, Schottus, Isaac Casaubon, Fronto Du-
casus, Janus Gruterus, Hoeschelius, .&c. In the eighth
volume are inserted sir Henry Savjle's own notes, with those
of the learned John Boi^, Thomas Allen, Andrew Downes,
and other learned men. The whole charge of this edition,
including the several sums paid to learned men, at home
and abroad, employed in finding out, transcribing, and
collating, the best manuscripts, is said to have amounted
(to no less than 8000/. ; but, as soon as it was finished, the
.bishops and clergy of France employed, somewhat unfairly,
as has been said, Fronton .Due, or Fronto Ducasus, .who
was a learned Jesuit, to reprint it at Paris, in 10 vols, folio,
with a Latin translation, which lessened the price of sir
Hen ry'-s, edition ; yet we are told, that lhe..thousand copies
te4 S A V I L t.
which lie printed were all sold*. In 16 IB, he fmblkh^d a
Latin work, written by Thomas Bradwardin, abp. of Can-*
terbury, against Pelagitis, entitled, 5. ** Se Causa Dei
contra Pelaginm, et de virtnte causarum ;** to which he
prefixed the life of Bradwardin. This book was printed
from six M8S. carefully collated. 6. ** Naeianzen's Sce-
litentics," 1610. Towards this, says Oldys, he was fk-
Tonred with the MS epistles of Nazianzen out of the Bod-
leian library, " which was a singular courtesy, and done be*
cause of his affection to the storing and preserving of th^
library," as if any thing could have been refused to such a
benefactor. 7. •* Xenophon's Institution of Cyrus,'* Gr.
161S, 4to. In 1621, he published a collection of his own
mathematical lectures. 8* ** Prselectiones Tredecim in
princtpium Elementorum Euclidis Oxoni« habitse,** 4to.
&. ** Oratio coram Elizabeth^. Regina Oxoniae habita, anno
1S!>2," Oxon. 16^8, 4to; published by Dr. Barlow from
the original in the Bodleian library, and by Dr. Lamphire,
in the second edition of ** Monarchia Britannica,** Oxford,
1681, Bvo. 10. He translated into Latin king James'sr
** Apology for the Oath of Allegiance." Six letters of his,
written to Hugo Blotius^ and Sebastian Tenguageliu*,
keepers of the imperial library, were published in Lambe-
ciu8*s •* Bibliotheca,** vol. III.; four are printed among
•• Camdeni Epistote,^ and others are in the Cotton and
Harleian MBS. He was also concerned in the new trans*
lation of the Bible, executed by command of James 1. be-
ing One of the eight persons at Oxford who undertook to
translate the four Gospels, Acts, and Revelations. He left
behind him several MSS. some of which are now in the
Bodleian library, such as 1. "Orations." 2. "Tract of
the original of Monasteries." S. "Tract concerning the
Union of England and Scotland, written at the command
ef Iring James I.'* He wrote notes likewise upon the mar^
^in of many books in his library, particularly of Eusebius's
* Tint mnk reqnirtd ^ocb lon^ and bek^re ChrfSQitcm wat fiohhed. wbeai
close appUcariou, that sir Henr3''s lady ^ir Henry lay sick, said, " If sir
thoug1)t herself neglected, and coming Harry djed, she would burn Chrysos-
«t> hiai MM day nito bis study, she torn for kiHiog berhuaband.** Wiwdh
said, ** Sir Henry, I would I mere « Mr, Bois bearing j told bar, ** Tbsit
book too, and then you would a little would be a great pity, for be was one
taore respect me."' To which one of the sweetest preacher^ since fbn
'stMMitng by, TflpSed, « Yon must tivea iqiosllcs' tines $'» with wfaich the
be an almanack, madam, that he might to satisfied, that she said, « i|^ moiM
tAiaflge etrery year :" which answer dis* not do it for all tbe world."
flMfBd lMr««-llM Ml« My, a IKUi
S A.V I L E. ^$
^ £c€lefiastical History/* which were afterwsirdft used^ and
thankfully acknowjedged, by Valesius, io bis editioa of
that work in 1659. He is mentioned a9 a member of the
society of Antiquaries, in the introdnctioQ to the ^^ Arcb««
cHogia,*' and indeed there was no literary honour at that
time of which he was not worthy*
He had a younger brother, TjSOMAS Savilb, who was
admitted probationer-fellow of Merton college, Oxford, iu
1580; afterwards travelled abroad into several countries;
upon his return, was chosen fellow of Eton college ; and
died at London in 1592-3, whence his body was removed
to Oxford, and interred with great soiemnity in tbe choir
of Merton college chapel. He was a man of great learning,
and an intimate friend of Camden ; among whose letters
there are fifteen of Mr. Savile^s U> him.
There was another Henry Savile, related to tbe above
family, and familiarly called Long Harry Savile, who en*
tered a student of Merton college in 1587, during the war«^ ,
denship of sir Heury, and was soon after made one of the
portion tats, commonly called postmasters. After taking
the degree of B. A. he left Merton college, and removed to
St Alban-hall, where in 1595, he took the degree of M. A.
Under the inspection of his learned kinsman, he became an/
eminent scholar, especially in the mathematics, physic (in
which iuculty be was admitted by the university to ptac-»
tise), chemistry, painting, heraldry, and antiquities. After-
wards, in (Mrder to extend his knowledge, he travelled into
Italy, France, and Germany, where he greatly improved
himsel£ He is said to have written several things, but npne
have been poblished. He gave Camden the ancient copy,
of Asser Menevensis^ which he published in 160S, and ,
which contains the leg^idary story of the discord betweeou
the ilew scholars which Grimbald brought with him to Oxh
ford, at the restoration of the university by king Alfred,
&c. This Henry Savile lived some years after his re^tarn
firom the continent, in the parish of St Martin's in the
Fields, London, and dying there April 29, 1617, aged
forty «nine, was buried in the chancel belonging to the pa-
lish church, where was a monument to his memory. Among
the Cotton MSS. is a letter from him to Camden,. *^con^
cerning antiquities near. Otley in Yorkshire*'^.
There still remains one of this family to be noticed, sir
JbHN Savile, elder brother to sir Henry, who wad born at
Bradley in 1 545^ and entered a coauxioaer e£ Brasenioae ^
206 SAVri'E.
a
f
college about 1561^ whence, without taking a degree, Tie'
went to the Middle Temple for the study of the law. Be- *
ing called to the bar, he became autumn reader of that
bouse in 1586, steward of the lordship of Wakefield, Ser-
jeant at law in 1594, one of the barons of the exchequer*
in 1598, and at the same time one of the justices of assize.
In July 1603, a little before his coronation, king James
conferred the honour of kiiightbood on him, being one of
the judges who were to attend that solemnity. He died at
London, Feb. 2, 1606, aged sixty-one, and was buried at
St. Dunstan's church, Fleet-street, but his heart was bu-
ried in Methley church, Yorkshire, where is a monument
to his memory, erected by his son. Camden acknowledges »
the assistance he received from sir John Savile in his his-
torical labours. He left at his death several pieces fit for
publication, but none have appeared, except " Reports of
divers cases in the courts of common pleas and exchequer,'
from 22 to 36 Elizabeth," a thin folio, printed first in 1675,
and again in 1688.'
SAVONAROLA (Jerome), a celebrated Italian monk, '
was born at Ferrara in 1452. In 1466 he became a Domi-'
nican at Bologna, and afterwards preached at Florence, but
with very little success, and left the place. In 1489 he
was invited by Lorenzo de Medici to return to Florence,
where he became a very popular preacher. By pretensions
to superior sanctity, and by a fervid eloquence, he hiir-
ried away the feelings of his hearers, and gained an ascen«
dancy over their minds by his prophecies, which were
directed both against church and state. Having by these
means acquired a powerful influence, he began to tiespise
the patronage of Lorenzo, and avoided his presence.*
After the death of Lorenzo, he placed binbself at the head'
of a popular party in Florence, who aimed at the establish-^
ment of a free constitution. Savonarola seems to have pro-
mised them something between a< republic and a theocracy.
By such means his party became very formidable ; and ta
flatter them yet more, he denounced terrible judgments to
the court of Rome, and to the rest of the Italian states. In'
1498 many. complaints having been carried to Rome, in
which hevifas accusterd of having reproached, in his sermons,'
the conduct of that court and the vices of the clergy, he'
• • • •
1 Ath. Ox. to). J. — Biog. Brit.— rWalson's Halifax.— Harwood's AUimni Eto* '
nens^s, p. 9 and 62.— -P^Ksk's Desiderata.— ^rype*8 Wbitgift, p. 344.— ^Letten
l^y £i»iB«at Bi»r«ms, lai^ 9 vob» aTiK«-*Wood^ A«im1s. >
SAVON A R O L A, 207-
was publicly exconunonicated, which at ^ first he tegaMed
so far as to abstain from preaching, bat finding that silence'
was considered as submission, and would ruin his cause, he
resumed his function, and renewed his invectives against-
th6 pope and the court of Rome. But when the pope
Alexander threatened to interdict the city, the magistrates
commanded him to desist from preaching. At length be
procured the assistance of a friar of his own convent, named
Fra. Domenico da Pescia, who proposed to confirm his
master^^ doctrines by the ordeal of walking through the
flames, provided any one of their adversaries would do the'
same. The challenge was accepted by a Franciscan friar,
and a day was appointed for the trial. Savonarola, findiug'
tl^at the adverse party were not to be intimidated, proposed
that Domenico should be allowed to carry the host with
him into the fire. This was exclaimed against by the whole
assembly as an impious and sacrilegious proposal. It was,
however, insisted upon by Domenico, who thereby eluded
the ordeal. But the result was fatal to the credit of Savo-
narola, who was deserted by the populace, apprehended'
and dragged to prison, and condemned, to be first stran-
gled and then burnt, which sentence was put into, ex ecu--
tipn on the 23d of May,. 1498.
Various opinions have been entertained of this man's
real character. Some of the friends of liberty and protes-
tantism have considered him as a man who had elevated
views and good intentions, though perverted by a spirit 4>f
fanaticism y and there seems no reason, to doubt that be was
really a friend to the liberty of Florence^ and felt an honest
indignation at the profligacy of the court of Rome, and
th^~ corruption of the catholic church. For these last rea-
sons, some have even admitted him among the reformers '
and martyrs. But his title to this honour seems veryques-i
tionable, and the character of a leader of a party is as dis-
cernible in his conduct as that of a reformer. There are a ;
great number of his sermons remaining, and other works
in Latin and Italian^ most of them on religious subjects.
His life, inserted in Bates's " Vitae Selectorum," was written
in Latin by John Francis Picus de Mirandola, prince of
Concordia. Queti published an edition of it, to which he-
added notes, with the Latin . translation of some of Savo-
narola's works, and a list of. tl^edi.' .
I TirtkboMhi.— lUwoe'f Lorenao.— Gen» Diet.
90B SAWYER.
SAWYBE (Sir Robert), an emiBefit lawj^er in %ht «e^
venteenth century^ was a member of M^dalen college^
Cambridge, where he took his degree of M*A. in 1655^
Md was the saoie year admitted ad gundan at Oxford. He
was afterwards a benefactor to the library of his colleger-
After studying law at the Inner Temple^ he was admiuedl
to the bar, and bad a large share of practice at LoAdot),
and on the Oxford circuit. In 1661 be was knighted, aiidb
in Feb. 1680, was appointed attorney-general. As a Iawye€
he formed himself after the lord chief ^justice Hale, undef^;
whom he practised, and of whom he was a just admirer^
Like that excellent person, he was a man of gei^eral learn-*'
ing, and, according to Granger, of an integrity that nothing:
could corrupt ; but bishop Burnet represents him as a duU
hot man, and forward to serve all the designs of the court.
Had this been always the case, however, king James would
not have dismissed him from the office of attorney general^
which he did in 1687, because he perceived that sir Ro*
bert could not have been prevailed upon to mould tlie laws
to such purpose as were never intended by the legislature*
On the other hand, Granger, allows that be was justly cen-
sured for his harsh treatment of lord Russel on his trial,
and it is certain that he supported some of king JamesV
arbitrary measures, being the manager in depriving the
city of London of its charter. At the time of the revolu-
tion, be sat as member of parliament for the university of
Cambridge, and was expelled the house for -being con-
cerned, as attorney <> general, in the prosecution of sir Tho-
ibas Armstrong, who was executed for being one of ti^
conspirators in the Rye-house plot. In the next sessiona:
he was re-chosen, and appears to have sat quietly for the.
Remainder of his life. He died in 1692, at HigbclearJif
Hampshire, where be had an estate, and rebuilt the parish
church. His only daughter married the earl of Pembfoke»
and died in 1706. Under his name, and those of Heneage
Finch, sir George Treby, and Henry Pollexfen, were pub-^
lisbed^in 1690, tblio, *^ Pleadings and arguments with other
proceedings in the court of king's bench upon the Quo
Warranto, touching the charter of the city of London, wttia
the judgment entered thereupon."^
SAXE (Maurice, Count of), a celebrated com«a»nder»
was born October 19, 1696, at Dresden, and was the
1 Aih. Ox. Tol. II.-^Buraet's Own Timtoi.«^-<:idU>s liS AOieiMB la Brit. Mat.
^MSraaf er.— Nortb't Life of Lor4 Keep«r Oailford, p. SS7.
S A X E. 20$
ustiiml son of Frederick Augustus II. king of Poland, and
Aurora, oountess of Konigsmarc. He gave evident (5roofii
of his taste for military affairs from his childhood ; was
taught to read and write with the utmost difficnlty ; nor
could he ever be prevailed upon to study a few hours in
the morning, otherwise than by a promise that hts should
ride on horseback in the afternoon. He liked to have
Frenchmen about him, for which reason their language was
the only foreign one which he willingly learnt grammati^
eally. He attended the elector in all his military expedi-
tions ; was at the siege of Lisle in 1708, when only twelve
years old, and mounted the trenches several times both at
the city and at the fortress, in sight of the'king, kis father,
who admired his intrepidity. Nor did he discover less cou-
rage at the siege of Tournay, the year following, where he
twice narrowly escaped death ; and iat the battle of Mai-'
plaquet, far from being shocked by the dreadful carnage
which attended the engagement, he declared in the even-
ing, -•• that fee was well pleased with the day." In 1711,
he followed the- king of Poland to-Stralsund, where he
swam over the river, in sight of the enemy, with his pistol
in his band, during which time he saw, without any seem-
ing emotion, three officers and above twenty soldiers fall
by hi» side. When he retired to Dresden, the king, who
had been witness to bis courage and abilities, raised a com-
pany of bdrse for him. Count Sa^e spent the whole win-
ter in teaching his regiment some new evolutions, which
he bad invented, and marched them against the Swedes
the year following. Tliis regiment suffisred much at the
battle of Gadelbush, where he made them return three
times to the attack. This campaign being ended, mad. de
Konigsmarc married him to the young countess de Loben,
a rich and amiable lady, whose name was Fiitorta, which
name, count Base* afterwards said, contributed as much td
frr bis choice on the countess, as her beauty and large for-
tune. Thi» lady brought him a son, who died young, andf
the coant having at length a disagreement with her, pro-
cured his marriage to be dissolved in 1721, but proniised;
Ae coantess never to marry again, and kept bis word. She
married a SaKon officer soon after, by whom she had three
ttbildren, and they li^ed in harmony together. It was with
gfreat reluctance that the countess had consented to her
tnarriage being dissolved, for she- loved count Base ; and
the ^ latter frequently repented afterwards of having taken
Vol. XXVII. • P
SlO S A X E.
such a step. He continued to signalize bioti^lf in the war
against Sweden, was at the siege of Stralsund in December
1715, when Charles XII. was blocked up, and bad the
satisfaction of seeing him in. the midst of his grenadiers*
The behaviour of this celebrated warrior inspired, count
Saxe with a high<legree of veneration, which be ever re*
tained for bis memory. He served against the TurJcs in
Hungary in 1717, and on bis return to Poland in 1718^
received the order of the white eagle from the king. In
1720, be visited France, and the duke of Orleans, tbeji re-
gent, gave him a brevet of marechal de camp. Count Saxe
afterwards obtained leave, from bis Polish majesty to serve
it) France, where he purchased a German regiment in 1722,
which afterwards bore his nam^. He changed the ancient
exercise of this regiment for one of bis own invention ; and
the chevalier Folard, on seeing this exercise, foretold im-
mediately, in his Commentary on Polybius, torn. Ill.b. ii.
chap. 14, that count Saxe would be a great general. >Dur«»
ing bis residence in France, he learnt mathematics ami the
art of fortification with astonishing facility, till 1725, wh«n
Srince Ferdhiand, duke of Courland, falling dangerously
. 1 in the month of December, he turned his thoughts to
obtaining the sovereignty of Courland. With this view, fae
set otit for Mittau, and arrived tbere,' May 18, 1726. He
was received with open arms by the states, and had seve^^
ral private interviews with the duchess, dowager of Cour-
land, who had resided there since her husband's decease.
This lady was Anne Iwanaw, second daughter of the cz,ar
twan Alexiowitz, brother of Peter the Great. Count Saxe^
having communicated his design to h^r, soon engaged her
in his interests ; and she acted with such indefatigable ar*
dour, and conducted affairs so well, that be was unani-
Qiously elected duke of^ Courland, July 5, 1726» This,
choice being opposed by Poland and Russia, the duchess
supported count Saxe with all her interest, and even went
to Riga and Petersburg, where she redoubled her soliqita-
tions in favour of the late election. There seems indeed
to be no doubt, but that, if the count bad ret^urned her
paasion, he would not only have maintained his ground in
Courland, but shared the throne of Russia, which this prin-
cess afterwards ascended ; but, during his st^y at Mittau^
an affair of gallantry between him and one of her ladies
broke off the marriage, and induced the duchess to abao-
Aou him. From that moment tHe count's affairs took aa
SAX E. 211
linhappy turn, and he was forced to go back to Paris iit
1729. The following remarkable, circumstance occurred
during the. course of ^is enterprise : Having written from
Courlandto France for a supply of men and money, made*
moiselle le Couvreur, a celebrated actress, who was at that
time attached to him, pawned her jewels and plate, i^nd
sent him 40,000 livres. When count Saxe returned to
Paris, he applied himself to obtain a complete knowledge
of the mathematics, and acquired a. taste for mef:hanic^»
He refused the command of the Polish army oSered him
by the king, his brother, iu; 1733, and distinguished him*-
self on the Rhine under marechal Berwick, particularly at
the lines of Etlingen, and th^ siege of Philip^burg, a^ter
which he was made lieutenant-general Aggust. 1, 1734*
Hostilities having recommenced on the death of the empe*
rpr Charles VI. count Saxe took Prague by^assault^ Nov.
26, 1741, then Egra and Ellebogen, raised a .regiment of
Hulians, and brought back marechal de BrogUo^s arqiy
upon the B^hine, where h^ fixed various posts, and ^seized
the trenches of Lanterburg. He was appointed marechal
of Flrance, March. 26, 17^4, atud commanded the main
body of the army in Flanders, where he, so exactly ob-
served the motions of the enemies, who were superior, ia
number,, and made use of such excellent ma,noeuvres, that
he reduced tnem to remain inactive, for they were afraid
to undertake any thing. . This caoapaign in Flanders did
count Saxe great honour, and was considered as a chef-
d'oeuvre of tlie military art. , Pe wonthe famous battie.of
Fontenoi, undei^ the king's compaand^ May U> 1745, where^
though sick and weak, he gave his orders with such pre-
sence of mind, vigilance, qourage, and judgment, as n^ade
him the adnriiration of the whole army. This victory was
followed by the capture of Tournay, whiqh the French be-
sieged ; of Ghent, Bruges, Oudenarde, Osteqd, Ath,,&c«;
and at the time that the campaign was supposed tovbe
finished, he took Brussels, February 28, 1746. Nor was
the next campaign less honourable to count Saxe. He
won the battle of Raucoux, Oct. 1 1, the same year, 1746 ;
' and bis majesty, to reward such a constant series of glo-
rious services, declared him marechal general, of his camps
and^nrmies, Jan. 12, 1747.. Marechal Saxe carried troops
into Zealand, gained the battle of Lanfeldt, July 2 follow-
ing, approved the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom, of which M.
de Loewen made himself roasted, and took Maestrecbt,
P 3
212 S A X E.
May ly 1748. In consequence of these victories a peace
was concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle^ Oct. 18, the same year^
Marecbal Saxe went afterwards to Chambord, which the
king had giten him, ordered his regiment of Hullans thU
ther^ and kept a s^ud of wild horses, more proper for lio^ht
cavalry than those used by the French. ,He visited Berlin
some time after, and was magnificently entertained by hi»
Prussian majesty. On his return to Paris, he formed a plan
for the establishment of a colony in the island of Tobago ;
but gave it up, when he found that England and Holland
opposed it. Count Saxe died, after a nine days^ illness, at
Chambord, Nov< 30, 1750, in the fifty -fourth year of his
age. He ivrote a bbok on the art of war, called ^^ Mes
Reveries," of which a very splendid edition, with his life,
was published in 1757, 2 vols. 4to. There is also an Eng-
lish translation of it. His ** Life" was printed in 1752, 3
vols. 12mo, reprinted often.
Count Saxe was a man of ordinary stature, of a robust
censtitutioh, and extraordinary strength. To an aspect,
noble, warlike, and nlild, he joined many excellent quali-
ties of disposition. AfFabJe in his manners, and disposed
to sympathize with the unfortunate, his generosity some-
times tarried him beyond the limits of his fortune. He
was remarkably careful of the lives of his m^n. One day
a general officer was pointing out to him a post which would
bare been of great use ; ^ It will only cost you," said he,
^< a dozfen grenadiers:" "That would do very well," replied
the marshal, " were it only a dozen lieutenant-generals.''
He had been edu€iated and died in the Ltuheran religion.
*^ It is a pity (said the queen of France, when she heard of
Ills death) that we cannot $2iy o, smg]e De-profundts Jor a
iban who has made us sing so many Te Diums^ Religion
had not much influence on his general conduct, but on his
death-bed he is said to have reviewed bis errors with remorse,
«knd expressed much penitence.'
SAXI, or SAS8I (Joseph Anthony), an ecclesiastical
historian, was born at Milan in 1673. He for some time
taught the belles lettres in his native city, and afterwardi
was employed as a missionary. Iii 1703 he was admitted a;
doctor of the, Ambrosian college at Milan, and eight years
afterwards was appointed director of that college, and keeper
0f its fine library. He died about 1756. He wa» author
»Dict.BUj,, . , . : ,,
« A X I. iiS
^ lOany tbeologicftl^ bistioricaly and chronological works,
4aioDg which are, 1. *^ Epistolaad Card. Quirium de Lite*
ratura Mediolanensiuoi," 4to. 2. '< De Scudiis Medioia*
nensium Antiquis et Novis/' Milan, 1729. 9u << Arcbi*
episcoporuin Mediolanensiuin Series critico-chronologioa,*'
ibid. 1756, 4to. 4. '< St. Caroli Borromei Homilie, prefa*
tione et notis/* 1747, &c. 5 toIs. fol. Some of' the works
of Saxi have been inserted in the collection ^^ Rerum ItaK**
carum Scriptore^" by Muratori.^
SAXI US (Christopher), a very learned philologer and
literary historian, wa$ born at Eppendorff, a village betweM
Chemnitz and Freyberg, in Saxony, where his father was
a clergyman, Jan. 13^ 1714. His proper name was Chris*
topher Gqttlob Sacb, which, when he commenced author,
he Latinized into Sachsius, and afterwsrdff into Saxius,
dropping the Gottlob altogether. His father first gave blm
some instructions in the learned languages, which he after*
wards improved at the school of Chemnitz, but more effec*
tually at the electoral school of Misnia, where he also stu*
died classical antiquities, history, and rhetoric, and in 1735
went to Leipsic with the strongest recommendatioas for tn«>
dustry and proficiency. Here he studied philosophy under
the celebrated Wolff, but as he had already perused the
writings both of the ancient and modern philosophers witk
profound attention, he is said to have had the courage to
differ from the current opinions. Philosophy, however, as
then taught, was less to his taste than the.study of antiqui-
ties, classical knowledge, and literary history, to which be
' determined to devote his days ; and the instructions of pro*
fessor Christ, and his living in the house with Menkenius,
who had an excellent library, were circumstances which
very powerfully confirmed this resolution. He had not been
here above a year, when two young noblemen were confided
to his care, and this induced him to cultivate the modern
languages most in use. His first disputation had for its
subject, " VindicifiB secundum libertatem pro Maronis
JEneide, cui manuih Jo. Harduious nuper assertor injece-
rat," Leipsic, 1737. Amongother learned men who iiighly
applauded this dissertation was the second Peter Burmann,
in the preface to his Virgil, but who afterwards, in his
character as. a critic, committed some singular mistakes in
condemning Saxius, while be applauded Sachsius, not know*
> Diet. Hist.
«1* S A X I U S.
ing that they were one and the same. In 1738 Saxius took
' bis master^s degree, and commenced his literary career by
writing a number of critical articles in the " Nova acta
eruditoram," and other literary journals, from this year to
1747. This employment involved him sometimes in' con-
troversies with bis learned brethren, particularly with Peter
Burmann, or with foreign authors with who^e- works henad
taken liberties. In 1745 he visited the most considerable
parts of Germany, and Was at Franckfort on the Maine
during the coronation of the Emperor. In 1752 he was
appointed professor of history, antiquities, and rhetoric at
Utrecht, and on entering on his office pronounced an ora*
tion on the science of antiquity, which was printed in 1753,
4to. . After this his life seems to have been devotf d entirely
to the duties of his professorship, and the composition of a
great many works on subjects of philology and criticism,
some in German, but principally in Latin. The most
considerable of these, the only one much knQwnin this
country, is his " Onomasticon Literarium," or Literary
, Dictionary, consisting of a series of biographical and criti-
cal notices or references respecting the most eminent writers
of every age or nation, and in every branch of literature^
in chronological ordeir. The first volume of this appeared
in L775, 8vo, and it continued to be published until seven
▼olumes were completed, with a general Index, in 1790,
To this, in 1793, he added an eighth or supplementary vo-
lume, from which we have extracted some particulars of his
lif^, as given by himself. This is a work almost indispen-
sable to biographers, and as the work of one man, must
have been the production of inany years' Ubour and atteur
tion. Some names, however, are omitted, which we m^gbt
have expected to find in it ; and the English series, as in
every foreign undertaking of the kind, is very impeffect.
We have seen no account of his latter days. lie lived to a
very advanced age, dying at Utrecht, May 3, 1.806, in his
ninety-second year.* " , •
SAXO (Grammaticus), a Danish historian, is supposed
to have been a native of Denmark, but this has been a
disputed point. As to bis name Sachse^ it is evident from
inany monuments of Danish antiquity, that it is of no ob-
scure or late origin in the history of Denmark. Saxo him*
self calls the D^nes his countrymen, Denmark l^is country;
> Saxii Onomast. toI. VIIL-^Haclti de Vilis Philolcgorum, vol. I.
8 A X O; 215
. . . •
tnd'speaking of the kings^ he terms them our kings. Some
attribute bis'oirigin to Ambria', othefs with more reason tq
Stalandia, a Danish island. The natne Scalandicus is also
added to that of Saxo, in some editions of his works. He
has been called Longus, which has induced some to attri-
bute his descent to the noble family of the Langii. Others
have rather chosen to ascribe this name to the height of his
stature. Saxo, in bis preface, speaks of his ancestors as
having been distinguished in war, which indicates that they
were of no ignoble race. His name of Grammaticus was
titular, and expressive of his attainments in literature.
There are difiFerent opinions concerning the year of his
birth. It is, however, certain that he flourished in the
twelfth century. Carpzovius endeavoured, by some acute
and subtile reasonings^ to ascertain the date. The educa-
tion of Saxo is equally involved in uncertainty. Pontoppi-
dan supposes that he studied at Paris, and there acquired
the elegance of style for which he afterwards was distin-^
guished« It is certain, that in the 12th century the Cimbri
and the Danes frequently went to France for education. It
ma}', howevei*, be doubted, whether in the rage for trifle
which then prevailed at Paris, Saxo could have procured a
master who was capable of instructing him. We must bQ
rather inclined to suppose that he owed his attainments tq
his own industry and talents. It appears that he applied
to theology, for we find him appointed capitular in the
bishopric of Lundens, and afterwards a prefect in the ca*
thedral of Roschild. While he filled this office he was sent,
in 1 161, by Absalon, the bishop of Roschild, to Paris, with
a view of inviting some monks from St. Qenevieve, who
might correct the depraved morals of those which belonged
to Eskilsco. William Abbas accepted the invitation of
Saxo, and three brothers followed him. These monks in-
troduced into Denmark the monastic discipline which had
been prescribed by St. Augustine. Various opinions have
been offered about the date of Saxons death. Pontanus
supposes it to have beenin the year 1208. Some conjecture
the time to bavebeen^ 1190, others in 1201. But, when
we reflect that in his preface he speaks of Waldemar II.
who ascended the throne of Dennoark in 1203, and that
Andrew Suno, to whom the history is dedicated^ succeeded
Absalon in the bishopric in 1202, we cannot agree with
those who have adopted the earlier dates. Thou|;h some
others have fixed the date in 1204> and others in 1206, the
316 S A X O.
general opinion is, that he died in 12O89 aged upwardg ctf
seventy; He was buried in the cathedral of Roschild.
Three centuries afterwards, an inscription was added to hia
tomb by Lago Urne, bishop of Scalandre. Though more
elegant verses might have been invented, says Klotzius,
none could have been more true.
Absalon, bishop of Roschild, first instigated Saxo to un<»
dertake the history of Denmark, and assisted him with his
advice and with books. Saxo employed twenty years iii
accomplishing his undertaking, and at last rendered it wor-
thy the expectations of Absalon : who, however, died be-^
fore the history was completed, which Saxo inscribed to
Andrew Suno, who was the successor to the see. After
remaining in MS. for three hundred years, Cfaristianus Pe«
traeus undertook the publication, having received the ma<»
nuscript accurately written from Bergeius the archbishop
. of Lundens. It was delivered to be printed to Jodocus Ba«
dius Ascensius, and was published at Paris in 1514, and
re-published at Basil, in i534> by Oporinus. A third edi«
tion appeared at Francfort on the Maine, in 1576. At last,
jStephanus Johannes Stephanius, historian to the king, and
professor of eloquence and history in the university of Soraj
with the aid of some Danish nobles, and the liberal con^
tribution of the king, was enabled to publish an edition of
Saxo, in folio, printed at Sora, 1644. A second part df
the volume appeared in the following 3^ar, containing the
*^ Prolegomena,'* and copious notes. There is a later edi«
tion by Christ. Adolphus Klotz, printed at Leipsic in
177 J, 4to, and there are several Danish translations. The
credibility of Saxo is somewhat doubtful, but his style it
good, and much praised by critics of authority.^
SAY (Samu£L), a dissenting minister of considerable
talents, was born in 1675, and was the second son of the
Kev. Giles Say, who had been ejected from the vicarage
of St. MichaePs in Southamptoh by the Bartholomew-act
in 1662 ; and, after king James the second's liberty nf con-
scieiice, was chosen p^istor of a dissepting congregation at
Guestwick in Norfolk, where he eontinued till bis death,
April 7, 1 6953, Spme years after, the subject of this article
beiug at South wark, where he bad been at school, and
conversing with some of ^the dissenters of that place, met
•
1 From the last edit, of thli Diet, probably tak^n from Klotaiaa'f Prolefpomeoi*
^ — Diet. HifU
SAY. sit
with a woman of great reputation fof pletf^ who told him^
with jpy, that a $eraion on P9. cxix« 130^ preached by his
father thirty years before^ was the means of her conversion.
Being strongly inclined to the ministry, Mr. Say entered
a$ a pupil in the academy of the Rev. Mr. Thomas Rowe
at London about 1692, where he had for his feliow^stu-
dents Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Isaac Watts, Hughes the poet,
and Mr. Josiah Hort, afterwards archbishop of Tuam. When
he had finished his studies, he became chaplain to Thomas
Scott, esq. of Lymioge in Kent, in whose family he conti-
nued three, years. Thence he removed to Andover ip
Hampshire, then to Yarmouth in Norfolk, and soon after
to Lowestoffin Suffolk, where he continued labouring in
word and doctrine eighteen years. He was afterwards co-
pastor with the Rev, Mr. Samuel Baxter at Ipswich nine
years; and lastly was called, in 17S4, to succeed Dr. Ed-
mund Calamy in Westminster, where he died at hi^ house
in James-street, April 12, 1743, of a mortification in his
bowels, in the sixty-eighth year of his age.
In his funeral* sermon, preached by Dr. Obadiah Hughes,
and afterwards printed, a due elogium is paid to his mini-
sterial abilities ; and, soon after his death, a thin quarto
volume of his poems, with two essays in prose, '^ Ou the
Harmony, Variety, and Power of Numbers," written at
the request of Mr. Richardson the painter, were published
for the benefit of his daughter, who married the Rev. -Mr.
Toms, of Hadleigh in Suffolk. The essays have been much
admired by persons of taste and judgment. And the Gen-
tleman^s Magazine, for 1780, p. 568, has rescued from
oblivion some remarks, by the same judicious hand, from
the margin of a copy of Mr. Auditor Benson's *^ Prefatory
Discourse to his Edition of Johnston's Psalms, and the
Conclusion of that Discourse, 1741.''
. In the preface to his works, we are told that Mr. Say
*^ was a tender husband, an indulgent father, and of a most
benevolent, communicative disposition, ever ready to do
good, and to distribute. He was well versed in astronomy
and natural philosophy; had a taste for music and poetry,
was a good critic, and a master of the classics. Yet so
great was his modesty, that he was known only to a few
select friends, and never published above two or three ser-
mons, which were in a manner extorted from him." Among
the modern Latin poets Broukhusius was his favourite^
among the English, Milton, whose head, etched by Mr.
ai J SAY.
JUchairSsbn/ » prefixed to fam second essay. A letter froni
Mr. Say to Mr. Hugfaies, and two from Mr. Say to Mr. Dun-
coipbe, with a Latin translation of the beginning of '< Pa«
radise Lost," are printed among the " Letters of Eminent
Persons deceased/, vol. I. and vol. H. His characters of
Mrs. Bridget Bendysb, grand-daughter of Oiiver Cromwell,
in tl^e appendix to vol. IL first appeared (without a name)
in Gent. Mag. 1765, p. 357. In the same volume, p. 423,
<* The Resurrection illustrated by the Changes of the Silk-
worm^', is by the same hand. And some of his poetical
pieces are in 'Nichpls's "Select Collection, vol. VL
Mr. Say had collected all the forms of prayer on public
occasions from the time of archbishop Laud, which after
his death were offered to the then archbishop of York (Dr.
Herring), but were declined by him as " never likely to be
employed m compositions of that sort for the public, that
work being in the province of Canterbury," Yet, unlikely
as it: seemed, this event soon happened.'
SCiEVOLA. See St. MARTHE.
; SC ALA (Bartholomew), an Italian, eminent as a states-
man and man of letters, when letters were just reviving in
Europe, was born about 1424, some say. 1430. He was
oply the son of a miller; but, going early to Florence, he
fell under the notice of Cosmo de Medici; who, observing
uuconqmon parts in him and a turn for letters, took him
;iinder his protection, and gave him an education. He stu-
died the law ; and, taking a doctor's degree in that faculty,
frequented the bar. After the death of Cdsmo in 1464,
Peter. de Medici shewed the same regard, for hiin ; and
Scala,, througti his means, was trusted by the republic in
the mos^ important negociations. In 1471, the freedom of
tbe city was conferred on him and his descendants ; and the
year after he obtained letters of nobility; he was then se-
cretary or chancellor of the republic. In 1484, the Flo-
rentines sent a solemn embassy to Innocent VIII, to con->
gcatulate him on his being raised to the potitificate ; . when
Scala, one of the embassy, delivered a speech so very
pleasing to the pope, that be was made by hiofi a knight of
'the golden spur, and senator of Q,ome. In 1486, he was
made holy-standard-bearer to the republic. He died at
Florence in 141>7 ; and left, among other children, a daugb-
• •
1 Geot. Mag. See Index. — Abp. Hemoj^s Letters.^WiUon^t Hi^t. of Di^*^
Hnting ChurchcF.
S C A L A. ns
ter. named AleKandra. who afterwards bebame fanioas foe
ber learDing and skill in the Greek and Latin tongues.
During his life-time were published the abovemeationed
speech to pope Innocent ; another speech which he made
as chancellor of Florence, ^^ Pro Imperatoriis militaribus
signis dandis Constantio Sfortise Imperatori^'* 1481; and
^^ Apologia contra vituperatores civitatis Florentise/' 1^96^
in folio. His posthumous works are four books, ^^ De His-
toria Flbrentina," and " Vita di Vitaliafni Borromeo ;" both
printed at Rome in 1677, 4to. This history of the Floren-^
tine r^p^blic was written in' twenty books, and deposited in
the Medicean library ; but, as only four of these books and
part of a fifth were finished, no more have been thought fit
for the press. He was the author also of "Apologues,**
and of some Latin and Italian ^* Poems/' Some few of his
letters have been published ; and there are eight in the
colfection ' of Politian, with whom Scala, as appears from
the correspondence, had the misfortune to be at variance.
Politian probably despised him for being his superior in
evetry thing but letters; and Scala valued himself too much
on his opulence. Erasmus also has not passed a very fa-
vourable judgment on him : he represents him as a Cicero-
nian in his style. Scala*s daughter Alexandra, above men-
tioned, was no less distinguished by her personal beauty,
than i)l3r literary acquirements^ She gave her hand to the
Greek Marullus (See Makullus); and Politian is numbered «
among her unsuccessful admirers; a circumstance that may
in some degree account for the asperities which marked his
controversy with her father. She is said' to have been as«
sisted in her studies by John Lascaris, and Demetrius Cbal-
condylks; In evidence of her proficiency, we are told
thac*she replied t6 a Greek epigram, which the gallantry of
Politian 'addressed to her, in the same language and mea-
sure; and in a public representation of the '* Electra*' of
Sophocles at Florence, she undertook' to perform the prin-
cipal female character, which, according to Politian, she
did with great success. She died in 1506.^
SCALIGER (Julius C^sar), a very learned and emi-
nent critic, was born, according to h^ son^s account, April
23, 1484, at Ripa, a castle in the territory of Verona, and
was the son of Benedict Scaliger, who, for seventeen years,
comrmanded the troops of Matthias, king of Hungary, to
I Tirabos'chf. — ^Geo. Diet.— OreiswelPs Politian.«->Roicoe'9 Lorenxo.
SiO S C;A L I G E R.
whom ha WM rejatied. His mother was Berenice Lodronia,
daughter of count Paris. From the same authority we
learn, that Scaliger was a descendant from the ancient
princes of Verona ; bul while other particulars of the birik
and family of Scaliger are. called in question, this seems to
be refuted by the patent of naturalization which Francis L
granted him in 152B, in which such an honourable descent
would unquestionably have b^en noticed, whereas in this
* instrument he is called only ^^ Julius Csesar della Scala de
Bordons, doctor of physic, a ns^tire of Verona*'' When
therefore, his critical asperities had raised him enemies,
they did not fail to strip him of bis royal origin, and in-
stead of it, asserted that he was the son of a school-master
(some say an illuminator) of Verona, one Benedict Bor-
den, who, removing to Venice, took the name of Scaliger,
either because he had vl scale for his sign, or lived in a street
called from that instrument; and although Thuanus seems
. inclined to consider this story as the fabrication of Augus-
tine Niphus, out of pique to Scaliger, it is certain that the
royal origin of the Scaligers has always appeared doubt-
ful, and we have now no means to remove the unc^*
tainty.
He was taught LatiA at home, and, according to his son^
bad for his preceptor John Jocundus of Verona, whom he
himself in various parts of his works mentions as his qaaater;
but even this circumstance his opponents are not disposed
to credit, and tell us, that as he was the descendant of
princes, it was necessary to provide him with a preceptor
like Jocundus, who was a man not only of high character,
but a gentleman by birth. They also add some circum-
stances which certainly make it doubtful whether Scaliger
really was taught by Jocundus, because it was neither by
-his knowledge of Latin, nor by philosophy or theology,
that Jocundus acquired his reputation, but by bis- skill in
the fine arts. (See JocuKDUS.) It appears, however^ less
questionable, that at the age of twelve Scaliger was pre-
sented to the emperor Maximilian, who made him one of
his pages, and that he served that emperor seventeen years,
and gave proofs of his valour and dexterity in several exr
peditions, in which he attended his master. He was at
the battle of Ravenna in 1512, in which be lost his father
and brother Titus, whose bodies he conveyed to Ferrara,
where his mother resided, who some time after died with
grief.
S C A L I G E R. Ml
His father dying in narrovr circuoistanceSy Soaliger found
himself almost without a maintenance, and therefore re-
solved to enter into the Franciscan order, for which purpose
be went to Bologna, and applied himself vigorously to
study, especially to logic and Scotus^s divinity ; but chang-
ing his views of the ecclesiastical profession, he agarn
entered into the army, and served some time in Piedmont.
A physician, whdm be knew at Turin, persuaded hira to
study physic ; and accordingly he prosecuted it at his lei*
sure hours, while he was in the army : he likewise learned
the Greek language, of which he had been entirely igno^
rant till then. At length, frequent attacks of the gous
determined him, at forty years of age, to abandon a mili-
tary life, and devote. himself entirely to the profession of
physic. In this he had already acquired both skill and
fame, and the bishop of Agen, being indisposed, and ap«
prehending some need of a' physician in his journey to his
diocese, requested Scaliger to attend him. 8caliger con<«
sented upon condition that he should not stay at Agen
above eight days : there, however, he conceived an at*»
lachment for a young lady, said to be not more than thir-^
teen years of age, and remained at Agen waiting for her
parents' consent. That obtained, he married her in 1529,
lived with her twenty-nine years, and had fifteen children
by her, seven of whom survived him. Whatever bis ori«
gin, he must have beien now a man of some consideration,
tor this lady was of a noble and opulent family.
After his settlement at Ag^n, be began to apply himself
seriously to those general studies which made him most
known in the literary world. He learned the French tongue^
at bis first cominjg, which he spoke perfectly well in thn&e
months ; and then made himself master of the Gascon,
Italian, Spanish, German, Hungarian, and Sclavonian^
During these studies, he maintained himself by the prac*
tice of physic. It is probable that he had taken a doctor's
degree in, this faculty at Padua; for, the letters of natu*
ralieation, which were granted him by Francis I. in 1528>
give him this title. As he begdn his studies late, it was
J' roportionably so before he commenced author, none of
is ivorks having appeared until he was forty»seven; but
he soon gained a name in the republic of letters, which
was jboth great and formidable. From this time^ compo-
fcuion and controversy employed htm till his death, which
happitaied ia 14^58, in the seventy-^fourlb year of k^i
^M S C A L I G E R.
age. His epitaph waS| ^'Julii Caesaris Scaligeri quod
fuit.''
His son Joseph has described him as a man with many
excellent qualities both of body and mind ; tall, well-made^
of a noble and venerable air, and yery strong and active
even to old age ; of such sagacity*^ that he could divine
the characters of men from their looks ; of a prodigious
memory ; singularly averse to every departure from truth,
and so charitable that his house was a kind of hospital to
the indigent and distresfsed. With these good qualities,
however, he had an insupportable pride and vanity, and
a fastidious aud petulant temper, which was excited to fury
by every difference from his opinions, and every, the least
contradiction, or fancied mark of disrespect. This ap-
peared particularly in his treatment of Erasmus, wjho, in
his " Ciceronianus, sivevde pptimo dicendi genere,". had
ridiculed certain of the learned in Italy, who would allow
no expressions to be pure latinity but what were to be i
found in Cicero ; and had even criticised the style of Ci-
cero himself, for whom, nevertheless, ' he had the pro-
fouhdest veneration. This provoked Scaliger to publish
two orations in his defence; m which he treated his. an-
tagonist with the utmost virulence of contempt. The death
of Erasmus, however, which happened while th^ second
oration was printing, appears to have softened Scs^liger^s
heart,. and he wrote a poem, in which he expressed great
grief at his dying before they were reconciled, and shewed
a willingness to acknowledge bis great virtues and.merit.
Julius CsBsar Scaliger was certainly a man of extraordi-
nary capacity, and of great talents both natural and ac-
qtiired^ but those who were his contemporaries, or who
}ived nearest to his times, have spoken of him in language
too nearly approaching to extravagance. Colerus dpes not
scruple to say, that he was the greatest philosopher sinoe
Aristotle, the greatest poet since Virgil, and the greatest
physician since Hippocrates. Lipsius goes a little. farther,
find not only gives us Homer, Hippocrates, Aristotle, and
Scaliger, as the four greatest men that ever appeared, but
adds, that he prefers Scaliger to the three others. The
elder Vossius ascribes to him a sort of human. divinity ;.and
H^et thinks he was expressly formed by nature as a con*
solation for our degeneracy in these latter days.' From
these, and other encomiums, which might be multiplied
by a reference to the works of. bis contemporaries and im^
S C A L- I G EJEU 331
tnedjate successors, it is le^ident that his repataHon was
great and extensive ; and if he tfegaa tgo study and to write
so late in life as has been report^d^ it is .«ai»y to believe that
his endowcneqts and appiicatipQ^Qiu^t have been of the
most extraordinary kind. A: list >of his principal worksy
therefore, seems necessary to illugstrate his character.. !•
*^ Exotericarum exercitationum liber quintus deci^tnus de
subtilitate ^d Hieronymum Cardanum/' Paris, 15,5,7^ .4to,
often reprinted in 8vo. He calls this attack on Cacdao the
fifteenth book, because he had written fourteen others
under the same title of " J^xercitationes," which had no
relation to Cardan.. [These, however, never were pub-
lished. 2. " In Theopbr^sti libros sex de cgusis planta-
rum commentarii," Geneva, 1566, folio. 3. "Commen-
tarii in Aristoteli ail^qriptos; libros duos, de plantis," ,ibid^
1566, folio, 4. V^A|ristp(e]is Hist. Animalium liber decimus,
ac versione et comq^ntario," Lyons, 1584, 8vo. This was
a prelude to the entijre work published by Maussac at
Toulouse, in 1619, fol. " AristoteJis Hist. Animalium, Gr.
& Lat. ex versione et cum comme.ntariis J. C. Scaligerl"
5. " Animadversiones in Theophrasti historias plantarum,''
Lyons, 1584, 8vo. 6. " Commentarii in Hippocratis li-
brum de Insomniis,'* Gr. & Lat. Lyons, 1538, 8vo, re-
printed several times after. 7. " De causis linguas Latinas
libri XIII." Lyons, 1540, 4to, &c. This is esteemed one
of his most valuable Works. 8. " J. C. Scaligeri adversus
Desiderium Erasmum orationes duae elpquentise Komanas
vindices, cum ejusdem epistolis & opusculis," Toulouse,
1621, 4to. The first of these orations, which we have al-
ready noticed, was printed at Paris in 1531, 8vo, andseejoas,
therefore, to have been the first of pur authors publica-
tions, an earnest of what the world might expect both
from his genius aod temper. 9. " Epistolae," Leyden, 1600,
8vo. 10. ^^ Epistolsc nonnullaB ex manuscripto Biblto-
thecaeZ. C. ab UfFenbach," printed in the sixth and eighth,
volumes of the *' Amcenitates Litterarise," by Schelhorn.
They all'relate to his orations against Erasmus. H. " De
Analogia sermonis Latini," subjoined to Henry Stephen^s '
" Appendix ad Terentii Varronis assertiones analogiae ser-
monis, Latini," 1591, 8vo. 12. " Poetices Libri Sfeptem,,'%
1561,. fol. and several times reprinted ; this is. his greatest
critical work, in which, however, many, mistakes and many
Ufltennble opinionis have ,been discovered by more recent
critics, 13, ** Heroes," or epigrams on Various personage»
«24 S C A L I G £ R. ,
of antiquity, Lyons/ 1539, 4to. 14. " Epidorpides, seU
carmen de sapientia et beatitudine," ibid, 1573, 8vo. 15.
'< Poemata in duas partes divisa,** 1574 and 1600, 8 vol
16. **' De comicis dimensionibus," prefixed to an edition
of Terence printed at Paris, 1552, foL*
SCALIGER (Joseph Justus), son of the preceding, and
heir to his talents and temper, was born at Agen in 1540 ;
and, et eleven years of age, was sent with two of his bro-
thers to the college of Bordeaux, where he was taught
Latin. Three years after, on the appearance of the plague,
he was obliged to return home to his father, who theii
superintended his education. He required of him every
day a short exercise or theme upon some historical sub-
ject, and made him transcribe some poems, which he him-
self had composed. This last task is supposed to have in-
spired him with a taste for poetry^ and so eager was he to
show his proficiency, that he wrote a tragedy upon the
story of Oedipus before he was seventeen. His father
dying in 1558, he went to Paris the year following to study
Greek, and attended the lectures of Turnebus for two
months. But finding the usual course too dilatory, he re-
solved to study it by himself, and with the assistance of
some knowledge, of the conjugations, attenripted. to read
Homer with a translation, in which he succeeded very
soon, and at the same time formed to himself a kind of
grammar, with which he' was enabled to proceed to the
other Greek poets, and next to the historians and orators,
and by persevering in this course, he gained in the space
of two years a perfect knowledge of the language. He
afterwards turned his thoughts to the Hebrew, whicli he^
leajrned by bimselT in the same manner. All are agreed
indeed, that he had an extraordinary capacity for learning
languages, and is said to have been well skilled in no less
than thirteen. He made the same progress in the sciences,
and in every branch of literature; and he at length obtained
the reputation of being the most learned man of his age,
and his biographers have handed down to us little else than
the progress of his studies and the chronology of his publi-
cations. In 1503 he was invited to the university of Ley-
den, tq be honorary professor of Bellas Lettres, on which
occasion, if we may believe the " Menagiana," tienry IV.
1 Gen. Bict.-'-l^iceroD, vol. £XlII.r-Life by b» son in Bates'i Vit» Seieetoi-
ru».— $.«xii OuoiQiasticon.
9. C A I; I O E R, 9ii
of F<tTi0e tr^ted bim with. great ctMn^s$ add ntsg^tdx^
Scaliger had determined to accept the offer ; andf waiting
upon the king to acquaint him ivith his jonrnej^ and th^
occasion of it, \^ Well, Mr. Scaliger,** said his maje^ty^
*^ the Dutch want to have yoo with them, and tp allow you
a good stipend : I am glad of/ it," adding some other re*
mAf]^ of a grosser kind. , Henry was no patcoa of learning
t>r learned men; but soo^ have supposed that he wished to
mortify Scaliger, who had already shewn too much of his
fatber^s vanity and arrogant spirit. He now went to Ley-»
den, where he spent the remainder of his. life; and died
there of a dropsy, Jan. 21, 1609, without having ever been
married* He was i man of perfect sobriety of mannersi
and whose wbole time was well spent in study;* He had as
great parts as his father, and far greatei: Jeaming, having
been trained to it from bis infancy, which his father haa
not. He had a profound veneration for bis fatter^ aad unf
fortunately exteuded it to an imitation of bis irritable tem-
per, and disrespect for his learned contemporaries. ^ But he
was often a discerner and encouriger of inetit* While at
Ley den he was so struck with the early apf>eahince of .ta«
Lent in Grotius, that be undertook to dinect his studies.
Grotiqs repaid his care by the utmost respect, and Scali*
ger^s counsels were commands to him. ^ The elder Scaliger
lived and died in the church of Rome: but the son em«
bfaced the principles of Luther, and relates that bis fatber
also had intentions of doing so.
The works of Joseph Scaliger are very numerous u^
Various : but his ^^ Opus de Emeodatione Temppnun^'^
printed at Paris 1583 in folio, is his greatest performance^
\n which be has collected every thing which might serve to
fstablish the principles of chronology, and was the first
who undertbok to forqti a complete system. He has in this
work rendered his liame memorable to posterity, by th^
invention of ttie Julian period^ whioh consists of TdMyears,
being the continued ptoduct of the three cycles, of the
sun 28, the moOn 19, and Roman indiction 15. This pe^
riod bad its biegtnning fixed to the 764th year before tfa^
^eation, and is not yet completed, and comprehends all
other cycles, periods, and epochas, with the times of all
memorable actions and histories. Scaliger has, therefore,
been styled the father of chronology ; and his '^ Thesauros
Temporum, complectens Eusebii Pamphili Chronicon cpm
Isagogicis Chronologic Canonibus,** in which be has €ot«
You XXVII. Q
^26 &" C A L I G E It
%
I
fecied and teformed' many things ih bis" Opus dte En^efr*
dbtione Tenlpbrucn/* seems to give him a sufficient claini
to the title. The best edition 6f " De Emendatione Tem-
porum'* is that of Geneva, 1609, folio; o^f the "Thesaurus
Temporum*' that cff Amsterdatt), 1658, in 2 vols, folio.
He wrote notes and' animadversions uport almost all the
Gredk and Latin atfthors: those upon Varro " de Lingua
Latina** were Written by him at twenty years of age; but
scarcely any of liis editions of the classics are now held in
esteem. Gerard Vossius' observes, that his conjectures are
too bold, and quotes Peter Vicfcorius, who said, that Scali-
ger was born to corrupt the ancients rather than to correct
them. It is certain, at least, that ht dealt too much in
conjectural criticisni, although be often shows a great 'de«
gree of ingenuity, even in the most fanciful of the free-
doms be takes with bis author^s meanings and always leaves
the reader impressed with his extensive learning;
He wrote some dissertations upon subjects of antiquity ;
and gave specimens of bis skill in all branches of literature*
He made a Latin translation to two centuries of Arabian
proverbs, which were published at Leyden, 1623, with tb6
notbs of Erpenius, at the request of Isaac Casaubon, who
tells tis/, that he employed less time in translating it than
others who underistood Arabic would have done in reading
it. He was afso obliged to write some controversial pieces :
and bis controversy with Scioppius, concerning the biogra«^
phy of his family in his work, entitled ^' De vetustate &
splendore gentis Scalig^ranae,*' is a wretclied example of
literary rancour and personal obloquy. His "Poemata,**
iir which there is not much poetical spirit, were publisbect
at Leyden, 1615, 8vo; his ** £pistolds,*' which are learned,
and cotitain many interesting psfrticuUrs of literary history,
were edited by Daniel Heinsius, at the same place, 1637,^
8i^o. ' . \ * ; '
. There are two *' Scaligerana;'* one priritecf at the Hagud
in' 1666 ; the other at Groninlgeh 1669, and for some rea-
son or other called ^^ Scaligerana Prima." Desmaizeaux
piiblished a neat edition of tnem, together with the ^^ Thu-
ana^*' ** Perroniana," *' Fitboeana,'* and " Colomesiana,**
at Amsteirdam, 1740, in 2 vols. l2mo.'
SCAMOZZI (Vincent), a celebrated architect, was
born at Vieeiiza in 1550. He was educated under bis
\
> Gen. Diet.— Nieeroo, volrXXIIl.— Batesii Vile, &c.— ^lii Onomaat^
9 C A M O Z 2 I. 227
tfither, also an able arcf)itect, and went to Venice roFim*
proveaient, where afterwacds, on Palladio^s death, be be*
came the first architect, and was employed in rarroas
works, particularly the additions to the library of St. Mark/
the Olympic theatre at Vicenza, and the new theatre at
Sabbioneta. In 1615 he published iq 2 vols, small folio, a
work entitled " L'Idea dell' Architettura universalei" in
six bdoks^ the sixth of which, containing the five orders of
architecture, is most esteemed. The Fre^ich ha«^e atrans;;*
lation of his works^ and an abridgment by J<i>ubert. Sca-
inozzi also published '< Discorsi sopra le anticbita di Roma/'
1583, fol. with forty plates. He died in 1616.^ i *
SCAPULA (John), the reputed author of a Greek Lex-^
icon,., studied first at Lausanne; but bas his narpe reebrded
in the annals of literature, neither on account of his talent^
t ' *
and learning, nor for his' virtuous industry, but for a gro^$
act pf di^ingenuity and fraud which be coipmitted agaiiiisc
an eminent literary character of the sixteenth centuYy^
Being employed by Henry Stephens^ the celebrated prin-t
ter, as a corrector to his.pressj white he was. publishing hi$
"Thesaurus Linguae Graecie," Scapula extracted thpsQ
words and explications which be reckoned most usefui|.
comprised them in one volume^ and published them as an.
original work)' with his own nanie. The compilaiioa and
printing of the Thesaurus had cost Stephens immense labour
andexpence^ but it was so. much admired by the learned
men to whom be had shown it, and seemed to be of such
essential importaruce to the acquisition. of the Greek Ian-*
guage,. .that he reasonably hope^ his labour would b&
crowned with honour, and that the money he had expended
would hb repaid by a rapid and .extensive sale. : Before^
boweyer, bis work came abroad. Scapulars abridgment ap-
peared; which, from its size, price, and obvious utility,
was qidckly purchased, while the Thesaurus itself lay neg*
lected in the autbor^s . haiids. The consequence was a^
bankruptcy on the part of Stephens, while be who bad oc^-
casioiied it was^ enjoying the fruits of bis treachery. Sea*
pula's. Lexicon was first published in 15S0, in Mo.t It was
afterward enlarged, and published in folio. It has gone
through several editions, th^ best. of which is the Elzevir
of 1652, some copies of which have the following imprint,
'^ Londini, impeusis Josues Kirktou et Samuelis Thomp-
1 Tiraboscbi« .
Q2
325 SCAPULA,
son;" but it is the genuine Elzevir editioni the names cff
Kirkton atkid Thompson being appended only to the copies
they purchased from the Leyden proprietors. Stephens
charges the author with omitting a great many important
articles, and with misunderstanding and perverting hit
meaning, and tracing out absurd and trifling etymologies
which be himself had been careful to avoid* Dr. Busby,
to much celebrated for his knowledge of tbe Greek ]an<»
fuage, and his success in teaching it, would never permit
is scholars in Westminster-school to make use of Scapula.'
SCARBOROUGH (Sir Charles), an emiaent physi-
cian and mathematician, was bom about 1616. After th^
usual classical education he was admitted 6f Caius college,
Cambridge, in 1632, and took his first degite in arts in
1636. He was then elected to a fellowship, and com**
aaenciog A. M. in 1640, he took pupils. In the meifin
time, intending to pursue medicine as his profession, he
applied himself to all the preparatory studies necessary for
that art. Mathematics constituted one of these studies :
and the prosecution of this science having obtained him
the acquaintance of Mr. (afterwards bishop) Seth Ward,
then of Emanuel college, they mutually assisted each other
in their researches. Having met with some difficulties in
Mr. Ougbtred's ^^Clavis Mathematica,*^ which appeared to
them insuperable, they made a joint visit to the author,
then at his living of Aldbury, in Surrey. Mr. Oughtred
(See Oughtred) treated them with great politeness, being
sauth gratified to see these ingenious young men apply &>
aeaiously to these studies, and in a short time fully resolved
all their questions. They returned to Cambridge complete
masters of that excellent treatise, and were the first tfant
read lectures upon it there. In the ensuing civil wars, Mr-
Scarborough became likewise a joint sufierer with his fiel-
low-student for the royal cause, being ejected from his fel-
lowship at Caius. Upon this reverse of fortune lie witlt«
drew to Oxford, and entering himself at Merton college^
was incorporated A*M. of that univendly^ 23dof June,>
1646. The celebrMed Dr. Harvey was then warden of
that college, and being employed in writing bis treatiseL
^^ De Generatione AnimaliUIti,^* gladly accepted the assisl>-
ance of Mr. Scarborough. The Jattcr also became Ao
quaiftted with sir Christopher Wreo, then, a gentlematt
> Clark's Bibljog. Diet, vol IV.«.Bai)lei JagmeDt.— Morboff Polybiit
S C A R B O R O UGH. 22f
commoner of Wadhftm college, and engaged him to trans*
bte. *' Qughtred's Geometrical Dialling'* into Latin, which
was printed in 1 649.
Upon leaving Oxford, and taking the degree of doctor
of physic, Dr. Scarborough settled in the metropolis, where
he practised with great reputation. In the College of
Physicians, of which be was a fellow, he was particularly
respected as a man of uncommon talents; and, in 1658,
by the special appointment of the president,^he introduced,
with an elegant Latin speech, the marquis of Dorchester
for his admission into the college that year. In the mean
time Dr. Scarborough began to read his highly celebrated
anatomical lectures at Surgieons' Hall, which he continued
for sixteen or seventeen years, and was the first who in-
troduced geometrical and mechanical reasonings upon the
muscles.
Such extraordinary merit did not escape the notice of
king Charles IL, who conferred on him the order of knight-
hood in 1669, and at the same time appointed him his
principal physician. He was nominated to the same ho-
nourable office by his majesty's brother, which he held both
before and after his accession to the throne ; and he also
served king William in the ^ame capacity. He was like-
wise Appointed physician to the Tower of London, and held
that office till his death, which occurred about 1696. Sir
Charles Scarborough was married and left a son, who was
created doctor of civil lavv at Oxford, in August 1702. In
1705, this gentleman printed in folio, from his father^s
matiuscript,^^ An English Translation of Euclid's Elements,
with excelljBnt explanatory notes." Sir Charles also wrote
** A Treatise, upon Trigonometry;*' "A Compendium ^of
Lily's Grammar ;'^ and ** An Elegy on Mr. Abraham
C<5vi^ley."V .
SCAftHON (Paul), an eminedt* burlesque French wri-
ter, was the son of Paul Scarfon, a counsellor in parlia-
tnent, and born at Paris ia 1610. Although deformed, and
of very irregular manners, his father designed him for an.
ecclesiastic, and he went iii Italy for' that purpose, in his
twenty-fourth year, whetice he returned equally unfit for
his intended profession, and continued his irregularities un-
til he lost the use pf his limbs, and could only use big
I Biog. Brit. ▼•I.Vli.-^Siippleineat.— Knight's Life of Colet.-*Atb.Oie.Yo|. IK
Cole's MS Atjiea«.CaiiUb« in Brit* Mill.
230 S C A R R t) N.
h^pds and tongue. This happened in bis twenty^»eTeotfa
v€ar^ but, melancholy as his condition was, bis burlesque
humour never forsook him : he was continually talking and
w/iting in this strain ; and his house became the rendez-
vous of all tbe men of wit. Afterwards, a fre.sh misfortune
overtook him : his fatheor, who had hitherto supplied his
wants, incurred the. displeasure of cardii)al Ricbelieu, arid
was banished, and although Scarron presented an bumble
ri^quest to Richelieu, which from its humour j)leased
tbaL minister/ no answer appears lo. have been returned,
and both Richelieu and his'fiitber died soon after. Scar^*
ron at length, helpless, and deformed as he was^ c6o«
ceived thoughts of marriage; and, in 1651, was aotuatly
married to mademoiselle d'Aubign6, afterwards the cele«»
brated madam de Maintenon, wbp lodged near him, and
was about sixteen years of age. , Uiiequal a$ this maldl
Avas, she had influence enough to produce some salutary
change in his manners and habits, and her wit and beauty
^erv^d to increase the good company which frequented bia
house, Scarron, died in 1660, and within a few minutes af
las deaths when his acquaintance were about him all in
tears, ** Ah ! my good friends," said he, " you will nevejr
cxy for me so much as I have made you laugh.^'
, He had a considerable fund of wit, but could never pre-
vent it from running into buffoonery, which pervades his
works to such a degree, that few men of taste or deltdn^y
have be^u able to peruse them. They sunk into oblivion
in the refined age of Louis XVI. and have, never been
efi^ctually revived since. Yet his " Virgil Travestie" aad
lijjy "Comical Komance'* are occasionally read. The whoje
of his works were printed at Paris, in 168^, and at Auot-
3ter4am in. 1737. and 1752, 10 vols, l^mo."
SCHAAFx (Charles), a learned German^ was born at
Nuys, in. the electorate of Cologne, 1646; his father was
a n^jor in the army of the landgrave of Hesse Cassel., He
was educated for the church at Duisbourg; and| having
made the Oriental tongues his particular study, became
professor of them in that university in 1677. In- 1679 he
removed to Leyden, to fill the same post for a larger sti-
pend ; and there continued till 1729, 'when he died of acx
apoplexy. He published some useful books in the Oriei^
tal way ; as, 1. *' Opus Aramzeum, coaiplecteos Gram^
\ Morcri.«->Dict. Hist. — D^IiraeliVCuriotitiCf, vol. II.
« C H A A F. «3l
w^Cdm Chaldarcam & Syriacatn,'* 1686, 8vq. 2. '< No«
Tum Testamentuai Syriacum, cum versione Latina/' 1708,
ilto. The Latin version is that of Tremellius, retouche<i»
Leusden laboured jointly with bitn in this work till ..death,
which happened when they were got to Luke xv. 20 ; and
Schaaf wrote the remainder by himself. At the end of it
is subjoined, ^^ Lexicon Syriacum Concordantiale.^* 3.
V Epitome Gcammaticae Hebraic®," 1716, 8vo. 4. '^ A
Letter in Syriac of tlie bishop Mar Thqmas, written froin
Malabar to the patriarch of Antioch, and a Lfitin version by
himseir," 1714-, 4to. .5. *^ Sermo Academicus de Lingua-
mm Orientaliom scientia," an Inauguratioa-Speech. In
1711 he drew up, at the request of the curators of the aca-
demy aj; Leyden, a catalogue of all the Hebrew^ Chaldee,
JSyriae, and Samaritan books and manuscripts in the li-
Jbrary there ; which was joined to the catalogue of that li«
brary, published in 1711.'
SCHALKf^N (Godfrey), an ingenious painter, wai
iborh at J>ort, in 1643. His father placed him first witl|
.iM>lonion Van Hoogstraten, and afterwards with Gerar4
Dow, from whom he caught a great delicacy of finishing;
but bis chief practice was to paint candle-lights. He
placed the object and a candle in a dark room ; and look-
ing through a small hole, painted by day^light what he saw
in the dark chamber. Sometimes he drew portraits, and
came with that view to England, but found the business
:too much engrossed by Kneller, Closterman, and others^.
Yet he once drew king William; but,.^as the piece was tQ
\>e by candle-light, he gave his majesty the candle to hold^
till the tallow ran down upon his fingers. As if to justify
this ilUbreeding, he drew his own picture in the same situ-
ation. Delicacy was no part of his character : having
•drawn a lady^who was marked with the small-pox, but had
handsome hands, she asked him, when the face was finished|
if she must not sit for her hands : " No,'* replied Schalkea,
^^ 1 always draw them from my house- maid.'' After carry;-
ing on his business for some time in England, he settled at
the Hague, where he died in 1706. Some additional anec-
dotes of him may be found in our authority.*
SCHEELE (Charles William), avery learned chemist,
was born in 1742, at Stralsund in the capital of Swedish
1 Bibl. German, vol. XXIL— KiceroD, vol. XXXIX.— Chaufepie*
9 Wafpole'i Anecdotet.
f $« S C tl IE £ L E.
Ppmeraniai where bis father was a tradesman. Having
shown an inclination to learn pharmacy, be was bound ap-
prentice to an apothecary at Oottenburg^ with whom he
lived eight years, and at his leisure hours contrived to
makd himself master of the science of chemistry, reading
the best authors, and making such experiments as his con-
fined means would permit. From Gottenburg, he went to
MalmO, and two years after to Stockholm. In 1773 be
went to Upsal, and resided for some time in the house of
Mr. Loock. -Here Bergman first found him, saw bis merit
and encouraged it, adopted bis opinions," defended him
Ivitb -zeal, and took upon him the charge of publishing his
treatises. Under this liberal patronage (for Bergman pro-
cured trim also a salary from the Swedish academy),
Sdh)eele produced a series of discoveries which at once
astonished and deKghted the world. He ascertained the
nature of manganese ; discovered the existence and singu-
laif'prdperties of oxymuriatic acid : and gave a theory of
the composition of muriatic acid, which promises fair to
be the true one. He discovered a new earth which was
liflerwards called barytes ; and he determined the consti*
tuents of the volatile alkali. All these discoveries are re-
lated in one paper published about 1772. He discovered
Jand ascertained the properties of many acids, the nature
of plumbago and molybdena; analyzed filuor spar, which
lilid eluded the searches of all preceding chemists ; and
deteriEdtned the constituents of tungstate of lime. His
t#o e&s&ys on the prussic acid are particularly interesting,
end display the resources of his mind, and his patient in-
dustry, m a very remarkable point of view; His different
papers oti animal substances are particularly interesting,
and replete with valuable and accurate information. On
<me bCcasion, in bis treatise on fire, Scheele attempted
the very difficult and general subject of combustion; but
Ills attempt was not crowned with success. The acuteness,
\ay^^'se;t^ fvith which he treated it deserves our admiration ;
and the vast number of new and important facts, which he
i>rotight forward in support of his hypothesis, is truly
astonishing, and perhaps could not have been brought to-
gether by any other man than Scheele. He discovered
oxygen gas, and ascertained the composition of the atmo-
sphere, without any knowledge of what had been previously
done by Di^. Priestley. His views respecting the nature of
atmospheric air were much more correct than those of
S C H E E L E. at
Priestley ; and his experiments onTt^etattoin iind rdspiration^
founded on those viewi, were possessed of consideirable va^
lite* These and other discoveries wbidv stamp the charae^-^
fer of Scheele as a philosopher, are to be found f;eneraliy
in the transactions of the Royal Society of Stoekhohn. Dr.
Beddoes published an English tmnslation of most of hii
dissertations, with useful- and ingeuieus notes. There it
also an English translation of his dissertation on air and
fire, with notes by Ricb&rd Kirwan, esq.
' In 1777 he was appointed by the medical college to he
apothecary at Hoping ; and in this situation he reinained
until his death, although it was often wished that he had
obtained a more conspicuoufl sittiation. He is said t6 hare
been offered an annuity of 300/. if he would settle irt Eng^
land, and that bis death only preveiRed his accepting it.
On May 19, 1786, he was confined to his bed ; on the 2Ist
he bequeathed his whole property to the widow of his pre^*
decessor at Koping, whom, when bis end was lipprOaohingp
be married out of a principle of gratitude, tod od th'e ^m6
Any he died, aged only forty-foun
According to the report of his 'firiends^ the moral- tht*
racter of this ingenious man was irreproachable, arid though
his manners were reserved, and he mixed little in cOm<*
pany, be was of a very friendljp' and communicative dispo«i
sition. He attained high fame under Tery disadvantageout
drcumstances. He understood none of the modern lan-
guages, except the German and Swedish, so that he had
not the benefit of the discoveries made by foreigners', unleiA
by the slow and uncertain medium of traifislations. Hie
important services, howevet, which he rendered to natural
philosophy, entitled him to universal reputation, and h6
obtained it/
SCHEFFER (John), a learned German, was born at
Strasburg in 1621, and probably educated there. He apv
plied himself principally to the study of Gteek and Latin
antiquities, and of history ; arid made himself a tolerable
Verbal <^ritic upon Latin and Greek 'authors. He was dri-
ven out df his own country by the wars ; and, as Christina
of Sweden was at that time the general patroness of all men
of letters, h^ withdrew into her kingdom in 1648. He waa
made^ the same year, professor of eloquence and politics
1 CreU'B Chemical Joansl in Gent, tlaf, toI, LIX«— Thomf oa's Hist, of tiia
Royal Societj.
134 S t! H E F F E R.
|it Upsal ; afterwards, honorary professor royal of tlie l&w
of nature and nations, and assessor, of tiie royal college of
dotiquities ; and, at length, librarian of the university of
Upsal. He died in 1679, after having published a great
Dpoiber of works. Many of his pieces relate to Greek and
^oman antiquities, and are to be found in the collection of
'Qrp&vius and Groooiiius. He wrote notes upon many an-
jcient authors; upon ^lian, Phsdrus, *< Arriani Tactica,^'
of which last he made also a Latin version ; Petronius, Hy^
gin^s, Julius Pbs^quens, Justin, &c. • He was one of those
who stoutly defended the authenticity of that fragment of
Petronius, pretended to have been found at Trau ; which,
however, is generally jud^'ed to be a forgery, and accord*
ingly rejected by Burn^an and other critics.*
SCHEINER (CHftiSTOPHER), a considerable malbema-
tician and astronomer, was born at Muadeilheim in Schwa-
hen, in 1575. He entered into the society of the Jesuits
when he was tviwnty; and aft<erwards taught the -Hebrew
^oqgue and the matbentatics at Ingolstadt, Friburg, Brisaq,
and Rome. At length, he became rector of the college
of the Jesuits at Neisse in Silesia, and confessor to the
archduke Charles. He died in 1650, at the age of seventy**
five* .
« /Scbeiner was chiefly remarkable for being one of the
first who observed the spots in the sun with the telescope,
though not the very first; for his 6bservations of fbose
spots were first made, at Ingolstadt, in the latter part of
16 11« whereas Galileo and Harriot both observed them in
the latter part of the year before, or 1610. Sobeiner con*
^inued bis observations on the solar phenomena for many
years afterwards at Rome, with great assiduity and accu«
racy, constantly making drawings of them on paper, de-*
scribii^ their places, figures, magnitude,* revolutions, and
4>eriods, so that Riccioli delivered it as his opinion that there
was little reason to hope for any better observations of those
apots. Des- Cartes and Hevelius also say, that in their
judgment, nothing can be expected of that kind more sa«
jtiffaqtory. These observations were published in 161^0, in
Ptt.e volume folio, under the title of ^^ Rosa Ursina/' &c«
Almost every page is adorned with an image of the sun
|vitb spots. He wrote also several smaller pieces relating
(o mathematics and philosophy, the principal of whicli are»
1 G^n. Diet.— Nicero9, vol. XXXIX,
8 C H E I N E- R. fiS»
4.. ** OculuSi sive Fundamentum Opticum/* &c. ; wKich
was T/eprinted at London, in 1652, in 4to. 2. ^^So) Eolip^
ticusy Diaquisitiones Mathematical." 3. '* De Controver*
siis et Novitatibos Astronomicis.^* *
$GH£LHAMM£R (Gonthier Christopher), a cele^
Wated German physician and philosopher, was born March
3, 164.9, at Jena, and was son of Christopher Scfaelham-
mex, a. learned professor of anatomy and surgenry in that
city), ajQd at Keil, where be was also physician to the duke
pj^ Hoktein. Gonihier died January 1 1, 1716, in his sixty^
seventh year, leaving ^^ Introdtictio in artem medicam,*^
rl}aU. 17^6, 4to, and a great number of valuable audlearn^
■^d viForks Qu physic, of which it is to be wished that aieom^
plete collection was published. He published also sotHtS
bot^uicaji dissertations, and first described the {Peculiar
.cfaangjs which, .during germination, takes place in she co*
tyledon of palms. The Schelhaoiaiera, in botany, ' was so
called tn honour of him* His life, by Scheffelias, in Latin,
Visoiar, 1727, 8vo, is prefixed to the letters written to him
by several of the literati.' , .
SCHEUCHZER (John James), an eminent physician
and naturalist, was the son of a very. .learned physician of
the same names at Zurich, where he was born, August 2^
167^. His father dying in the prime of life, he appears
to have been left to the care of bis mother, and his mater*^
pal grandfather^ H« was educated at Zurich under tb^
ablest processors, of whom he has. left ua>a list, bmt says
that be might with great propriety add bis own name to
the number, as he went through the greater part of his
studies with no other guide than bis own judgment. « In
1692 be commenced his travels, and remainisd some tim6
at Altdorf, attending the lectures of Wagenseil, Hoffman^
father and son, Stqiun, &c. In 16^3 be went to^Uirecbt^
wh^re he took his degree of doctor of physic in Jan^ 1694^
and.in ld95 returned to Nuremberg and Altdorf tostudy
mathematics under Sturm and Eimmart. To Sturm be ad^
dressed a learned letter on ^the generation of ibssil riiells,
which he attempted to explain on mathematical principles i
hut, discovering the fallacy of this, he adopted the tfaeovy
of :Our Dr. Woodward, whose work on the subject oftra
natural history of the earth be translated into Latin, and
published at Zurich in 1.704. . .
* » Martin's Bipg. Philos.— Button's Diet.
* Diet Hist.— Refes*8 Cyclopsdia, art. Sehelhammerx.
«3$ 8 C B E U C H Z E R.
Returning to Zurich, before this period, he was appmnl-
ed 6rst physician. of the city, with the reversion of the pro-
fessorship of aiathematics. He now began to write various
dissertations on subjects t)f natural history, particularly that
of SwissCrland, and wrote a system of natural history In
iGerman, which he published in parts in the years 1705, €y
and 7, the whole forming three small 4to volumes. He
published afterwards three more in 17 16, 1717, and 1719,
which complete the natural history of Swisseriand, with
the exception of the plants, of which he had formed an
herbal of eighteen vast volumes in folio. . His ** Nova litte-
raria Helvetica" began in 1702, and were continued to
1715. In 1694 he began his tours on the Alps, which be
repeated for many years, the result of which was published
iHider the title of ^* Itinera Alpina,V* one volume of which
was published at Londoin in 1708, 4to, and four at Ley den
ID 17 13.. In the course of these journeys, he improved the
geography of his country, by a small map of Toggenbourg,
and by bis map of Swisseriand in four large sheets. Amidst
all these pursuits, his official duties, and his extensive lite-
rary correspondence^ he found leisure to gratify bis taste
for medallic history, and translated Jobert^s work on that
subject, which does not, however, appear to have been
printedu In 1712, Leibnitz, being acquainted with his
learning and fame, procured him an invitation from th^
csar, Peter the Great, to become his majesty^s physician,
btUt the council of Zurich induced him to decline the offer,
by an additional salary. Some time afterward, he obtained
a fianonry ; but, according to Meister, his colleagues bad
no very profojind respect for him, of which he gives the
following ludicrous proof : A favourite crane belonging to
Pr. Scheuchzer one day made her escape, and the doctoi^
^as obliged to climb the roof of the house to recover her,
which he did at no small risk. The canons are siiid to havl^
declared on this occasion, that they would have given a
pension to the crane, if the doctor bad broke his neck» It
appears that this disrespect was mutual. They considered
Scbeochzer as an intruder, and he despised their ignorancid
in condemning the Copernican system, and the theory of
Simammerdam, as profane and pernicious. He appears to
have had a considerable band in the political and ecclesi-
astical affairs of Zurich, and hkd at one time a sharp con«
tjroversy on religion with a Jesuit of Lucerne, whom Meis-
ter describes as tbe Don Quixote of the Romish church. .
SCHEUCHZER. «sr
In 1731 appeared bis great work, *' Pbysica eacritiF^' in
4 vols, folio, which was immediately republished in FreiK^
•at Amsterdam, in both instances enriched with a profusion
of fine plates illustrative of the natural history of the Bible.
This bad been preceded by some lesser works on the same
subject, which were now incorpcnrated. He did not long
survive this learned publication, dying at Zurich about the
end of June i 733« He was a member of many learned so-
icieties, of our Royal Society, and of those of Berlin, ViennSi^
'&c. and carried on a most extensive correspondence with the
principal literati of Europe. He left a well-^chosea and na*
pierous library, a rich museum of natural history, and a col-
lection of medals. Besides- the works we have incldentalljr
noticed, he published, 1. ** Herbarium Diluviannm,''^^ Ztt-
rich, 1709, reprinted and enlarged, at Ley den, 1?23, fbtiQ.
2. *^ Piscium querelas et viadiciae,^' Zurich, 1708, 4to. 3«
5^ Oratio de Matheseos usu in Theologia,*' ibid. 1711> 4to«
4. '< Museum Diluvianum,'' ibid. 1716, 8vo. 5. << Homo
diluvii tenis," ibid. 1 726, 4to. 6. ^* De Heivetii aeribus,
aquis, locis, specimen,^' ibid. 1728, 4to. He also wrote in
German, a treatise on the mineral waters of Swiisserland,
Zurich, 1732j 4to. In 1740, Klein published ^^ Sciagra-
phia litbologtca curiosa, seu lapidum figuratorum nomen^
cliator, olim 4 Jo. Jac. Scheuchzero conscriptus, auctus et
iUostratus,'' 4to. Of bis << Physica Sacra,*' we have bo«*
tiped the first edition publiriied at Augsburgh, 1731 — 1735^
four vols, folio, or rather eight volumes in four, the text
of .whicb is. in German ; this edition is valued on account of
its having the first impressions of the plates. The Amster-
dam edition, 1732 — 38, -8 vds. has, however, the advantage
of being in French, a language more generally understooc^
wid has the same plates. Sobeucbzer had a brother, pro-
fess<Mr of natural j^losophy at Zurich, who died* in 1737^
tud is known to all botanists by bis laborious and teamed
^' Agpt>stographia," no .valuable for its minute descrtptionf
of grasses. He bad a son rith whom we seem more inte-
rested, John Gaspar Scheu^hzer, who was bom at Zurich
in 1702, and after studying at home came over to England,
and received the degree of M. D, at Caflri>ridge, during die
royad visit of George I. in 1728, and died at London April
13, .1729, only twenty «seven years old. He bad mueh of
the genius and learning of his£uniiy, and wias a>good tnti«
quary, medallist, and natural historian. He tranidated into
Engjush Koempfer*s history of Japan, 1727^ 2 vols. foUo^ nA
V
j&n 8 C R E U C HZ E R.
iad begun a translation of Koempfer's travels in Mtistovy,
Penia, &c. but did not live to complete it. H« wrote alsb
ta treatise on inoculation. Some part of the correspondence
of this learned family is in the British Mnseum.^ ^
SCHIAVONI (Andrea), named Meduia, an eminent
^artist^ was born in 1522, at Sebenico, in Dalmatia. Ri^
purents, who were poor, placed him with a house*painter ^t
Venice, where, at bis leisure hours, he acquired a superior
taste^ by stndyi^ng the etchings and compositions of Pai^mi--
.giano ami the works of Giorgione and Titian in the ^libUc
buildings of the city. At length, Titian; being infoiKned
of his unfortunate situation and promising talents; xodk
him under his care, and soon afterwards employed him in,
.the Kbrary of St. Marco, where Schiavoni is said to hhv^
painted three entire cielings. Feeling his strength, he tnen-
ture.d to paint,, in competition with Tintoretto, a picturli
for the church of the Santa Croce, representing thfe visr-
^tation of the Virgin to Elizabeth; and though h^'did'not
equal hia antagonist, yet he received a cohsidet-afUe share
of applause. Schiavoni was accounted one of the finest
colourista of the Venetian school, and to colouring sacri-
jBeed almost every other attribute of the art ;' yet h^s trbm-
positJQPs are managed with great' dexterity, and executed
with astonishing freedom. Two of bis most admired ^orki
are in the church of the Padri Teatit)i at Rimini, fepre-
senting the Nativity and the Assumption of the Virgin, and
bis *^ Perseus and Andromeda,*^ and the *< Apostles at the
-Sepulchre,'* are in the royal collection at Windsor. He
died at Venice in 1 582, at the age of sixty.'
. SCHIAVONETTI (Lewis), a very ingenious artist, was
born« at Bassano, in the Venetian territory, Aprill, 1765*
Hia father .wassa stationer, who was enabled to give him a
useful, but limited education. From his infancy he had a
peculiar taste for drawing ; and attained such proficiency,
that an able painter, Julius Golini, to whom some of his
productions were shewn, undertook to instruct him in 'that
art. At the age of thirteen Lewis was put under his care,
and the high opinion he had formed of the boy^s genius wasr
confirmed by the rapid progress he niade, while his amiable
disposition endeared him so tnuch, that he loved bith zjs hia
own son. After three years of ' useful instruction, be had
tbe mififottune to lose this master, who expired in his arms.
. 1 Moreri.-i-Meister's Homines Illogtree de Soissc.— -Eloy, Dict« Hist, de Mede*^
cint;— Ayicough'f Catalogue of HISS, * Argcnville^ tol I.— StruU's Diet
SCHIAVO^ffr Tl. 2J»
Left fo pursue his own course, he turned his views to Count
Remaudiniy whose extensive typographical and chalcogra-
pfaical concern is rendered more fanK>us by. the giving em-
ployment to Bartolozzi and Volpato ; and the works of those
artists gave fresh impulse to the youth's ardour for imprdvie-
ment. About this time he became acquainted with one
Lorio, an indifferent engraver, with whom be worked about
twelve months, when, finding he had exhausted his fund of
instructions, be resolved to alter his situation. A copy of a
holy family in the litie manner, from Bartolofzzi, after Car-:
io Maratta, gained him immediate employment from Count
Remaudini, and attracted the notice of Mr. Suntach, aii
engraver and printseller in opposition to Remaudini. About
this time came to Bassano a wretched engraver of architec-
ture, but a-man of consummate craft and address. Hebe^
caii^e acquainted with Schiav^neiti at Mr. Suntach's, and
wa3 ultimately the means of bringing him to England, where
he became acquainted with Bartolozzi, apd lived in his
house uptil be established himself on his own foundation;;
after which Scbiavonetti cultivated his genius with a shccess
that answered the expectations which were first formed of
it, and conducted all his affairs with an uprightness &nd in*
t^rity that will cause bis memory to be equaUy revered as
a gentleman and an artist. . He died at Brompton, Juiie 7;
1810, in the forty^fourth year of his age; and on the 14th
was buried in Paddington church-yard, ifllh a solemnity
worthy of his talents and character.
In bis person, Mn Scbiavonetti. was rather tall and weif
inade, and his amiable modesty, equability of temper, at)d
promptness to oblige, won the good will of all who saw and
conversed with him. Many a^ts of his private life showed
the excellence of his character ; among others, as soon at
he began to derive profit from his profession, be devoted a
portion of it to the support of his relatives in It^ly; and
constantly remitted to his aged parent a stipend suffioienc
to etisure him comfort.
Some of his principal performances are, the " Madre
Dolorosa,'* after Vandyke: the Portrait of that Master in.
the character of Pariis : Michael Angelo's celebrated Cartoon'
Of the Surprize of the Soldiers on the Banks of the Arno :
a iieries of Etchings, from designs by Blake, illustrative of
Blair's Grave: the Portrait of Mr. Blake, after PhiiHps, fot
the same work : the. Landing of the British Troops in Egypt,
from Eoutherbourg ; and the Etching of the Canterbury
Pilgrimage, from Stothard*s esteemed picture*
Hi S C H I L L C R.
« »
him from reading his works, and is said to bavtif rodsed
him from those Habits of dissipation in which he had in*
dulgedy and to which he was in great danger of falling ^
victim* He was now patronized by the duke qf Saxe-Wei-
mat, who conferred on him the title of aulic counsellor, and
nominated him to the professorship of history and philoso*
phy at the university of Jena. He had previously written
an account of the " Revolt of the Netherlands from the
Spanish government,^' and he now set about composing hit
** History of the thirty Years' War in Germany,'* a work
which has been much admired in his own country. At
length he removed to Weimar, where the pension, as ho*
norary professor from the duke, was continued to him ; and
produced the ^^ History of the mo$t memorable Conspirao^
cies," and the " Ghost-Seer," which displayed the peculiar
tiirn of his mind, and were much read. In the latter part
of bis life he conducted a monthly work published at Tu-
bingen, and an annual poetical almanac, and composed a
tragedy entitled " The Maid of Orleans." He was the au-
thor of other dramatic pieces^, some of which are known,
though imperfectly, in this country, through the medium
of translation. ' He died at Weimar, May 9, 1 805, and
be was interred with great funeral solemnity. In his private
character Schiller was friendly, candid, and sincere. Iii
his youth he affected eccentricity in his manners and appear*
ance, and a degree of singularity seei^s always to have ad-
hered to him. In his ^orks, brilliant strokes of genius are
unquestionably to be found, but more instances of extra-
vagant representation of passion, and violation of truth and
naturae. They enjoyed some degree of popularity here,
during the rage for translating and adapting German playi
for our theatres; and although this be abated, they have con-
tributed to the degeneracy of dramatic taste, and have not
produced the happiest effects on our poetry.*
SCHILTER (John), an eminent jurist, was bom atPe*
gaw in Misnia, Aug. 29, 1632, and studied at Leipsic and
Naumberg, wherein 1651, he removed for two years td
Jena, and then completed his course at L^psic. In 1655.
he took the degree of doctor in philosophy, as he did the
same in the faculty of law at Strasburgh some years after.
He practised for some time as an advocate ^t Naumberg^
where prince Maurice of Saxe made* him keeper of his ar-
1 Qent. Mag.— 'Reel's Cytlepcdia.
SCHILTER. .;a«
iebfves, and intendant or director of the territory of Sul in
the county of Henneberg. About 1686 he accepted an
invitation to Strasburgb, where he was appointed counsellor
^nd advocate of the state, and honorary professor of^ the
academy. He died there, May 14, 1705, in the seventy-
third year of his age. He wrote a great many volumes on
subjects connected with antiquities and with his profession,
Ihe principal of which are, 1. ^' Codex juris Alemannici
feudalis,'* 1696, 3 vols. 4ta 2. <^ Thesaurus antiquitatuod
Tentonicarum," 1728, 3 vols. foL a posthumous publica-
tion, edited by Scherzius at Ulm. 3. *^ Institutiones Ca«
nonici," 1721, Svo, in which he endeavours to recopcile
the canon law to that iii use among the protestaut churches.
4. <Mnstitution«s juris publici,*' 1696, 2 vols. 8vo, one of
his first, and a very learned work.'
SCHMIDT (Christopher), a learned German, was bora
May 1 1, 1740, at Nordheim, and studied law at Gottingen.
In 1762 he visited St. Petersburgh in company whh count
Munich, in whose family be had been tutor for some time,
hut returned to his studies, and took his law degrees atGot-*
tinmen, whence he removed to Helmstadt. He was soon
after appointed professor in the Caroline college at Bruns-
wick, where he lectured on history, public law, and statis*
ties until 1779, when the prince made him a counsellor and
keeper of the archives at Wolfenbuttel. In 1784, the
prince added the title of aulic counsellor. He died in 180K
In bis visit to Russia he contracted a fondness for that coun-^
try and its language, and employed much of his time on
its history* This produced various works, published in
German, ** Letters on Russia," *^ Materials for a knowledge
of the Constitution and Government of Russia,'^ ^* An at*
tempt towards a new introduction to the History of Russia,?
&c. &c« He published also ^^ A manual of History," ^' His-
torical miscellanies," and " A History of Germany,^' which
IS spoken of as an eloquent and useful work.* ,
SCHMIDT (Erasmus), an excellent Greek scholar, wat
born atDelitzch in Misnia, 1560, and became eminent for
bis skill in the Greek tongue and in the mathematics ; botK
which, although they are accomplishments seldom found
in tlie same person, he professed .with great reput^^tion for
nany years at Wittemberg, where he died in 1637, He
1 NiceroD, toI. IL— Mereri.— Pict. Uiit— Saxii OnoiBMt.
f IMct. Bitt«
K 3
244 SCHMIDT.
published an edition of •* Pifldar*' in 1616, ito, with li
Latin version and learned notes. While Heyiie finds many
defects in this edition, he honours the editor with the title
of " Editornm Pindari faci^le ppineeps." He wrote notes
•alsd upon Lycophron, Dionys4u« Periegetes, and Hesiod ;
»which last was published at Geneva in 1693; an excellent
" Concordance to the Greek Testament,** fol. the best edi-
tion of which is that of 17 17 ; and a " Commentary on the
New Testame^n," much espt-een^ed, Argent. 1650, fol.'
- SCHMIDT (John Andrew), a learned Lutheran di^ne,
was born at Worms, in 1652. In his twenty-seventh year,
lie hurt bis right arm with a fail so much, that he could
never recover the use of it : he learned to write, however,
«o well with the left, as to be able to compose near a hun-
dred publications, without the help of an amanuensis, but
they are chiefly theses upon subjects of ecclesiastical his-^
tory. One of his pieces is entitled " Arcana dominationiv
in rebus gestis Oliverii Cromwelli ;" another is against a
book, supposed to be Le Clerc's, with this title, ** Liberii
tie sancto amore Epistolae Theologicee.'* He translated Par-
die's " Elements of Geometry" out of French iqto Latin.
He died in 1 726 ; and his funeral oration was made by John
Laurence Mosheim, who speaks very highly in' bis praise.*
SCHN'EBBELIE (Jacob), was son x)f a native of Zu-
rich, in Switzerland, lieutenant in the Dutch army at the
memorable siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in 1747 ; when, after
a gallant resistance of two montfhs, it was, as generally be-
lieved, surprised by the French under marshal LowendaK
Upon quitting the service Mr. Schnebbelie carae over to
£ngiand, and settled in the business of a confectioner, iii
which capacity he had frequently the h©f>our of attending
on king George II. He afterwards opened a shop at Ro-*
cihester, where one of his sons still resides ; and the same
profession his son Jacob (who was born Aug. 30, 1760, in
Duke's Court, in the parish of St Martin in the Fields)
followed for some time, first at Canterbury, and afterwards
at Hammersmith ; till, nature pointing out to him the pro-
per road to fame and credit, he quitted his shop and com-
menced self-taught teacher, at Westminster and other
public schools, of the art of drawing, in which he made a
proficiency which introduced him to the notice of many
among the learned and the great. To the earl of Lei-
1 Moreri. — Diet. Hist. * Moreru
SCHNEBBELIE. 245
cester^s notice he was first introduced by accidentally
sketching a view in his park near Hertford, and was em*
ployed b^ him in taking some of the most picturesque
landscapes about Tunbridge Wells, with a view to their
publication for his benefit. At* their noble president's ex-
press recommendation he was appointed draughtsman of
the society of antiquaries ; and Biled that office with equa)
credit to himself and his- patron. The merits of his pencil
are too generally known and acknowledged to require any.
exaggerated eulogium. Happy in a quick eye and a dis-
criminating taste, he caught the most beautiful objects in
the happiest points of view; and for fidelity and elegance
of delineation, may be ranked high among the list of first*.
rate artists. The works put forth on his own account are
not numerous. In 17S1 he intended to publish six views
of St. Augustine's Monastery, to be engraved by Mr. Ro-
gers, &c. ; five of which were completed, and one small
view of that religious house was etched by himself. In
17S7 he etched a plate representing the Serpentine River,f
part of Hyde Park, with the house of earl Bathurst, a dis-
tant view of Westminster Abbey, &c. now the property
and in the possession of Mr. Jukes, intended to be aqua-
tinted for publication. Mr. Jukes purchased also from him
several views of Canterbury cathedral, St. Augustine's mo-
nastery, &c. In March 1788 he published four views of
St. Alban's town aiul abbey, drawn and etched by himself;
which in the November following were published, aqua*
tinted by F. Jukes. About the same time that he set oa
foot the ^'Antiquaries Museum,*' he became an associate with
the late James Moore, esq. F. S. A. and Mr. Parkyns, in the
*^ Monastic Remains*;" which, after five numbers had ap-
peared, be relinquished to his coadjutors. The assistance
he occasionally gave to ^^ The Gentleman's Magazine," the
smallest part of his merit, it will be needless to particu-
larize ; bis masterly hand being visible on whatever it was
exerted. It is of more consequence to his fame to point
out the beauties of many of the plates in the second and
third volumes of the " Vetusta Monumenta" of the Society
of Antiquaries; and in the second volume of the ^^ Sepul-
chral Monuments of Great Britain f," the far greater part
of the numerous plates in which are after him ; or in the^
very many drawings he had finished, and the sketches he
* See Gent. Mag. voK LXI. pp. 743, 1118, 1207.
f lo the preface te which b« n gratefally coQuaeiDonted.
m S C H O E P F L I N.
• ' . ' •
Paris he wetft to Italy, stajed at Rome six months, reV
ceived from the king of the Two Sicilies a copy of thef*
*' Antiquities of Herculaneum," and fronn the duke of
Parrtia the *^ Mirseum Florentinum." He came to Eng^
land at the beginning of the late krng*s reign, and left it
the day that Fere Courayer, driven out of Paris by theolo-
gical disputes, arrived in London. He was now honoured*
with a canonry of St. Thomas, one of the roost distinguished
Lutheran chapters, and visited" Paris a third time in 1728,
Several. dissertations by him are inserted in the " Memoiraf
of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres j'* one,
ascribing the invention of moveable types to Guttenberg of
Strasbou-rg, 1440, against Meerman,
In 1733, he narrowly escaped from a dangerous illnes»«
tie had long meditated one of those works, which alone, by
their importance, extent, and difficulty, might immortalise
a society, a " History of Alsace." To collect materials
for this, he travelled into the Low Countries and Oermany
in 1738, and into Switzerland 1744. At Prague be found
that the fragment of St. Mark's Gospel, so carefully kept
there, is a continuation of that at Venice. The chancellor
D'Aguesseau senc for hioi to Paris, 1746, with the sain<»
view. His plan was to write the History of Alsace, and to
illustrate its geography and policy before and under the
Romans, under the Franks, Germans, and its present go-*
vernors; and, in 1751, he presented it to the king of
France, who had before honoured him with the title of
** Historiographer Royal and Counsellor," and. tl>en gave
him an appointment of 2000 livres, and a copy of the cata*
logne of the royal library. He availed himself of this op-»
portunity to plead the privileges of the Protestant univer-^
sity of Strasbourg, and obtained a confirmatit^n of them.
His second volume appeared in 1761; and be had prepared,
as four supplements, a collection of charters and record*,
im ecclesiastical history, a literary history, and a li»t of
authors who had treated of Alsace: the publication of thesd
he recommended to Mr. Koch, his assistant and successor
in his chair. Between these two volumes he published fats
** Vindicise Cdticae,'* in which he examities the origin,
revolution, and language of the Celts. The ** History of
Baden'* was his last considerable work, a duty which be
thought he owed his country. He completed ibis history
in seven volumes in four years ; the first appeared in 176^
the last in 1766. Having h^ this history illustrated bis
S C H O E P F L I N. 4«
country, he pfevaiied upon the marquis of Baden to build
^ room, in which all its anciertt monuments were deposited
in 1763. He engaged with the elector palatine to found
the academy of Manheim. He pronounced the inaugural
discourse, and furnished the electoral treasury with an-
tiques. 'He opened the public meetings of this academy,
which are held twice a year, by a discourse as honorary
president. He proved in two of these discourses,' that no
electoral house, no court in Germany, had produced a
greater number of learned princes than the electoral house.
In 1766, he presented to the elector the first volume af the
** Memoirs of a Rising Academy," and promised one every
two years.
A friend to humanity, and not in the least jealous of his
literary property, he made his library public. It was the
most complete in the article of history that ever belonged
to a private person, rich in MSS. medals, inscriptions,
figures, vases, and ancient instruments of every kind,
colieeled by him with great judgment in his travels. All
these, in bis old age, he presented to the city of Strasbourg,
without any other condition except that bis library shauld
be open both to foreigners and his own countrymen. The /
city, however, rewarded this disinterested liberality by a
pension of a hundred louis. He was admitted to the de\
bates in the senate upon this occasion, and there compli-
inented the senate and the city on the favour they had
shewn to literature ever since its revival in Europe. No-
vember 22, 1770, closed the fiftieth year of the professor-
ship of Mr. S. ; this was celebrated by a public festival :
the university assembled, and Mr. Lobstein, their orator,
pronounced before them a discourse in praise of this ex-
traordinary man, and the whole solemnity concluded with
a grand entertainment. Mr. S. seemed born to outlive
himself. Mr. Ring, one of his pupils, printed his life in
1769. In 1771, be was attacked by a slow fever, occa-
sioned by an obstruction in his bowels and an ulcer in hii
lungs, after an illness of many months. He died August 7,
the first day of the eleventh month of his seventy-seventh
year, sensible to the last. He was buried in the colle<*
giate church of St. Thomas, the city, in his favour, dis-
pensing with the law which forbids interment within its
limits. *
1 Gent. Mag. 1783, by Mr, Goos^, aj^pMtwktr ff^n^ H«tl«i de Vitis PhllOs
lofforam, toL III. or from Ring'i Life.
350 SCHOMBERG.
SCHOMBERG (Alexander Crowcher), a learned
English clergyman, was born July 6, 1756,' and educated
at Southampton-school, where he laid the foundation of his
classical learning, and displayed his taste in some juvenile
performances which were much approved. He afterwards
cultivated these attainments under Dr. Warton at Winches-
ter-school, whence he removed to Magdalen -college, Ox-
fordj of which he became M. A. in 1781, and fellow and
tutor. Although formed to excel in polite literature, his
inclination led him into other pursuits, and the whole oeco-
pomy of human life became the subject of his observation.
The interests of nations, the relations of arts, the cir-
cuitous channels and the secret recesses of commerce, and
the wide range of operations in manufactures and agri-
culture, were open to his intuition. His " Chronological
View of the Rornan Laws,"- published in 1785, was the in-
troduction to a larger work, for which he had furnished
himself with ample materials, by his study of juridical an-
tiquities. Connected with this, was his " Treatise on the
Maritime Laws of Rhodes," in which he clearly investi-
gated the origin, and elegantly described the nature, of the
piaritime codes which bore an analogy to the Rhodiaii
laws. During the intervals of his occupation as tutor of
the college, he visited the principal seats of commerce and
manufactures in England and on the continent.' There*
suit of these researches was given, in 1787, in his *^ Histo-
rical and Political Remarks on the Tariff of the Commer-
cial Treaty with France,** which proved the very enlight-
ened progress he had made in the science of political
iteconomy. From that time he had, with minute attention,
observed the effects of that famous treaty upon both na-
tions ; and he had made a considerable progress in print-
ing a series of facts and collateral deductions, under the
title of *' Present State and Manufactures in France,'*
'when he was interrupted by an excruciating disorder,
>vhich proved fatal April 6, 1792, at Bath, whither he had
gone in hopes of relief from the waters. He was a man
of an amiable disposition, and greatly lamented by hi^
friends. He had taken orders, but had no preferment in
the church. *
SCHOMBERG (Frederic duke of), a distinguished ge-
neral, was descended of a noble family iii Germany^ and w^
' » Q^nt. Mas. t©1. IXlh
S C H O M B E R G, 251
the son of count Schomberg, by hisfirst wife, anEnglisb lady,
daughter of the lord Dudley; which count was killed at the
battle of Prague in Bohemia in 1620, together with seve-
ral of bis sons. The duke was born in 1608. He served
first in the army of the United Provinces, and afterwards
became the particular confident of William IL prince of
Orange ; in whose last violent actions he had so great a
share, and particularly in the attempt upon Amsterdam,
that, on the prince's death in 1650, he retired into France.
Here be gained so high a reputation, that, next to the
prince of Cond^, and Turenne, he was esteemed the best
general in that kingdom ; though, on account of his firm
adherence to the Protestant religion, he was not for a con-
siderable time raised to the dignity of a marshal. In Nov.
1659 he offered his service to Charles II. for his restora-
tion to the throne of England ; and, the year Following,
the court of France being greatly solicitous^for the interest
of Portugal against the Spaniards, he. was sent to Lisbon;
and in his way thither passed through England, in order
to concert measures with king Charles for the support of
Portugal. Among other discourse which- he had with that
prince, he advised his majesty to set up for the head of
the Protestant religion ; which would give him a vast as-
cendant among the princes of Germany, make him umpire
of all their affairs, procure him great credit with the pro-
testants of France, and keep that crown in perpetual fear
of him« He urged him likewise not to part with Dunkirk,
the sale of which was then in agitation ; since, considering
the naval power of England, it could not be taken, and th6
possession of it would keep both - France and Spain in a
dependence upon his majesty.
In Portugal he performed such eminent services to that
kingdom that he was created a grandee of it, by the title
of count Mertola, with a pension of 5000^. to himself and
his heirs. In 1673 be came over again into England, to
command the army ; but, the French interest being then
very odious to the English, though he would at any othet
time of his life have been acceptable' to them, he was at
that crisis looked on as one sent over from France to bring
pur army under French discipline. Finding himself, there-
fore, obnoxious to <the nation, and at the same time not
loved by the court, as being found not fit for the designs of
the latter, he soon returned to France. In June 1676, he
ivas left by the king of France, upon bis return to Parish
il52 SCHOMBERG.
with the command of bis army in Flanders ; and doon after
obliged the prince of Orange to raise the siege of Maesr*
tricbt, and was made a marshal of Frai>ce. But, when
the prosecution against those of the reformed religion wa^
begun in that kingdom, he desired leave to return into his
own country ; which was denied him, and all the favour be
«ould obtain was to go to Porlugal. And, though he had
preserved that nation from falling under the yoke of Cas^
tile, yet now, when he came thither for refuge, the inqui-
sition represented that matter of giving harbour to an
heretic so odiously to the king, that he was forced to send
i^he marshal away. He went thence to England ; and,
passing through Holland, entered into a particular con*
fidence with the prince of Orange ; and, being invited by
the etector of Brandenburgh to Berlin, was made governor
of Prussia, and placed at the head\of all tl^ elector's
armies. He was treated likewise by the young elector
with the same regard that his father had shewn him ; and,
in 1688, was sent by him to Cleves, to commaod the
troops which were raised by the empire for the defence of
Cologne.
When the prince of Orange was almost ready for his ex-
pedition into England, marshal Schomberg obtained leave
of the elector of Brandenbonrg to accompany bis highness
in that attempt ; and, after their arrival at London, he is
mipposed to have been the author of that remarkable stra*
tagem for trying the affections of the people, by raising
«n universal apprehension over the kingdom of tbe ap-
proach of tbe Irish with fire and sword. Upon the prince's
advanceuheut to the throne of England, he was appointed
master of the ordnance, and general of his majesty's forces ^
in April 16H9, knight of the garter, and the same month na-
turalized by act of parliament ; and, in May, was created a ba^^
ro», earl, marquis, and duke of this kingdom, by the name
and title of baron Teys, earl of Brentford, marquis of Har-
wich, and duke of Schomberg. Tbe House of Commons like-
wise voted to him 100,000/. for the services wliich he had
done; but be received only a small part of that sum, tbe king
after his death paying his son 5000/. a year for the remain-
der. In Ajug. 1689 he sailed for Ireland, with an arnnyy
for the redaction of that kingdom ; and, having, mustered
$11 bis forces there, and finding them, to be not above
14,000 men, among whom there were but 2000 horse, he
oAitrched to X>midaU;> where ho posted hiouolf ; img J^mcB
^CHOMBEBG 25S
1>«in£ oome to Ardee. within fire or »x miles of him, with
4tbove thrice his number. Scbomberg^ therefore, being
<lisapp<Mfited of the supplies from England, which had been
f>ro«iised him, and his arni}^ being so greatly inferior to the ^
Irish, resolved to keep himself on the defensive. He lay
there six weeks in a rainy season ; and his men, for want
of due management, contracted such diseases that almost
one half of them perished.
He was censured by some for not making a bold attemjit ;
and «uch complaints were sent of this to king William, 'that
iiis majesty wrote twice to him, pressing him on the sub-
ject. But the duke saw that tbe enemy was well posted
and .well provided, and had several good officers among
them; and knew that, if he met with a check, his whole
army, and consequently all Ireland, had been lost,' since
he could not have made a regular retreat. The surest me*
thod was to preserve his army ; which would save Ulster,
and although his conduct exposed hini to the reproaches of
tome persons, better judges thought, that bis management
of this campaign was one of the greatest actions of his life.
At the battle of the Boyne, July I, 1690, he passed the
river in his station, and immediately rallied and encou-
raged the French Protestants, who had been left exposed
by the death of their commander, with this short harangue;
*^ Allons, messieurs, voiR vos pers^cuteurs,^' pointing to
the French Papists in the enemy's army. But these word«
were scarcely uttered, when a few of king James's guards,
who retdrned full speed to their main body, after the
slaught«er of their companions, and whom the French re- '
fugees suffered to pass, thinking them to be of their own
party, fell furiously upon the duke, and gave him two^
wounds over the head, which, however, were not mortal.
Upon this, the French regiment acknowledged their erroi^
by committing a greater; for, firing rashly on the enemy,
tbey shot him through the neck, of which wound he in^
ftantly died. He was buried in St Patrick's cathedral,*
where die dean and chapter erected a small monument ta
his honour, at their own expence, with an elegant inscrip-
tion by I>r. Swift, which is printed in the Dean's works.
Burnet tells us, that he was ^^ a calm man, of great ap<^'
plication and conduct, and thought much better than he*
apoke ; of true judgment, of exact probity, and of an hum-*
ble and obliging temper." And another writer observes-,
that he had a thorough experience of the world ; knew
854 S C H O M B E R O.
men and things better than any nian of his pFofession e^et
did ; and was as great in council as at the head of an army.
He appeared coprteous and affable to every person, and
yet had an air. of grandeur that commanded respect from alL
.In king William's cabinet are the dispatches of the duke
of Scbomberg in Ireland to king William^ which sir John
Dalrympie has printed in the second volume of his me-
moirs ; " because/' he remarks, *^ they paint in lively co-
lours the state of the army in that country ; clear Scbom-
berg of inactivity, which has been unjustly thrown upon
him ; and do honour to the talents of a man, .who wrotd
with the elegant simplicity of Caesar, and to whose repu-
tation and conduct, next to those of king William, the
English nation owes the revolution. ^
SCHOMBERG (Isaac), one of a family of physicians of
^ome note in their day, w«s the son of Dr. Meyer Scbom^
berg, a native of Cologne, a Jew, and, as it was said,
librarian to some* person of distinction abroad, which oc-
cupation he left, and came and settled in London, where
be professed himself to be a physiician ; and, by art and
address, obtained a lucrative situation amidst the faculty*
In 1740 he had outstripped all the city physicians, and
was in the annual receipt of four thousand pounds. He
died March 4, 1761. This, bis son, was born abroad^
and at the age of two or three years was brought to Eng-
land, where he received a liberal education, and afterwards
studied at Leyden. After his retui*n to London he set up
in practice, but had a dispute with the college of physi-
cians, as, we are told, his father had before him. The
partic^ilars of this dispute are not uninteresting in the
history of the college.
After Dr. Schomberg had practised some years as a phy-
sician in London, he received a notice from the college of
their intention to examine him in the usual form, and to
admit him a licentiate. This notice he was thought to
have trieated with contempt ; for, instead of submitting to
the examination, be objected to the names of some persons
who were to be examined at the same time, and behaved, it
is said, with some haughtiness to those of the college who,-
hexornplained, had used him ill, in ordering him to be
axat^ined in such company. The college considering
themselves' the sole judges of what persons they should
. . •• '
J BirA^s Liv«*.— Burnet's Own Times.— Swift's Workt. Sec to^tz.
8 C H O M B E R O. iBS
tall upooy refused to attend to the doctor-s objection, but
examined the persons against whom he seemed most to
except ; but this not tending to make up the dispute, tbejr
proceeded to interdict the doctor from practice until he
bad given such satisfaction as his conduct required. la
the mean time the doctor submitted to be examined, and
in 1750 procured the degree of doctor of physic to be con«-
ferred on him by the university of Cambridge ; and, thug
supported, demanded his admittance a second time, not
as a licenciate, but one of the body. This demand was re^*
fused to be complied with, and it was objected, that the
doctor, though naturalized, eould not hold the office of
censor of the college, which was an office of trust ; and
this refusal brought the determination of the business tQ
the decision of the lawyers. A petition was presented to
the king, praying him, in the person of the lord chancellor^
to exercise his visitatorial power over the college, and re«
•tore the licenciates to their rights, which, by their arbi*
trary proceedings, the president and fellows had for a sue-'
cession of ages deprived them of. This petition came on
to be heard at Lincoln's Inn hall, before the lord chie^
justice Willis, baron Smythe, and judge Wilmot, lords
commissioners of the great seal ; but the allegations therein
contained not being established, the same was dismissed.
This, attack on the college was the most formidable it ever
$ustaii>ed.
In this dispute Dr. Schomberg was supposed to have
employed his pea against his adversaries with considerable
effect. It is certain he was well supported by bis friends ;
one of whom, Moses Mendez, esq. exposed bis opponents
to ridicule, in a performance entitled *^ The Battiad," since
reprinted in Dilly*s Repository.
From thi*s period Dr. Schomberg took his station in the
medical profession, with credit and approbation, though
without the success that inferior talents sometimes expe«
rienced. On the last illness of David Garrick, he waa
called in, and hailed, by his dying friend, in the affectionate
terms of — <' though last not least in|our dear love." He sur-
vived Garrick but a short time, dying at his house in Con-
duit-street, the 4th of March, 1780 J and the following
character was given of him by one who seems to have
known him well :
** His great Jtalents and knowledge in his profession,
were universally acknowledged by Uie gentlemen of the
isB S C H O M B E R G.
. faculty ; aod his t€«<Jerrie98 abd humanity recomm^niledl
bim to the friendship and esteem, a« well as veneration, of '
his patieqts. He was endued with uncommon quickness
und sagacity in discovering the sources, and tracing the
progress, of a disorder ; and though in general a friend to
jprudent regimen, rather than medicine, vfet,' in emergent
cases, he prescribed with a correct ahcf happy boldness
equal to the occasion. He was so averse from that sordid
avarice generally charged, perhaps often with great injus-
tice, on th« faculty, that many of his friends in affluent cir*
cumstanoes found it impossible to force on him that rewarcl
for bis services which he had so fairly earned, and which
iiis attendance so well merited. As a man he wis sincere
«nd just In his principles, frank and amiable in his temper^
instructive and lively in conversation; his many singulari-
ties endearing him still further to his acquaintance, as they
proceeded from an honest plaiii-ness of mannerj and visibly
Slowed from a benevolent simplicity of heart. He was, for
V flnany days, sensible of his approacbirig 6nd, which been*
countered with a calmness and resignation, not easily to
be imitated by those who now regret the loss of so good a
inan, ^o valuable a friend, and so skilful a physician.'*
Dr. Schomberg had a younger brother, Ralph Schoat-
£ER6, M. D. who first settled at Yarmouth ^$ a physidiari,
and published some works on pr6fession^l Subjects that' in-
dicated ability, and others from which he derived little rfi-
putation. Of the former kind are, 1. •*'Aphorisnii prac-
tici, sive observationes medicse/' for the u^e of studentfj;
und in alphabetical order, 1750, ^vo. 2. " Prbsperi Mar-
tiani Anpotationes in csecas pracnotationes synopsis,"'! 751.
5. "'Van Swieten's Commentaries" abridn;ed. ' 4.- ** A
Treatise of the Colica Pictonum, or Dry Belly-ache,*' f764;
Svo. 5. ** Diiport de signis morborum trbrl quatuor,'*
4766. Of tlie latter, are sonie dramatic pieces of very
little valufe, and 6. " An Ode on thfe present rebeJliort,*^
1746. 7. " An Account of the present rebellion," 1746;
6. "The Life of Maecenas," 1767, 12mo, taken without
Bckiiowledgment from Meibonvius. 9. *' A critical Disser-
tation on the characters and writings of Pindar and Hdrace;
in a letter to the right bon. ,the earl of B — ," also a shame-
ful instance Xif plagiarism from Blondell's " Comparison de
Pindare et D' Horace." It would have been well if his piU
ferings had only been from books ; but after he had removed
to iBakb, and practised there some years with considerAbi*
\i
S C H O M B E R 0. tfS7
success^ be tried bis skill upon ^he funds of a public cba*
rity^ and, detection following, was obliged to make a pre*
cipitate retreat from Bath, aiid from public practice. He
appears to have hid himself first at Paugbourn in Berkshire,
and afterwards at Reading, where he died June 29, 1792*
In the obituary be is called " Ralph Schomberg, I!sq.\^^
SCHONER (Joim), a noted German philosopher and
mathematician, was born at Carolostadt in 1477, and died
in J 547, aged seventy. From bis uncommon acquirements,
he was chosen matheipatical professor at Nuremberg when
he was but a young man. He wrote a great many works,
and was particularly famous for his astronomical tables,
which he published after the manner of those of Regiomon-*
tan us, and to which he gave the title of Resolutay on ac-*
count of their clearness. Bur, notwithstanding his great
knowledge, he was, after the fashion of the times, much
addicted to judicial astrology, which he took great pains
to improve. The list of his writings is chiefly as follows :
J. " Three Books of Judicial Astrology." 2. " The astro-
nomical' tables named Resolutas,'* 3. ^ De Usu Globi
Stelliferi; De Compositione Globi Coelestis ; De Usu Globi
Terrestris, et de Compositione ejusdem.'* 4. *^ iEquato-
rium Astronomicum.^' 5. '< Libellus de Distantiis Loco-
rum per Instrumentum et Numeros investigandis.'* 6. *^ De
Compositione Torqueti." 7. " In Constructionem et Usum
Rectanguli sive Radii Astronomic! Annotationes.*' 8.
'^ Horarii Cylindri Canones.^' 9. ^ Pianisphserium, sea
Meteoriscopium.*' 10. " Orgahum Uranicum." 11.** In-
strumentum Impedimentorum Lunse.** All printed at Nu-
remberg, in 1551, folio. Of these, the large treatise of
dialling rendered bim more known in the learned world
than all his other works besides, in which he discovers a
surprising getiius and fund of learning of that kind ; but
some have attributed this to his son.*
8CHONNING, SCHOENING, or SCHONING (Ger-
rard), a learned Norwegian, was born at Skatnss, in Nord-
tand, in 1722. He went in 1740 to the school of Dron-
tbeim, the rector of which conceived so high an opinion of
his ti^lents, as to assist him in carrying ou his studies a(
1 Eurob. Mag. Ibr 1803.— Kiobols*8 Bowyer.— Minutes of Proceedings of tbt
RoTal college of Physicians, relating to X>r. Isaac Scbomberg, from Feb. 5,
1146, to Bt& 99, 1/753, tvo, 1754.
s Martin's Biog. PbiL— Hutton't Pictionar7.«-Fnh«ri,Tb«atruiii.— Saxii On*"
vatticon.
Vol. XXVIT. S .
Si5d S G H O N N I N G.*
Copenhagen, wbe^e in 1758, be was elected a member of
the aoademy of sciences at Copenhagen. In 1764 be was.
appointed professor of history and eloquence^t Sera, and.
received literary honours from various societies. , In 1773,
1774, and 1775, be went on a tour,, at the king^s expence,
through various parts of Norway, to examine the remsiiot
of antiquity, but was recalled to Copenhagen to be keeper
of the archives, and in 1776 was appointed a member of
the society formed for publishing Icelandic works from the
collection of Arnas Magnseus. He died July 18, 178p.
He is said to have passed his time and employed his
thoughts entirely on bis peculiar studies, having an utter
aversion to theological controversy, and being equally par*
tial to men of merit of all persuasions. Hi& works are.nu-*
roerous, but many of them are academical disser|;atiQns«
Among those of a more permanent form are ^^ An Essay
towards the ancient Geography of the Northern Countries^
particularly Norway ;" " Observations on th^ old Nprthertt
Marriages and Weddings ;" ** De Anni Ratione apud ve-
leres Septentrionales ;" " History of Norway from tbo
foundation of the kingdom till the time of Harold^ Haar-
feger," 1771 — 1781, 4 vols. 4to, the last vohirne edited
by Sahm ; ** Travels through Norway," &c. He was aka
the contributor of many papers to tbe Transactions of the
Norwegian society, and of the. academy of sciences at Co-*
penhagen, on subjects of antiquity, bearing sonfie relation
to the northern nation«.^
SCHOOCKIUS (Martin), a learned and v^ry laborious
writer, was born April 1, 1614, at Utcecht, and was sue-
cessively professor of languages, rbetqric, hi^tony, natural
philosophy, logic, and experimental philqsopby in that
Qity, at Deventer, Groningen, and lastly, at Franoford
upon Oder, where he died in 1665, aged (ifty-one. Scbooc**
kius delighted in singular subjects, and has left a prodi-*
gious number of works. Burman says he never knew a
man who published so much and acquired so little- fame^ ia
the learned worlds Some of his works are qritijcal^ others
on philosophy, divinity, history, and literature, chiefly in
12GDO or 8vQ, &c. The mo.st known atre, tri^ts on turfs,
*^ De Turffis, sen de cespitibus Bituminosis ;'' *^ On But-
ter f* " On Antipathy to Cheese ;" " On Eggs and Chic^
kens ^** ^^ On Inundations ;'' *^ De Harengi^ seu Haleci^
» Diet. Hist 1
S C H O O C K lU S. 2S9
hm ;^* « De Sigiiaturis fotus f " De Ciconiw ;" « De Ni-
hilo ;** " De Sternutatione ;'* " De figmento legis Regi» ;'*
" De Bodtii Ecclesiasticis et Canonicis/* 4to ; " De Statu
Reipublicft foedecati Belgii/' &c* &c. He vrrote also agaiDi^t
Des CarteS) at the request of the famous VoetiuSy with
whom be was much connected. Some other pieces on sin-
golar subjects are in his " Exercitationes varia,'' 1663, 4to,
reprinted under the title of ** Martini Themidis exercitii-
tiohes," 1688, 4to, &c.*
SCHOOTEN (Francis), professor of mathematii^s at
Leyden about the middle of the Seventeenth century, ' i^as^
a very acute proficient in that science. He published, in'
1649, an edition of Descartes's geometry, with learned
and elaborate annotations on that work, as also those of
Beaunnie, Hudde, and Van He^uralt< Schooten pablisbed
also two very useful and learned works of his own compo^i-'
tioft ; " Principia Matheseos universalis," 1651, 4to; and
" Exercitationes Matbematicae," 1657, 4to.*
8CHOTT (Andrew), a very learned German, to wh6m
the republic of letters has been considerably indebted,^ utras
born at Antwerp, Sept. 12, 1552; and educated at Lou-
vain. Upon the taking and sacking of Antwerp in 1577^
he retired to Douay ; and, after some stay there, went to
Paris, where Busbequius received him into bis house, and
fnade him partner of his studies. Two years after, he went
into Spain, and was at first at Madrid ; then he removed
to Alcala, and then in 1580 to Toledo, where his great'
reputatioii procured hira a Greek professorship. The car-
dinal Gaspar Quiroga, abp. of Toledo, conceived at the
same time stich an esteem for him, that he lodged him in
Kis psilace, and entertained him as long as be remained in
that placev tn 1 584, he was invited to.Saragossa, to testch
rhetoric aftd the Greek latiguage r atyd, two years after,
entered into the society of Jestiits, and was called by Che
general of the order iht6 Italy ta teach rhetoric at Rotoe.
He continued thre6 years thercj and then returned to hisi
own country, where he spertt ihk remainder of a long life
in study and writing books. He was not only well skilled
in Latin and Greek learning, but had also in him a candour
Md generosity seldom to be found among the men of hirf
<^der. He had an earnest desire to oblige all mankind, of
- ' Kkeroiiy Yot.- XII. — Burman Traj* £radU.r-|^ico}8i's Vittt Professoruia
Grooingee.
* Hutton*s Diet, new edit. 1815.
S 2
260 S C H O T T.
•. «
what religion oi^ country soever ; and would freeljr cemmii^
ilicate even with heretics, if the cause of letters could be
served : hence protestant writers every where mention him
with respect He £ed at Antwerp Jan. 23» 1629, after
having published a great number of books. Besides works
more immediately connected with and relating to his owo
profession, he gave editions of, and wrote notes upon, se**
veral of the classics ; among which were Aureiius Victor^
Pomponius Mela, Seneca Rhetor, Cornelius Nepos, Vale«
ritts Flaccos, kc. He wrote the life of Francis di Borgia,
and- ^* Hfspania illustrata," 4 vols, folio, but there are rea-
sons for doubting whether the '* Bibliotheca Hispana9^^.S
vols, in one, 4to, was a publication of hia own ; it. seema
rather to have been compiled from his MSS. He published,;
howevetj an edition of BasiPs works, and is said to havei
triMislated Photius; but this has been thought to be so modi
below the abilities and learning of Schott, that some have
questioned bis having been the author of it.^
SCHOTT (Caspar), a learned Jesuit, was bom in 1608,
in the. diocese of Wurtzburg. His favourite studies were
philosophy and mathematics, which he taught till his death*
He passed several years at Palermo, whence be removed*
t» Rome, where he contracted an intimacy with the cele-^
brated Kircher, who communicated to bira several of hir
observations on the arts and sciences. Schott wasLauthor
of several works, of which the most remarkable are, 1^'
'* Pbysica curiosa ; stve Mirabilia Natures et arti»," J 667|r
4to. 2. << Magia naturalis et artificialis,''. 1657^^59^ 4 vel&
4to, reprinted in 1677. 3. "Technica curiosa," Norim*
berg, 1664, 4to, in which is foimd the first idea of the air*«^
pump. 4. ^<'Anat6mia Physico-hydrostatica Foatium ei
Fluminum.'* 5. ^^ Organum Mathematicum." In the va»
rious writings of this Jesuit are to be met with the germa of
the greater part of modern experiments'in pbysics* Coa<^
plete sets of them should consist of 20 vols, but they are
not easily procured, as they were almost entirely forgotten,
till brought to notice in 1785 by the abbe Mercier, in hisi
** Notice des ouvrages de Caspar Schott.-' *
SCHREVELIUS (CoaNEUUs), a Dutch commentator,
was the ion of Theodore Schrevelius, first rector of the
school at Haerlem, the lustory of which city lie published^
. 1 Dapin.— NiceroD» Tpl. XXVL-*Marehaii4 lo Psregriaos.*— Foppea's Bikti
lel)^.— Sanii Onoinaft.
K 0i«t Hist — BniB«t Maniisl 4u Ubraire*
S C H R E V E L I U S. 261
t
i
tnd afterwards rector of that of Leyden. He waa born pro-
bably at the former place, and removed to Leyden with biis
father in 1625, who being then advanced in years resjgfied
hi^ office in favour of Cornelius in 1642. Cornelius ap-
pears before this to have atudied and took his degrees in
medicine, but bis promotion to the school turned his at-
tention to classical pursuits, in the course of which he pub-
lished editions vamrum of Hesiod, Homer, Ctaudiitn, Vir.*
gil, Lucan, Martial, Juvenal and Perfiius, Erasmus's col-
loquies, &c. none of which have been so fortunate as to
obtain the approbation of modern critics. He applied^
however, to lexicograpby With more success, and besides
a good edition of the Greek part of Hesychius*s Lexicon,
published himself a Greek and Latin Dictionary, which has
been found so useful to beginners, that perhaps few works
of the kind hare gone through so many editions. Those <^
this country, where it still conttniies to be printed, have
been enlarged and improved by Hill, Bowyer,'aad others.
Schrevelius died in 1667.'
SCHULTENS (Albert), a German divine, was born $t
Grooingen, where he studied till 1706, and greatly <}iatin«
guisbed himself by taste and skill in Arabic learnings Hw
became a minister of Wassenar, and professor of tbe orien-
tal tongues at Franeker. At length he was invited to Ley*
4en, ' where he taught Hebrew and the oriental languages
with reputation till his death, which happened in 1750.
There are roatiy works of Schukens, which shew profound
learning and just criticism ; as, ^ Commentaries upon Job
and the Proverbs ;^* a book, . entitled ** Vetus et regia via
Hebraieandi ;'' *< A Treatise of Hebrew Roots,^' &c. ,He
had a son John Jacob Schultens, who was professor of divi-
nity and oriental languages at Leyden, in his room.^^ This
John Jacob was father to the subject of the following m^
tide.* -
SCHULTENS ( Henuy Albert ), was born Feb. 15,
1749, at Herborn (where his father was at that time divinity*
professor), and was educated at tbe university at Leyden,
where he applied himself with great diligence to the Ara^^
faic, under his father*^ instmcdions, and those of Scheie
dfais^ who then lodged in his house* By his fiber's wir^
vice, he commenced his study of the eastern langui^g^es by
1 Jopptn Bibl. Belg.-*BaiUct Jttf cmeDS.*-Moreri. *
s Mor«n.-^Dict. Hilt * -*-
^$» S C H U L T E N «.
JearniQg the Arabic, to which he applied during two ycnira,
:before be began the Hebrew. This» among other reasouf,
may account for the preference which he always gave to
th^ Arabic literature, and which was so great that he was
oftea heard to wish that the duties of bis station woujd al«
low him to devote the whole of his time to it. He, however,
studied the Greek and Latin classics with the utmost dili-
gence under Hemst^rhuis, Bhunkenius, and Vaikenaar*
He alio cultivated an acquaintance with the best modern
/^friters, among whom he in general gave the preference to
.^he English ; he was remarkably fond of JPope^ and of
.Sbakspeare he was an enthusiastic admirer.
In m2f when only in his twenty-^third year, he pub*
Jibbed a wprk entitled ^^ Antbolpgia Sententiarum Arabica*
•TQio,'' with a Latin translation and notes, of which sir Wilr
liam Jones testified his approbation. Soon after this ScbuU
^ena went tp England, in order to examine the Arabic MSS.
in the Bodleian library, and resided for some time at Oz*^
ford, as a gentleman commoner of Wadham college. Here
W less than three months during the short winter days, he
triauseribed Pocock's ^^ Meidanuis'' with his translation and
9ates, a work which, took up no Less than 646 folio pages*
The late professor White, in a letter to the father of ScbuU
teas, says of him : ** It is impossible for any one to be
morie geoecally respected in this place, or indeed to be
mode deserving of it. Hia abilities, his amiable disposition,
and Us polite behaviour, recomcqeod him strongly to alt
tbos^ among us who know him only by reputation, and en*
dear him toallwboare personally acquainted with him.^*
The university: testified its sense of his extraordinary merit,
by conferring on him ](in May 1773) the degree of M. A.
'by diploma. He. also visited Cambridge, where he spent
a fortmght ; during which time he corrected several errors
in the' catalogue of Arabic manuscripts, and made several
additions to it. In London be published a specimen of
Pocock's *^ Meidanius/' Dr. Morton offered to make him
Ilia assistant at the 'British Museum, and to secure to him
the reversion of his own place ; but the ambition of. Scbulr
tens was to be a professor of Ed^stern languages > and as
there was no probability of thii appointment in England,
be determined to return to Holland. Sir William Jones,
whose friendship he assiduously cultivated, advised him to
study the Persian, which he did with great diligence ; but
he complained that this pursuit was often interrupted by
S C H U. L T ENS. , 26S
Qtfaer avocations, and that be «vas not able to devote so
mucb time to it as he wi&bed.
Soon after bis arrival in tlie United Provinces, he was
chosen professor of oriental languages in the acadeifiical
school of Amsterdam, where he resided during five years,
and enjoyed the esteem and friendship of a numerous ac-
quaintance. Besides Latin lectures to the students, he de«
livered some in Dutch, on the Jeyvish antiquities and ori-
ental history, which were much frequented and greatly ad-
mired. On the death of jhis father, in 1778, he was cabled
to Leyden as his successor. In Nov. 1792, he was attack*
ed by a malignant catarrhal fever that terminated in a con-
Mmption, of which he died in August 179$. Some time
before his death, his physician found him reading the latter
part of St. John's gospel, of which he expressed the warmest
'admiration, and added, *^It is uo small consolation to me,
. that, in the vigour of health, I never thought less htgfaty of
the character and religion of Christ, than I do tioWi, in the
debility of sickness. Of the truth and esfcellence of Chris-
tianity I have always been convinced, and have always, f^s
far as human frailty would allow, endeavoured so to express
tbia conviction that, in these my last hours, I might with
confidence look forwards to a blessed immortality." Scbul-
tens, in his private character, was in every respect an
amifl^ble and worthy man.
. As a teacher, professor Schultens had the happy talent
of rendering the driest subjects plain and interesting to his
pupils. This was particularly the case with the principles
of the Hebrew grammar, > an intimate and accurate know-
ie^dge of which be recommended as indispensably necessary
to all who wished to understand the Old Testament in the
original language. In translating and explaining the Bible,
be preserved a judicious medium between those who
ithought the Hebrew text too sacred ^o be the subject of
criticism; and those whO| like Houbigant, without a sufH-
ioient acquaintance with the genius of the language^ ven-
tured on needless alterations. « Hence be was much dis-
pleased with a work by professor Kocberus of Benie, en-
titled '^ VindicisB sacri textua Hebrsei Esaies vatis, adversus
R. Lowthi criticam;'' concerning which he said, in a letter
to Dr. Findlay, of Glasgow, ^' It violates the bounds of
.moderation and decency by the assertion that the text of
Isaiah could not gain any thing by Dr. Lowt^i's conjectures.
I am of a vefy different opinion. When at Oxford and
264; SCHULTENS.
London, I was intimately acqaainted with bisbpp Lowtfa^i
hud an opportunity of knowing fais excellent dispositioHt'
and am therefore much vexed that Kocherus, from bis fiery
zeal against innovation, should have been induced to treat
him with severity, aa if the bishop had been a rash and pe*
thlant critic," Scbultens^s sentiments on this subject are
more fqily expressed iti some articles wiiich he wrote for
the ^' Bibliotheca Critica," published by Wyuenbach, par-
ticularly in tlie review of Kennicot's Bible. These judi*^
cious sentiments, together with bis extensive abilities and
knowledge of the subject, his ejulogist observes, rendered
him admirably qualified to have given a new version of the
Old 1 estameut. This at one time he designed, and nearly
finished a translation of the book of Job, which was pub-
lisihed after his deathly Herman Muntinge, 1794, 8vq, bu^
bis sentiments of this portion of sacred writ are so much, at
varianqe with those of the most able. and popular comment
tatqrs, that we question if it will meet with general appro-»
bation.
Professor Schulteos, though a very industrious student^
published little besides the ^^ Antbologia" already meution*
ed,..and the following, V Pars versionis Arahicse Ubri Co*
laili Wa Dimnab, sive Fabularum Bilpai;'' a supplement
, to D'Uerbelot's ^^ Bibliotbeque Orientate;'' a Dutqh trails-*
lation of Eichorn on the literary merits of Miobaelis ; and
three Latin orations. He at one time resumed his intended
editipn of Meidaoius, the care of which he left to.profes-
sor Schroeder, who published a volume 4to, under the title
^^ Meidani pvoverbiorum Arabicorj^m piars. Latiiie vertit et
notis illustravit H.A. Scultens. Opus postbumum," 1795.
It ought to consist of two more volumes, but we know not
that they have appeared*'
SCHULTETUS. See SCULTETUS.
SCHURMAN (Akna Maria a), a most learned German
lady, was the daughter of parents who were both descended
from noble Protestant families, and was born at Cologne, in
1607. She discovered from her infancy ah uncommon fa-
cility in acquiring various accomplishments, as cutting with
her scissors upan paper all sorts of figures, without any
model, designing Bowers, embroidery, music vocal and in-
^rumental, painting, sculpture, and engraving ; and is said
to have succeeded equally in all these arts. Mr. Evelyn,
1 Kantelaar'a Euloj^y, Amst. 1794; 8vo, in Montk. Rev. vol. XV, N. S.
S C H U R M A N. 265
in hh <* History of Chaleograpby/' has obserred, that ** tbe
very knomng Anna' Maria a Schurnian is skilled in this art
witb ionuncierable others, even to a prodigy of her sex.**
Her hand -writing in all languages was intmitable ; and some
curious persons have preserved 8f>eoiinens of it in their
cabinets. M. Joby, in his journey to Munster^ relates, that
he was an eye<* witness to the beauty of her writing, ia
French, Greek, Hebre%v, Syriac, and Arabic ; and of her
skill in drawing in miniature, and making portraits upoft
glass witb tbe point of a diamond. She painted her own
picture by means of a looking-glass; and made artificial
pearls so like natural ones, that they could not be dtstin^
guished but by pricking them with a needle.
The powers of b^ understanding were not inferior ta
her skill in those arts : for at eleven, when her' brothbi^
were examined in Latin^ she often whispered to them what
they were to answer, though she was only a casual hearef
of their lessons. Her Either therefore began to instruct
her more perfectly in that knowledge which made her so
justly celebrated; and very soon the Latin, Greek, and He*
hreiML languages became so familiar to her, that she not
only wrote, but spoke them, in a manner which surprised
tbe most learned men. She made a great progress also in
the Syriac, Chaldee, Arabic, and Ethiopic ; and 'of the
livtDg languages, she understood and spoke readily, tbe
French, English, and^Italian. She was competently versed
in geography, astronomy, philosophy, and th^ sciences,
so, as to be able to judge of them with exakstness : but aM
these accomplishments yielded at last to divinity, and the
study of tbe scriptures. •
Her father, who had settled at Utrecht while she was an
infant, and afterwards removed to Franeker for the more
convenient education of his children, died there in 1623.
His widow then returned to Utrecht, where Anna Matia
cooftinuedher studies very intensely ; wbi^h pfobabty pre-
vented her from marrying, as she might have done advan^-
tageously with Mr. Cats,. pensionary of HoHand, and a
cdebrated . poet, who wrote verses in her praise when she
was only fourteen. Her modesty, which was as great as
hec knowledge, would have kept her in obscurity, if Rive^
tiis, Spanheim, and Vossius, had not made her merit known.
Saluiasius also, Beverovicius, and Huygens, maintaijied a
literary correspondence with her; and, by shewing her
letters, spread her fame into foreign countries. This pro-
36« S C H U HM A Nv
cured ber a correspondence with Balzac, Gassendi, Mer^
sennus^ Bochart, Conrart, and other emkient men ; personsr
6f the first rank paid her visits^ and cardinal Richeliea
likewise shewed her marks of his esteem. About 1650, a
great alteration took place in her religious system. She
performed her devotions in private, without frequenting
any church, upon which it was reported that she was in-
clined to popery ; but she attached herself to the famous
mystic Labadie, and embracing his principles and practice,
lived some time with him at Altena, in Holstein, and at-*
tended him at his death there in 1674. Sh^ afterwards
retired to Wiewart, in Friseland, where the famous Penn,
the Quaker, visited her in 1677 ; she died at this place in
1 678* She took for her device these words of St, Ignatius :
<* Amor meus crucifixus est"
She wrote '^De vitsB humanee termino," Ultra}. 1639;
i* Diasertatio de ingenii muliebris ad dootrinam et meliores
literasaptitudine,",L. Bat 1641, ,12mo. These two pieces^
with letters in French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, to her
learned correspondents, were printed in 1643, under the
title of ** A. M. a Schurman Opnscula • Hebrsesii, Gneca^
Latina, Gallica; prosaica & metrica;*' enlarged in a 2d
edition at Leyden, 1650, ]2mo. She wrote afterwards^
^^ Eukleria, seu melioris partis electio.*' This is a defence
of her attachment to Labadie, and was printed at Altena in
1673, when she was with him.^
SCHURTZFLEI8CH (Conrad Samuei,), a learned
German, was bora December 1.641, at Corback, in the
county x>f Waldeck^ Having taken a doctor^s deigree in
philosophy at Wittemberg, in 1664, he returned to Corbao,
where he taught during some time instead of his father,
'and/ then returning to Wittemberg, published a learned
piece, entitled /'Judicium de novissimis prudenties civilis
•criptoribus,'' &c^ under the assumed name of ** Eubulus
Tb^odatus Sarckmasius.^^ In this little work, which con^
sifits but of a leaf and half, the author passes judgment very
freely on fifteen German lawyers, or political writers, whidi
•raised him many enemies, and engaged him in a literary
war, which- produced a great number of pieces collected
lijr Crusius, 8vo, under the title of *' Acta Sarckmasiana,**
.and even occasioned his being struck out from the list of
1 Gen. Diet — Niceroa, vol. XXXIIL— Bullart's Academie des Sciences. —
Bttrman Traject Erudrt.
S C H U K T Z F L E I S C H. IJCT
doctors by the university of Wittembcrg, He was, faovr-
evety not only riestor^d to that title two y^ars after, but
appointed professor of history, then' of poetry, and at
]ength of Greek. Jn 1 700, Scburtzfleisch succeeded to the
rhetorical chair, and became counsellor and librarian to the
duke of Saxe-Weimar, and died July 7, 170S. He left a
great number of learned works on history, poetry, criticism^
hterature, &c. the most celebrated of which are, ** Dispu*
tationes bistoricsB civiles,*' Leipsic, 1j699, 3 tom.4to. Henry
Leonard Schurtzfleisch, his brother, Was also author of
some works, among which is, *^ Historia' Ensiferorum ordi**
wis Tieutonici," Wittemberg, 1701, l2mo.'
SCHWARTZ (Bertholet), who passes for being the
discoverer of that fatal composition so well known by the
name of gun-powder, was born at Friburg in Germany in
the thirteenth century, and is said to have discovered this
dangerous secret in pfison, as he was making some chemi-
cal experiments. Albertus Magnus speaks of him as a
Cordelier, and says that he invented stole sorts of fire*
arms. The discovery of this fatal secret has been attributed
by^ome to the Chinese, and by others to our countryman,
Roger Bacon.: however, the use of artillery was introduced
about the time of the battle of Crecy, 1346, and made an
absolute change in the whole art of war ; whether a benefit
eial one, has not yet been decided.'
SCIOPPIUS (Gaspar), a learned German writer, and
one of the most arrogant and contentious critics of his time,
was born about 1576 ; and studied first at Amberg, then at
Heidelberg, afterwards at AltdoFf, at the charges of the
elector palatine. Having m^de a considerable stay at In*
golstadt, he returned to Altdorff, where he began to publish
some of his works. Ottavia Ferrari, a celebrated professor
at Padua, says, that he ^^ published books when he was hut
sixteen, whi^h deserved to be admired by old men ;'* some,
however, of his early productions do not deserve this en-
comium. He took a journey into Italy; and, after he had
beeo some time at Verona, returned into Germany, whence
he went again into Italy, and published at Ferrara a pane-
gyric upon the king of Spain and pope Clement Vlll. In
1599, he embraced the Roman catholic religion, but had
an extraordinary antipathy to the Jesuits ; against wh6m,
Baillet tells us, he wrote about thirty treatises under ficti-
} KiQCfOB, Tol. I,— Moreri. * Bullart*i Acadebile des Sciences.— Moreri.
aes S C I O P 1? I U S.
iious Dames. Nor was he more lenient to the Protestant^
and solicited the princes to extirpate them by the mo^t
bloody meansy in a book which he published at Pavia in
1619, Udder the title of '^(^^sp. Scioppii Consiliarii Regii
Classicum belli sacri, - sive, Heldus Redivivus." The fol;>
lowing is the title of another, printed at Mentz in 1612^
against Philip Mornay du Plessis; and which, as he telliL
us in the title-page, he sent to James I. Of England, by
way of new-year's gift : " Alexipbarmacum Regium felli
draconum et veueno aspidum sub Philippi Mornaei de Ples-
sis nuper Papatus historic abdito apposituro, et*sereniss*
Jalcobo Magnae Britanniae Regi strensB JanuarisD loco mu^
neri missum/' He had before attacked the king of England^
by publishing in 1611, two books with these titles : '* £c<-
clesiasticus auctoritati Sereniss. D. Jacobi, &c. oppositus,**
and " Collyrium Regium Britanhiae Regi graviter ex oculis
Jaboranti muneri missum :" that is, *^ An Eye-salve for the
use of his Britannic majesty/' In the first of these pieces
he ventured to attack Henry IV. of France in a most violent
manner; which occasioned his book to be burnt s^t Paris,
He gloried, however, in this disgrace ; and, according to
bis own account, had the farther honour of being hanged
in effigy in a farce, which was acted before the king of
England. He did not, however, always escape with impu-
nity; for, in 1614, the servants of the English ambassajdoc
are said to have beaten him with great severity at Madrid,
Of the wounds he received in this conflict, he, as usu^l^
made his boasts, as he also did of having beeii tne princi-
pal contriver of the Catholic league, which proved so
ruinous to the Protestants in Germany. In his way through '
Venice in 1607, he had a conference with father Paul, '
whom be endeavoured by promises and threats to bring over
to the pope's party; which, perhaps, with other circum-
stances, occasioned his being imprisoned there three or four
d^ys. After he had spent many years in literary contests,
he applied himself to the prophecies of holy scripture, and
flattered himself that he had discovered the true key to.
them. He sent some of these prophetical dispoveries to
cardinal^iyiazarine, who paid no attention to them. It baa
been said that he had thoughts at last of going back to tha •
communion of Protestants ; butithis, resting upon the sin-
gle testimony of Hornius, has not been generally believed^
He died in 1649.
He was indisputably a very learned man ; and, bad his
SCIOPPIUS. 26»
«
jnoderation and probity been eqaal to his learning, might
justly have been accounted ah ornament to the republic of
letters : his application to study, his memory, the multitude
af his books, and his quickness of parts, are surprising.
Ferrarius tells us that he studied day and night ; that, dur«
itig the last fourteen years of his life, he kept himself shut
Qp in a little room, and that his conversation with those
who went to visit hiYn ran only upon learning ; that, like
another Ezra, he might haverestored the holy scripture, if
it had been lost, for that he could repeat it almost by heart;
and that the number of his books exceeded the* number of
his years. He left behind him also several manuscripts,
which, as Morhoflf tells us, ** remained in the hands of
Picruecius, professor at Padua, and are not yet published,
to the no small indignation of the learned world/' He wa«
nevertheless a man of a malignant and contentious spirit^i
and lived in continual hostility with the learned of his time,
nor did he spare the best writers of ancient Rome, even
Cicero himself,- whose language he censured for impropri-
eties and barbarisms. Niceron enumerates upwards of an
hundred different publications by Scioppius, all of which
are now fallen into oblivion, or only occasionally consulted.
They are mostly polemical, on subjects of criticism, reli-
gious opinions, the Jesuits, Protestants, &c. many of them
under the fictitious names of Nicodemi^s Macer, Oporinus
Grubinius, Aspasius Crosippus, Holofernes Krigsoederus,
and other barbarous assumptions/
SCOPOLI (John Anthony), an eminent naturalist, was
born in 1725, at Cavalese, in the bishopric of Trent. He
studied at Inspruck, and at twenty years old obtained tlie
degree of licentiate in medicine, and afterwards was in-
tmsted with the care of the hospitals of Trent, and of his
native town Cavalese ; but as this stage was too small for hit
anibition, he requested that his parents would permit. him ,
fo go to Venice^ In that city, under the auspices of Lo-
taria Lotti, he extended bis knowledge of nredicine, and
added to it a more intimate acquaintance with pharmacy^
botany, and natural history. On his return he traversed
the mountains of Tirol and Carniola, where he laid the
foundation of his " Flor^" and •' Entoraologia Camiolica."
In 1754 be accompanied count de Firmian, prince bishop,
' and afterwards cardinal^ to Gratz, from whence he went to
470 s c o p; 0 t I.
J
Vienna to obtain a diploma to practice in the Ausfrian do*,
tninions. His examinatioii ia said to have been rigproos^
and bis thesis on a new method of classing plants to havte
been received with great regard* The friendship of Via^
Swieten^ if in this instance it can be called friendships pro-,
cured him the office of first. physician to the Austrian mioem
ofTirol* In this banishment he continued more than ten
years ; for it was only in 1766, after repeated solicitations^
that he obtained the post of counsellor in the mining de-
partment, and professor of mineralogy at Schemnitz ; but
in this interval he produced his *' Anpi tres Historico-na«
turales," 1769 to 1771, 8^o. In this new office he was
indefatigable iiv teaching, exploring new mines, composing
different works on fossils, and improving the method of
treating minerals ; but after ten years' labour^ be was not
able to obtain the newly-established chair of natural bis-*
tory at Vienna ; yet soon after his attempt, about the end
of 1776, be was appointed professor of chemistry and bo-
tany at Payia. In this situation he published some pharma-
ceutical essays, translated and greatly augmented Macquer's
dictionary, and explained tbe contents of the cabinet of
natural history belonging to the university, under the title
of ^^ Deliqise Florse et Faunae Insubricse/' the last part of
which he did not live to complete, Tbe president of the
Linnsean society, who dedicated the Scopolia to his memory^
informs us that, after some domestic chagrin, and mucb
public persecution, he died at Pavia^ May 8, 1788. Ha
had been concerned with all tbe most eminent men of that
university, Volta, Fontana, and others, in detecting the
misconduct of their colleague, the celebrated Spallanzani^
who bad robbed the public museum. But the emperor^
loth to dismiss sq able a professor, contented himself with
a personal rebuke at Vienna to the culprit,, and his accusers
were silenced, in a manner which was supposed to have
caused the death of Scopoli. The survivors told theif
story, as explicitly as they durst, in a circular letter to tbe
learned of Europe.'
SCOTT (David), was born near Haddington, in East
Lothian, 1675, and brought up to the law in Edinburgh ^
but never made any figure at the bar. Attached to the royal
family of Stewart, he refused to take the oaths to the revo-
lution-settlement, which brought bioi into many difficulties^
1 Crit. RcT. vol. l^VIt— Reo^s Cyclppttai»Bi<t Scopolis.
SCOTT- 271
smd soiD^iaies imprisonmetit. fie had no great knowledge
o£ bistory ; but an t>pibion of bis own abilities induced him
to write that of Scotland^ which was published in 1727^ iti
one volume folio. It is a performance of not much value.
He died at Haddington, 1742, aged sixty -seven .^
SCOTT (Daniel), a dissenting mini&ter, was the son of
a merchant in London, and was educated with Butler and
Seeker, afterwards eminent prelates in the church of Eng-
land, under the learned Mr. Jones, at Tewkesbury, in
Gloucestershire, from whose seminary' be removed td
Utrecht, in HoHand, pursued his studies with indefetigable
«eal, and took his degree of doctor of laws. While he was
ill this city, be changed his^ opinion concerning the mode
of baptism, and became a baptist, but occasionally joined
in communion with other denominations. On his retiirn to
England, he settled in. London or Colchester, and devoted
his timeto varions learned and useful treatises. In 172r^
appeared his ^^ Essay towards ^ Demonstration of the Scrip-
ture Trinity,'' without his name, which was for some timci
ascribed to Mr. James Pierce, of Exeter. - In 1738, a se-
cond ' edition, with some enlargements, was sent out from
the press^ and in both editions the author's friends have
laboured to prove that dishonourable methods were taken to
prevent the spread of it. A new edition of this Essay,- freed
from the learned quotations with which it abounded, wa)
printed, some years back, in 4to, and, without any disho-
nourable means, added very little to the So<^inian cause.
In 1741, he appeared to more advantage in f* A New Ver-
sion of St. Matthew^s Gospel, with Critical Note$; and an
Examination of Dr. Mill's Various Readings ;" a very learn-
ed and accurate performance. At the persuasion of his
dignified friends. Seeker and Birtler, to whom he dedicated
his work, .be published, in 1745, in two volumes, folio, an
*^ Appendix to H. Stephen's Greek Lexicon ;" a monument
9f bis aosazing diligence, critical skill, and precision. He
l^t sevesal hundred pounds by this publication, and, by
bis close application to it for many years, broke his health
and spirits. He was never married, and died suddenly, in
a retirement near London^ March 2.9, 1759.
His father,, by his first wife, had a son, Thomas Scott, a
dissenting minister at Norwich, who published several ocr
csQidfial Bermons, and died in 1 746, leaving two sons, one
( Preceding edition of this Diet.
?72 SCOTT.
TbonOas Scott, a dissenting minister at tpswichi authoi^ of
a poetical version of the Book of Job, a ^second editioo of
which was printed in 1774. This has been thought nnore
Taluable as a commentary than as a translation. His other
son was Dr. Joseph Nicol Scott, who was first a dissenting
minister, and published 2 vols, of sermons *' preached in
defence of all religion, whether natural or revealed.^' He
was a strenuous opponent of the doctrine of eternal punish-
ments. He afterwards pcactised pbjsic in London, and
died about 1774.'
SCOTl^ (George Lewis), a learned member of the
royal society^ and of the board of longitude, was the eldest
son of Mr. Scott, of Bristow, in Scotland, who married
Miss Stewart, daughter of sir James Stewart, lord advo-
cate of Scotland io the reigns of WiiUam UI. and queen
Anne. That lady was(* also his cousin-german, their mo«
Ihers being sisters, and both daughters of Mr. Robert
Trail, one of the ministers of Edinburgh, of the same fa-
mily as the rev. Dr. William Trail, the learned auibor of
the ^^ Life of Dr. Robert Simson, professor of mathematics
at Glasgow/'
Mr. Scott, the father, with bis family, lived many years
abroad, in a public character ; and he had three sons born
while residing at the court of Hanover. The eldest of these
was our author, George Lewis, named, in both these natnes^
after his god*father, the elector, who was afterwards George
I. George Lewis Scott was a gentleman of considerable
talents and general learning ; he was well-skilled alsoio .tbe
mathematical sciences *, for which he manifested at times
a critical taste, as may be particularly seen in some letters
which, in 1764, passed between him and and Dr. Simson^
of Glasgow, and are inserted in Dr. Trail's account of ^' The
Life and Writings of Dr^ ^irnsoii.'* Mr. Scott was also the
author of the ^^ Supplement to Chambers's Dictionary,** in
2 large folio volumes, which was much esteemed, and for
which be received 1,500/. from the booksellers, a consi-
derable price at the time of that publication. Mr.
Scott was sub-preceptor, for the Latin language, to hia
present majesty when, prince of Wales. After thia^t he was
^ From the preface to a new edition of ** An Essay towards a demonstration
of the Trinity ,»> reprinted in 1775 or 1779.
* Dr. Bunieyi in tbe Cydopsdia, speaks of- Dr. Scott as an exeellant A«*
sician, and the autboj' of some valaable articles on that subjecti in th« Suppie«
meat to Cbambers^s Dictionary.
S C O T T; 273^
appointed a Commissioner of excise ; a situation which Kis
friends considered as not adequate to bis past deserts, and
inferior to what he probably would have had, but for the
freedom of his political of/inions. From some correspond-*
enoe *with Gibbon, to whom, in particular, he wrote an
ejLCelient letter of directions for mathematical studies,- we
may infer that he did not differ much from that gentleman
in matters of religfous beliet^. Mr. Scott died Dec. 1780.-
He was elected F, S. A. in 1736, and F. R: S. in 1737.
. Mrs. Scott, his widow, survived him about fifteen years,
and (lied at Catton, near Norwich,- in Nov. 1795. She was
sister to the late celebrated Mrs; Montagu, of Portman-
square. From the pen of a very intelligent and equally
candid writer, we have the following account of this lady :
^^ She was' an excellent historian, -of great acquirements,
eKtraordinany hiemory, and strong sense; and constantly
emplbyed in literary labours ; yet careless of faniie, and*
free from vanity and ostentation. Owing to a disagreement
of tempers, she soon separated from her husband ; but in
e%!ery other rellition of life she-was, with some peculiarities,'
a woman of exemplary conduct, of sound principles, en-
livened by -the warmest sense of religion, and of a charity
so unbounded, so totally regardless of herself, as to be
almost excessive and indiscriminate. Her talents were not
so. brilliant, nor her genius so predominant, as those of her
sister, Mrs. Montagu : but in some departments of litera-'
ture she was by no means her inferior. When she left her
husband she united her income with that 9f.ber intimate
friend, lady Bab Montagu, the sister of lord Halifax, and
they continued to live together to the death of the Matter.
From that period Mrs. Scott continually changed her ha-
hitation, for restlesst^ss was one of her foibles. Her in*
tercoiirse with the world was various and extensive ; and
there .were few ikerary people of her day with whom she
had not either an acquaintance or a correspondence. Yet
when she died, not one of her contemporaries who knew
her literary habits came forward to preserve the slightest
memorial of her; and she went to her grave as unnoticed
as the most obscure of those who have done nothing worthy
of reniembrance. Under these circumstances, the writer
of this article trusts to a candid reception of this imperfect
memoir^ while he laments that Mrs. Scott herself shut out
some of the^best materials, by ordering all her papers and
voluminous correspondence, which came into the hands of
Vol. XXVII. T
?74 SCOTT.
ber executrix, to be burnt ; an order fpacb to be lamented^
because there is reason to believe, from the fragments
\i^hich remain in other hands, that her letters abounded with
literary anecdote, and acute observations on character and
life. Her style was easy, unaffected, and perspicuous ;
her remarks sound, and her sagacity striking* Though her
fancy was not sufficiently powerful to give the highest at-^
traction to a novel, she excelled in ethical remarks, and
the annals of the actual scenes of human nature. In dra*
naatic effect, in high-wrought passion, and splendid imagery^
perhaps she was deficient.*'
The following is given on the same authority, as an im«.
perfect list of Mrs. Scott's works, all published at London,
without her namey and one with a fictitious name, 1. <^The
History of Cornelia," a novel, 1750, 12mo. 2. "A' Jour-
ney through ev^ry stage of Life," 1754, 2 vols. ]2mo. 3.
*^ Agreeable Ugliness ; or, the triumph of the graces," &c.
1754, }2mo. 4. ^^ The History of Gustavus Ericson, king
of Sweden, with an introductory history of Sweden, fronn
the middle of the twelfth century. By Henry Augustus
Raymond, esq." 1761, 8vo. 5. " The History of Meck-^
lenburghj" 176?^ 8vo. 6. " A Description of Milleniun^
Hs^li," second edition, 1764, 12mo. 7. "The History of
sir George Ellison," 1776, 2 vols. 12mo. 8. "The test of
Filial Duty," 1772, 2 vols. 12mo. 9. " Life of Theodore
Agrippa D'Aubigne," 1772, 8iV0. '
SCOTT (Dr. John), a learned English divine, was son
of Mr. Thomas Scott, a substantial grazier, and was born
ip tijie parish of Cbippingham, in Wiltshire, in 1638. Not
being intended for a literary profession, be served an ap-
prenticeship in London, much against his will, for about
tbr^e years i but, having an inclination as well as talents
for learning, be quitted his trade and went to Oxford.
He wa^ admitted a commoner of New Inn in 1657, and
mac^e a. great progress in logic and philosophy ; but left
the university without taking a degree, and being ordained,
caod^ to London, where he officiated in the perpetual cu-
racy of Trinity in the Minories, and as minister of St.
Thoips^'s in Southwark. In 1677 oe was presented to the-
rf ctory of St. Peler Le Poor ; and was collated to a prebend
in St Paul's cathedral in 1684. In 1685 he accumulated
the degrees of bachelor and doctor in divinity, having be<»
^ Ilutton's Dictionary, new edit.r— Censura Literaria, vols. I. and XL— Shef-
aeki's Life of Gibbon.— Geat, Mag« vol, UCVllL and LXXV. whti e are some •f
Mrs* Scott's Iflten.
SCOTT. 27*
fore taken no degree in any otheif faculty. Ih 1^91 6e
sacceeded Sharp, afterwards archbishop of York, in Che
rectory of St. Giles in the Fields ; and the satnie year wds
made canon of Windsor. Wood says that **' he might sot)ri
have been a bisliop, had not some scruples hinderecl him ;"
alid Hicfces has told us that he refused the bishopric of
Chester, because he could not take th^ oath of homage ;
and afterwards another bishopric, the deanery of Wor-
cester, and a prebend of the church of Windsor, because
they were aU places of deprived faen. This, however, _
Dr. Isham attributes entirely to his growing infirmities.
He died in 1694, and was buried in St. Giles's church : his
funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Isham, and afterwards
printed in 1695. In this sermon we are told that " he had
niany Virtues ih Him of no ordinary growth : piety towards
God; kindness, friendship, affability, sincerity, towards
men ; zeal and consta/ncy in th6 discharge of the pastoral
office ; and, in a word, all those graces and virtues which
matke the good Christian and the good man." When po-
pery was encroacbihg under Charles II. and JamesII. he was
one of those champions who opposed it with great warmth
and courage, particularly in the dedication of a sermoa
preached at Guildhall chapel, Nov. 5, 1683, to sir Wil-
liam Hooker, lord-mayor of London, where he declares
that *' Domitian and Dioclesian w^ere but puny persecu-
tors and bunglers in cruelty, compared with the infal-
lible cut-throats of the apostolical chair.'*
This divine wrote an excellent work, called " The Chris-
tian Life," vyhich has been often printed, and much read.
The first part was published 1681, in 8vo, with this title,
** The Christian Life, from its beginning to its consumma-
tion in glory, together with the several means and instru-
ments or Christianity conducing thereunto, with directions
for private devotion and forms of prayer, fitted to the se-
veral states of Christians;" in 1635, another part, "whereiri
the fundamental principles of Christian duty are assigned,
e'Xplained, and proved ;*' in 1686, another part, "wherein
th6 doctrine of pur Saviour's mediation is explained and
proved." To these volunies of the " Christian Life" the
pfious author intended a continuation, had not long infir-
mity, and afterwards death, prevented him. This work is
itot now much read, although the ninth edition was pub-
lished in 1729* Mr. Orton, in his " Letters to young Mi-
-fiisters/' seems tq recommend the first volume only,
T 2
276 SCOTT*
>
Dr. Scott published two pieces against the papists: Ic
^* Examination of Bellarmine's eighth note concerning sane*
tity of doctrine." 2. ** The texts examined, which papists
cite out of the Bible concerning prayer in an unknown
tongue." Both these pieces were printed together, Oct.
1688; while king James was upon the throne. He wrote
also ^^ Certain Cases of Conscience resolved, concerning the
lawfulnese of joining with forms of prayer in public wor«
ship," i683, in two parts; which were both reprinted,, and
inserted in the second volume of a work entitled ^* A col-
lection of Cases and other Discourses lately written to re-
cover Dissenters to the Communion of the Church of £ng«
land," 1685, 4to. His whole works, including sermons,
&c. were published in 2 vols. fol. 1704. ^
SCOTT (John), a poet of considerable genius, and a
very amiable man, was the youngest son of Samuel and
Martha Scott, and was born January 9, 1730, in the Grange*
Walk, in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, Bermondsey.
His father was a draper and citizen of London, a man of
plain and irreproacliable manners^ and one of tlie society
of the people called quakers, in which persuasion our poet
was educated, and continued during the whole of his life,
although not with the strictest attention to all the pecu-
liarities of that sect. In the seventh year of his age he waa
put under the tuition of One John Clarke, a native of Sc6t-
land, who kept a School in Bermondsey-street, attended
young Scott at his father's house, and instructed him in the
rudiments of the Latin tongue. In his tenth year his father
retired with his family, consisting of Mrs. Scott and two
SODS,, to the village of Amwell in Hertfordshire^ where, for
some time, he carried on the malting trade. Here our
poet was sent to a private day-school, in which he is said
to have had few opportunities of polite literature, and those
few were decUned by his father From a dread of the small- .
pox, Which neither be nor his son bad yet caught. This
terror, perpetually recurring as the disorder made its ap-
pearance in one quarter or another^ occasioned such fre-,
quent removals as prevented his son from the advantages
of regular education. The youth, however, did not neg-
lect to cultivate his mind by such means as were in bis
power. About the age of seventeen he discovered an in-
clination to the study of poetry, with which he combined a
> B'log. Brit.^Atb. Ox. vol. IL '
SCOTT. «77
'delight in viewing the appearances of rural nature. At
this time he derived much assistance from the conversation
and opinions of one Charles Frogley, a person in the hum-
ble station of a bricklayer, but who had improved a natural
taste for poetry, and arrived at a considerable degree of
critical discernment. This Mr. Scott thankfully acknow-
ledged when he had himself attained a rank among the wri-
ters of his age, and could return with interest the praise
by which Fro'gley had cheered his youthful attempts. The
only other adviser of his studies, in this sequestered spot,
was a Mr. John Turner, afterwards a dissenting preacher.
To him he vvas introduced in 1753 or 1754, and, on the
Temoval of Mr. Turner to London, and afterward^ to Col-
leton in Devonshire, they carried on a friendly corre-
spondence on matters of general taste.
Mr. Scott's first poetical essays were published in the
Gentleman's Magazine, " the great receptacle for the ebul-
litions of youthful genius." Mr. Hoole, his biographer,
has not been able to discover all the pieces inserted by
him in that work, but has reprinted three of them, whieh
are added to his works in the la^e edition of the English
poets. With the taste of the public during his retirement
at Amwell he could have little acquaintance. He had
lived here about twenty years, at a distance from, any lite-
rary society or information. His reading was chiefly con-
fined to books of taste and criticism; but the latter at that
time were not many nor very valuable. In the ancient or
modern languages it does not appear that he made any
progress. Mr. Hoole thinks he knew very little of Latin,
and had no knowledge of either French or Italian. Those
who know of what importance it is to improve genius by
study, will regret that such a man was left, in the pliable
days of youth, without any acquaintance , with the noble
models on which English poets have been formed. They
will yet more regret, that the cause of this distance frooi
literary ^society, the source of all generous and useful
emulation, was a superstitious dread of the small-pox^
already mentioned as obstructing his early studies, and
which continued to prevail with his parents to such a de-
gree, that although at the distance of only twenty miles^
their son had been permitted to visit London but once in
twenty years. His chief occupation, when not in a humour
10 study, was in cultivating a garden, for which he had
a?? SCOTT*.
a particular fondness^ and at length rendered one of tb^
ipost attractive objects tp the visitors of Amwell.
About the year 1760, be began to make occasional,
though cautious and short visits to Loudon ; and in tbc
spring of this year, published his ** Four Elegies, DfBscrip-
tive and Moral/' epithets which may be applied to almost
all bis poetry. These were very favourably received, and
not only praised by the public critics, but received the va-
Juable commendations of Dr. Young,, Mrs. Talbot, and
Mrs. Carter, who ]pved poetry, and loved it roost when in
cpnjqnction vyith piety. But for many years he abstained
from farther publication, determined to put in np. claiais
that were not strengthened by the utmost industry and frer
fjueqt and careful revisal. This, probably, in soipp Cfkse^
checked his enthusiasm, ai)d gave to his longer poen^ an
fipp^^r^nce of labour. ♦,
In 1761, during the prevalence of the ^mall-pox at
llYar^y he re^ioved to St. Margaret's, a small hamlet about
tvvo milos distant from Amwell, where, Mr. Hool^ informs
V9^ he became first acquainted with him, and s£^w the first
jsketph of bis poem of Amwell, to which he th^n gave the
title of ** A Prospect of Ware J^nd the Country a^acent."
Ip 1 76^, he becamp sensible of (he many disadvantages h^
labpured upder by living in continual dread of the spiall-
pox, and h^(l the courage to submit to the operation of
inoculation, which was successfully. performed by t^ie lat^
^aron Dim^d^le. He now visited London more frequently^
and Mr. Hoole had the satisfaction to introduce him, among
others, tp J)r, Johnson. <^ Notwithstanding the great dif*-
ferf qce of their political principles, Scott had too much
)ovp ifor gopdness and genius, npt to be highly gratified ip
the opportunity of cultivating a friendship with that grei^t^
lexemplar of human virtues, and that great veteran of hur
paan learning ; while the doctor, with a mind sujperior t9
the distinction of party, delighted with equ^l cprpplacency
ii^ the amiable qualities pf Scott, of whqm he ^Iwfiys spokf
with feeling, regard."
In 1767, he married Sarah Frogley, tfae^'daughter of bi«
early friend and adviser ^harles Frogley- l^he bride wa%
previous to her nuptials, admitted a member of the society
of quakers. For her father he ever preserved the highest
^respect, and seems to have written bis Eleventh Ode with
a view to relieve the mind of that worthy man from the
SCOTT. ft»
apprehension of being neglected by him. The eonnec-^
tton be bad formed in bis family^ bowever, was not of long
duration. His vrife died in childbed in 1768| and tbe same
year be lost his father and bis infant-child. For some time
be was inconsolable^ and removed from Amwell^ where so
many objects excited the bitter remembrance of all he held
dear, to the bouse of a friend at: Upton. Here^ when time
and reflection bad mellowed his grief, be hononred tbe
memory of his wife by an elegy in which tenderness and
Jove are expressed in ^he geonine language of nature* As
he did not wish to make a parade of bis private feelings, a
few copies only of this elegy were given to his friends, nor
would be ever suffer it to be published for sale. It pro*
cured him the praise of Dr. Hiiwkeswortfa, and the friend^
ship of Dr. Langborne^ who, about this time^ bad be^ii
viiifed by a similar calamity. His mother, it ought to bav#
b^en mentioned, died in 1766; and, in 1769^ be lost bis
friend and correspondent Mr. Turner.
In November 1770, be married his second wife, Mary d^
HornCy daughter of tbe late Abraham de Home : *' a lady
whose amiable qualities promised bim many years of un^
interrupted happiness.*' During bis visit in London^ fae
increased his literary circle of friends by an introduction
io Mrs. Montagu's parties. Among those who principally
noticed bim with respect, were lord Lyttelton^ sir William
Jones, Mr. Potter, Mr. Micklcj and Dr. Beattie^ who paid
bim a cordial visit at Amwell in 1773, and again in 1781,
and became one of bis correspondents.
Although we have bitberto contemplated our author as a
student and occasional poet» be rendered himself more
conspicuous as one of tbose reflectors on public affiurs
who employ mocb of their time in endeavouring to be use>-
ful. Among other subjects, his attention bad often been
called to that glaring defect in human polity, the state of
tbe poor; and having revolved the subject in bis mind^
vritb the assistance of many personal inquiries, be published
in 177S ^< Observations on tbe present state of tbe paro^
cbial and vagrant Poor." It is needless to add, that bis
advice in this matter was rather approved than followed.
Some of his propositions, indeed, were incorporated in
Mr. Gilbert^s Bill, in 1782 ; but the whole was lost for want
of parliamentary support
In 1776 he published bis <' Amwell/' a descriptive poemy
which be had long been preparing, and in wbicb be fondly
tM • SCOTT.
hoped to immortalize his favoarite viHage. Hii bibgrap^
pher, however; has amply demonstrated the impossibitity
df communicating^ local enthusiasm by any attempt of this
kind. The reflections occasionally introduced, and the
historical or encomiastic digressions, are generally selected
as the most pleasing passages in descriptive poetry ; but all
that '|s really descriptive, all that would reiiK)ve us from
the closet to the scene, is a hopeless attempt to do that by
the pen which can only be done by the pencil.
At such intervals as our author could spare, he wrote
various anonymous pamphlets and essays, on miscellaneous
subjects, and is said to have -appeared among the enemies
of the measures of government who answered Dr. Johnson's
<* Patriot," " False Alarm," and " Taxation no Tyranny."
On the commencement of the Rowleian controversy^ he
tooji the part of Chatterton, and was among the first who
questioned the authenticity of the poems ascribed to Row-
ley. This he discussed in some letters inserted in tbe.Gen*
tleman's Magazine. Of course he was led to admire the
wonderful powers of the young impostor, and in his XXIst
ode pays a poetical tribute to his memory^ in which, with
others of his br^ren at that time, he censures the unfeel-
ing rich for depriving their country oC a new Sbakspeare
or Milton. -
These, however, were his amusements ; the more valu-
able part of his time was devoted to such public business as
is ever best conducted hy men of his pure and independent
character. He gave regular attendance at turnpike-meet-
ings^ navigation trusts, and commissions of land tax"*, and
proposed and carried various scheme^of local improvement^
.particularly the fine road between Ware and Hertford, and
some useful alterations ii\ the streets dF Ware. AmK)ng bia
neighbours he frequently, by a judicious interference or
.arbitration, ^checked that spirit of litigation which destroys
the felicity of a country life. During the meritorious em-
^ployments of his public and political life, it can only be
imputed to him that in bis zeal for the principles he es*-
poused, he sometimes betrayed too great warmth ; and in
»
* When once asked whether he was that an oath and an affirmatWe are sub-
in the commission of the peace, he stantialty the same, and that the mode
answered without hesitation that his of appeal, to the Searcher of hearts is
principal objection to taking the oath, of little consequence, though he cer-
was the offence, which it would give to tainly preferred the ktter. Monthly
ihM Socieiy. His own opinion was, KeTiew, toI. YII. N. S. p. dd*7.
a. C O T T. £«1
answering Dr. Johnson's pamphlets, it Jias been altowed
that he made use of expressions which would better beconae
those who did not know the worth of that excellent cba-
racten
In 1778^ he published a work of great labour and oti«
lity» entitled ^^ A Digest of the Highway and general Turn-
pike laws." In this compilation, Mr. Hoole informs us,
all the acts of parliament in force are collected together,
and placed in one point of view; their contents are ar-
ranged under distinct heads, with the addition of many
notes, and an appendix on the construction and preserva-
tion of public roads, probably the only scientific treatise on
the subject A part of this work appeared in 1773, ui^der
the. title of a ^^ Digest of the Highway Laws.'* In the
fiipring of 1782, be published what he had long projected, a
volume of poetry, including his elegies, Amwell, and a
great variety of hitherto unpublished pieces. On this vo«
lunxe it is evident he had bestowed great pains, and added
the decorations of some beautiful engravings. A very fa-
vourable account was given of the whole of its contents in
the Monthly Review ; but the Critical having taken some
personal . libertjes with the author, hinting that the orna- .
jsients were not quite suitable to the plainness and simpli*
city of a quaker, Mr. Scott thought proper to publish a let-
ter addressed to the authors of that journal, in which he
expostulated with them on their conduct, and defended his
poetry. Every friend, however, must wish he had passed
over their strictures in silence. .His defence of bis poetry
betrays him into the error of which he complained, and we
see far more of the conceited egotist than could have been,
supposed to belong to his simple and humble character.
After this contest, he began to prepare a work of the
critical kind. He had been dissatisfied with some of Dr.
Johnson's Lives of the Poets, and had aoutssed in the course
of- bis own reading and reflection, a number of observations
on Denham, Milton, Pope, Dyer, Goldsmith, andvThoni-
son,. which he sent to the press, under the. title of "Cri-
tical'Essays," but did not live to publish them. On the
25ih of October 1783, he accompanied Mrs. Scott to Lon-
don for the benefit of medical advice for a complaint under
which she laboured at that time ; but on the 1st of Decem-
ber, while at his house at RadclifF, he was attacked by a
putrid fever, which proved fatal on the 12th of that mouth,
and he was interred on the 18th in the Quaker burying-
S82 SCOT T.
ground at Radcliff. He bad arrived at his fifty-fourth year,
and left behind a widow and a daughter, their only childi
then about six years old. His death was the more lament-*
ed as he was in the vigour of life, and had the prospect of
many years of usefulness. ^' In his person he was tall and
ulender,. but his limbs were remarkably strong and museum
Jar : he was very active, and delighted much in the ezer-*
cise of walking ; his countenance was cheerful and ani«
mated.'' The portrait prefixed to bis works is not a very
correct likeness, nor was .he himself satisfied with it.
- His public and private character appears to have been ia
every respect worthy of imitation, but what his religious
opinions were, except that he cherished a general reve-
rence for piety, is somewhat doubtful. Professedly, he
was one of the society called Quakers, but the paper which
that society, or some of his relations, thought it necessary
to publish after his death, seems to intimate that in their
opinion, and finally in his own, bis practice had not in all
respects heen consistent.
His <^ Critical Essays" were published in 1795 by Mr.
Hoole, who prefixed a life written with much affection, yet
¥ritb impartiality. As a poet, Mr. Scott seems to rank
fuaiong those who possess genius in a moderate degree, who
please by short, efforts and limited inspirations, but whose
taleuts^ are better displayed in moral reflection and pathetie
sentiment than flights of fancy. His ** Elegies,'* as they
vrere the first, are among the best of his perforiodniees.
Simplicity appears to have been his general aim, and he
was of opinion that it was too little studied by modern
ifriters« In the *^ Mexican prophecy," however, and in
. *^ Serim/' there is a fire and spirit worthy of the highest
•chool. Hifs *^ Amwell" will ever deserve a distinguished
place among descriptive poems^ but it is liable to all the
objections attached to descriptive poetry. His feeblest
effort is the *^ Essay on Painting," a hasty sketch, in which
be professed himself, and that not in very humble term^,
to be the rival of Hayley. Upon the whole^ however, the
vein of pious and moral reflection, and the benevolence
and pbiknifhropy which pervade all his poems, will con*
tini»e to make them acceptable to those who read to be im-
proved, and are of opinion that pleasure b not the sole end.
«f poetry.*
> JUC» bf Mr, JBoQl«.-*£D9lii)i Poets, 1810. mw tdiW 31 vsli. Sva.
s CO T, m
t
SCOT {Micju^i), of Balwirie, a learoed Scotch autiior
of the fifteenth century^ made the tour of France ^nd Ger«>
jDiany, and was receivi^d with spme diitinction at tho court
of thq eqf^p^rqr Frederick II. Having travailed enough to
gratify his curiosity, b^ returned to Scotland, and gave
himself up to study afid ^jontemplatioo. Ha was ^killed in
Unguages; and^ considering the age iti which be livedo
vlfi^ no mean proficient in philosophy, mathenaatics, and
fnedicine. He transUlod into L^atin from the Arabic^ the
history of animals by the celebrated physician Avicenna.
He published the whole works of Aristotle, with notes, and
aflfected much to reason on the principles of that great phir
losopber, He wrote a book concerning ^' The Secrets of
Nature," and a tract on ^^►The nature of the Stm and Moon,"
in \yhich be shews bis belief in tho philosopher's stpne.
He likewise published what he called *^ Mensa Philosoi-
phica," a treatise replete with a9trology and chiromancy.
He was much admired in his day, and was even suspected
of magic, and had Roger Bacon and Cornelius Agrippa
for his panegyrists.'
SCOT (R£ynoldb), a learned English gentleipan, waa
a younger son of sir John Scot, of Scot's-ball, near Smeeth
in Kent» where he was probably born ; and, at about seven*^
teen, sent to Hart-hall, in Oxford. He retired to his native
country without taking a degree, and settled at Smeeth ;
and, marrying soon after, gave himself up solely to read-
ing, to the perusing of obscure authors, which bad by the
generality of scholars been neglected, and at times of lei^-
sure to husbandry and gairdening. In 157^, he published
a second edition, for we know nothing of the first, of "A
perfect platform of a Hop* garden,'' &c. iii 4to; and, in
1584, another work, which shewed the great depth of.hia
researches, and the uncommon extent of bis learning, en^-
titled ." The Discoverie of Witchcraft," &c. reprinted in
1651, 4to, with this title: ** Scot's Discovery of Witch-
craft ; proving the common opinion of witches contracting
with devils, spirits, familiars, and their power to kill, tor-
pient, and consume, the bodies of tnen, women, and chil-
dren, or other creatures, by diseases or otherwise^ their
flying in the air, &c* to be but imaginary erroneous concept
tioos a,nd novelties. Wherein also the practices of witch*
mongers,, conjurors, inchanters, soothsayers, also the de*
1 EQcycL 3rltsimica.-»Hac](enzi«'s Lifes*
284 SCOT.
Idsions of astrology, alchemy, legerdemain, and many other
things, are opened, that have long lain hidden, though
very- necessary to be known for the undeceiving df judges,
justices, and juries, and for the preservation of poor peo-
ple, &c. , With a treatise upon the nature of spirits and
devils," &c/ In the preface to the reader he declares, that
4iis design' in this undertaking, was " first, that the glory
of God be not so abridged ana abased, as to be thrust into
the hand or lip of a lewd old woman, whereby the work^of
the Creator should be attributed to the power of a crea-
ture : secondly, that the religion of the gospel may be seen
to stand Without such peevish trumpery : thirdly, that fa-
vour and Christian compassion be rather used, towards
these poor souls, than rigour and extremity,'* &c.
A doctrine of this nature, advanced in an age when the
reality of witches was so universally believed, that even
the great bishop Jewel, touching upon the subject in a
sermon before queen ' Elizabeth, could "pray God they
-might never practise farther than upon the subject," ex-
posed the author to every species of obloquy and persecu-
tion ; and^ccordingly Voetius, a foreign divine, informs
lis in his ** Disput. Theolog." vol. III. p. 564, though Wood
says nothing of it, that his book was actually burnt. It
'was also opposed, and, as it should seem, by great autho-
rity too : for, James I. in the preface to his ** Demono-
iogie," printed first at Edinburgh in 1597, and afterwards
•at London in 1603, observes, that he " wrote that book
x'hiefly against the damnable opinions of Wierus and Scott;
the latter of whom is not ashamed," the king says, ** in
public print to deny, that there can be* such a thing as
Witchcraft, and so maintains the old error of the Sadducees
in the denying of spirits," an inference which by no means
follows from Scot*s premises. Dr. John Rayiiolds, in his
*' Prselectiones upon the Apocrypha," animadverts on se-
veral passages in Scot's " Discovery ;" Meric Casaubon
treats him as an illiterate person; and Mr. Joseph Glanvil,
one of the greatest advocates for witchcraft, aflSrms, that
'< Mr. Stot doth little but tell odd tales and silly legends,
which he confutes and laughs at, and pretends this to be a
confutation of the being of witches and apparitions: in all
which his reasonings are trifling and childish ; and, when
iie ventures at philosophy, he is little better than absurd."
Scot did not live to see the full effects of his endeavours to
abate the prejudices of the times/ nor could this indeed ht
SCOT. 285 .
the work of a single hand, contending against the king on *
the throne, many very learned men, almost the whole body
of the people, and what was the last to yield, the .statute-*
' law of the land. His work, however, was reprinted in 16^1,
4to, and in 1665, folio, with additions, and was translated
into German.
Thi9 sensible, learned, upright, and pious man (for we
know ths^t he possessed the two first of these qualities, and
be is universally allowed to have had also the two last) died
in 1599, add was buried among his ancestors in the
church at Smeeih. '
SCOT, alias ROTH&IIAM (Thomas), a munificent,
benefactor to Lincoln college, .OsCford, was born at Rother*
am, in Yorkshire^ from whence he took his name, but that-
of his family appear^ to have been Scot. He rOse by bis
talents and learning to the highest ranks in church and.
state, having been successively fellow of King's college,
Cambridge, master of Pembroke Hall, chancellor of that
university, prebendary of Sarum, chaplain to kjng Edward.
ly. provost of Beverley, keeper of the Privy Seal, seqre-
tary to four kings, bishop of Rochester and Lincoln, arch«.
. bishop of York, and lord chancellor. His buildings at
Cambridge, Whitehall, Southwell, and Thorp, are eminent
proofs of his magnificent taste and spirit.
He was promoted to the see of Lincoln in 1471, and we
learn from his preface to his body of statutes, that a visit .
through his diocese, in which Oxford then was, proved the
occasion of his liberality to Lincoln college. On his ar-
rival there, in 1474, John Tristroppe, the third rector of
that society, preached the visitation sermon from Psalm
Ixxx. 14, 15. ^^ Behold and visit this vine, and the vine-
yard which thy right hand hath planted, &c." In this
discourse, which, as usual,, was delivered in Latin, the
preacher addressed his particular requests to the bishop,
exhorting him to complete his college, now imperfect and
defective both in buildings and government. Rotheram is
said to have been so well pleased with the application of
the text and subject, that he stood up and declared that he
would do what was desireci Accordingly, besides what be
contributed to the buildings, he increased the number of
fellows from seven to twelve, and gave them the livings of^
of Twyford in Buckinghamshire^ and Long Combe in
» Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Oldys's Librarian, p. 213.— See his epitaj^h on Sir Thomas
Scot^ ip Peck^a CronweU ColUctions^ p. 3S.^Q«ii» Diet,
286 s o o r.
Ozfordflhire. He formed ako in 1479, a body of statute,
in which, after noticing with an apparent degree of dts-*
pleasure, that although Oxford was in the diocese of Lin-
coln, no college bad yet made provision for the natives of
that diocese, be enjoined that the rector should be of the
diocese of Lincoln or York, and the fellows or scholars
should be persons born in the dioceses of Lincoln and
York, and one of Wells, with a preference, as to those
from the diocese of York, to his native parish of Rotheram.
This prelate died in 1500 at Cawood, and was buried in
the Chapel of St. Mary, under a marble tomb which he .
had built. * . •
SCOUGAL (Hrkry), an eminent Scotch divine, and
second son of Patrick Scougal, bishop of Aberdeen, was
born June 1650, at Salton, in East Lothian, where bis
father, the immediate predecessor of Bishop Burnet, was
rector. His father, designing bim for the sacred ministry,
watched over his infant mind with peculiar care, and soon
bad the satisfaction of perceiving the most amiable dispo-
.sttions unfold themselves^ and his jinderstanding rise at
once into the vigour of manhood. Relinquishing the
amusements of youth, young Scotigal applied to his studies
with ardour:. and, agreeably to his father's wish, at an
early period directed his thoughts to sacred literature,
ile perused the bistorical parts of the bible with peculiar
.pleasure, and then began to examine its contents more
minutely. He was struck with the peculiarities of the
Jewish dispensation, and felt an anxiety to understand why
its rites and ceremonies were abolished. The nature and
evidences of the Christian religion also occupied his mind.
He perused se<*mons with much attention, committed to
writing those passages which must affected him, and could
comprehend and remember their whole scope. Nor was he
inattentive to polite literature. He read the Roman clas-
sics, and made considerable proficiency in the Greek,
Hebrew, and other oriental languages. He was also well
versed in bistory and mathematics. His diversions were of
a manly kind. Afcer becoming acquainted with Roman
bistory, he formed, in concert with some of his companion?,
a little senate, where orations of their own composition were
delivered.
At the age of fifteen he entered the university, where
1 Wood's Colleges and Halls.— -Chalmerses Hist. ofOxfurd.
S 0 O U G A L. 28T
he behaved with great modesty, sobriety, and diltgence.
He disliked the philosophy then taught^ and applied him-
self to the study of natural philosophy : and in conse*
quence of this, when he was only about eighteen years of
age, he wrote the reflections and short essays since pub-
lished : which, though written in his youth, and some of
them left unfinished, breathe a devotion, which show»
that his mind was early impressed with the most important
ooRcerns of humau life. In all the public meetings of the
students he was unanimously chosen president, and had a
lingular deference paid to his judgment. No sooner had
he finished his courses, than he was promoted to a profes-
sorship in the university of Aberdeen, where he conscien-
tiously performed his duty in training up the youth under
his care in such principles of religion and learning as might
fender them ornaments to church and state. When any
divisions and animosities happened in the society, he was
very instrumental in . reconciling and bringing them to a
good understanding. He maintained his authority among
the students in such ^ way as to keep them in awe, and at
the same time to gain their love and esteem. Sunday
evedings were spent wkh his scholars in discoursing of,
am) encouraging religion in principle and practice. He
allotted a considerable part of bis yearly income for the
poor ; and many indigent families of different persuasions,
were relieved in their difficulties by his bounty, although
so secretly that they knew not whence their supply came.
Having been aj professor of philosophy for four years^
be was at the age of twenty-three admitted into holy orders,*
and settled at Auchterless, a small village about twenty
miles from Aberdeen. Here his zeal and ability in his^
great Master's service were eminently displayed. He
catechised with great plainness and affection, and used the
oiost endearing methods to recommend religion to his
bearers;. He endeavoured to bring them to a close attend-
ance on public worship, and joined with them himself at
the beginning of it He revived the use of lectures, look-
ing upon it as very edifying to comment upon and expound
large portions of scripture. In the twenty-fifth year of hisi
age, he was appointed professor of divinity in the King's
college^ Aberdeen, which he at first declined, but when
indcicad to accept it, he applied himself with zeal and dili-
gence to the exercise of this office. After he had guarded
bis pupils against th^ common artifices of th^ Roousb mit-^
288 . S C O tT G A L.
sionarles in making proselytes, be proposed two subjects'
for public exercise :. the one, of the pastoral care, the
other, of casuistical divinity.
The inward dispositions of this excellent man are best
seen in his writings, to which his pioi\s and blameless life
was wholly conformable. His days, however, were soon
numbered : in the twenty-seventh year of his age, be fell
into a^ consumption, which wasted him by slow degrees :
but during the whole time of his sickness he behaved with,
the utmost resignation, nor did he ever shew the least im-
patience. He died June 20, 1678, in the twenty-eighth
year of his age, and was buried, in King's college church,,
in Old Aberdeen. His principal work is entitled ''. TUei^
Life of God in the Soul of Man," which has undergone
many editions, and has been thought alike valuable for the,
sublime spirit of piety which it breathes, and for the purity,
and elegance of its style. He left his books to tb^, library^
of his college, and five thousand marks to the odice of pro-
fessor of divinity. He composed a form.of morning and
evening service for the cathedral church of Aberdeen,
which may be seen in Orem*s *' Description pf the Cha-
nonry of Old Aberdeen," printed In No. 3 of. the ". Biblio.-:
theca Topographica Britannica." His treatise on the
" Life of God," &c. was first printed in his life-time by
bishop Burnet about 1677, without a name, which the
author's modesty studiously concealed. It. went through.
sever*nj subsequent editions, and was patronised by the.
society for promoting Christian knowledge, and w^ i^e-*
printed in 1726 with the addition of ^' Nine discourses, ou
important subjects," by the same author, and bis funer^.
sermon, by Dr. G. G. *
SCRIBONIUS (Largus), a Roman physician/, lived in
the reign of Claudius, and is said to have accompanied this,
emperor in his campaign in Britain. He wrote a treatise
" De Compositione Medicamentorum," which is*Very often
quoted by Galen, but was pillaged by Marcellus the em-
piric, according to Dr. Freind. At a time when it was the^
practice of many physicians to keep their compositions
secret, Scribonius published bis, find expressed great con-
fidence in their efficacy ; but many of them are trifling,,
and founded in superstition, and his language is so inferior^,
to that of bis age, that some have supposed be wrote bis
^ Bibl. Topo|p. Britan.-^asd Encyclop. Britannica.
8 C R t B O K t U 8. « 88t
^fot\i in Greek, and that it was tfanslated into Latiti bj
tome later hand : but Freind and others seem of a
difFereftt opinion^ The treatise of Scribonms has been
»everal times reprinted, and stands among the *^ Medical
Artis Principes'* of Henry Stephens, 1567.^
SCRIMZ£Oft (H£NRY), one of the most learned caeil
t>f the sixteenth century^ was born at Dundee in Scotland^
in 1506, and after making great progress in the Greek and
Latin languages at the grammar school of that place, studied
}>failosopby at St« Andrew's university with equal succes$i
He afterwards studied civil law at Paris and Bourges. At
this latter city be became acquainted with the Greek pro^
fessot*, James Amiof, who recommended him to be tutor to
Iwoyoting gentlemen; and this served also to introduce hiok
to Bernard Bometei, bishop of Rennes, a celebrated poIiti-»>
cal character) who invited Mr. Scrimzeor to accompanj^
him to Italy. There he became acqtiainted with the most
distinguished scholars of the country. The death of the
noted Francis Spira * happened during his visit at Padua^
and as the charatter and conduct of this remarkable person
at that time engaged the attention of the worId> Mu
Scrimzeor is said to have collected memoira of him^ which>
iM>wev^ does not appear in the catalogue of his works.
After he had stored his mind with the literature of foreign
countries^ and satisfied his curiosity as a traveller^ it was
his intention to have revisited Scotland ; but, on his jour«
ney horheward, through Geneva, the syndics and other
naagistrates requested him to set up the professipn of phi*
losophy in that city ; promising a suitable compensation.
He accepted the proposal, and established the philosophical
# Francis ^pira «ra8 a lawyer of g^eat p\ie&% Shoitly after he fell into a
Irepi^tatton at Cittadella in the Venetian deep iQelancholy, lost bis health, and
State, at the fateginnifkg pf th« sixteenth was reiQoyed to Padaa for the ad-
ceotury. He bad imbibed the prin« tice of physicians and divines; but
eiplet of the Aefbmiation, and was ac» bis disorders augmented. The re-
cused before iobn de la Cas8> areh- canlation, which he said he had mada
bisbo^ of BeneventOy the pope*ii nuA- Anom cowardice and' interest, AUed hit
vio at Venice. He made aome coti- mind with continual horror and remorse^
cessionSi and asked fmtdon of the pa^^ and no means being found to restore
jpal mififilKcfr for Mf crirorsw But the teither his health or peace of mind, ha
mincio inSHttetfapova public rtfcanta- fell a victim to his miserable situatiou
tkfa* Spira was exceedingly averse to in 1548.-«^Collier's Diet. art. Spira.
Ifala meaauris but at the pressing in- There have been many editions of a
fftancea of hh wife and his friendli, who '*■ Life of Spira^ published in England
represented to. him, that he must lose and Scotland, as a *^ warning to apos-
his practice and rtfin bis affairs by tatesv"
ptfftisting against it, he at last com-
1 Freiad's Hiftw of Pbysi<!.-^EIoy Diet. Hiil.
Vol. XXVII. W
290 S C R I M Z £ O Rr
chair ; but after he had taught for some time at Genera, a
fire broke out in his neighbourhood, by which' bis hodse
was consumed', and he himself, reduced -to great distress.
At this time flourished at Augsburg that famous mercantiie
family, the Fuggers. Uiric Fugger, its then represents*
live, a man possessed of prodigious wealth, and a munifi-
cent patron of learned men, having heard of the misfor"
tune which had be/alien Mr. Scrimzeor, immediately sent
him a pressing invitation.to accept an asylum beneath his
roof till his affairs could be re-established.' Mr. Scrinazeor,
gladly availing himself of such a hospitable kindness, lostnio
time in going to Germany.
Whilst residing at Augsburg with -Mr. Fugger, he was
much employed in augmenting his patron's library by vast
collections, purchased from every corner of Europe, par-
ticularly manuscripts of the Greek and Latin authors. He
also composed many works of great learning and ingenuity,
whilst he continued in a situation so peculiarly agreeable
%o the views and habits of a scholar ; and when he was de-
sirous of returning to Geneva to print them, Fugger re-
C^ommended him, for this purpose, to the very learned
flenry Stephens, one of his pensioners.
Immediately on bis arrival at Geneva, 1563, be was
earnestly solicited by the magistrates to resume the chair
of philosophy. With this he complied, and notwithstand-
ing the dedication of much of his time to the study of phy-
sics, he, two years afterwards, instituted a course of lectures
in the civil law, and had the honour of being its first pro-
fessor at Geneva. Being now settled here, he intended
to have printed his various works, but a suspicion which
Henry Stephens entertained, that it was his intention to
set up a rival press at Geneva, occasioned great dissentions
between them. The result of the dispute was, that almost
all Scriinzeor's publications were ppsthumous. Among
Uiem are critical and explanatory notes upon Athenaeus*;
>* Deipnosophists," published by Isaac Casaubon at Ley*
den in 1600, but without distinguishing his own notes from
those of Scrimzeor; also a commentary and emendations
of Strabo, which were published in Casaubon's edition of
that, geographer^ 1620, but likewise without acknowledging
the assistance he derived from Scrimzeor. Scrimzeor col-
lated different manuscripts of all the works of Plutarch,
probably with a view to an edition of that author, and also
the ten books oti Diogenes Laertius on the lives of the phi-
S C R I M 2 E O R. . fl9t
losophers. < His corrected text of this autbor, with t^otei
full of erudition, came into Casaubon's possession, and is
supposed to have contributed much to the value. of his
edition of Laertius, printed at Paris in 1593. The works
of Phornutus and Palaephatus were also among the collar'
ttons of Mr. Scrimzeor. To the latter of these authors he
made such cotlsiderable additions that the work became
partly his oWn; The manuscripts of both these were for
some time preserved in the library of sir Peter Young, after
that of liis uncle Scrimzeor, which was brought into Scot-
land in 1573, had been added to it. What became of this
valuable bequest at the death of the former, is not known«
Our learned philologer left also behind him, in manuscript,
the orations of Demosthenes, ^schines, and Cicero, and the
Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius, all carefully collated ;
and among, his literary remains^ vyas a collection of his'
Latin epistles. But of the many performances which had
exercised his pen, 'it does not appear that any were pub-
lished by himself but his translation of ^^Justinian's Novels''
into Greek. This was printed at Paris in 1558, and agaii\^
with Holoahder's Latin version at Antwerp in 1575. This
work has been highly extolled both for the purity of its
language and the accuracy of its execution. He wrote
also a Latin translation of *' The Basilica," or Basilics, a
collection of Roman Laws, which the Eastern emperors
Basil and Leo, who reigned in the fifth century,- com-
manded to be translated into Grefek, and which preserved
their authority till the dissolution of the Eastern empire.
Almost the whole of his life, although he arrived at old
age/ was spent in his library. The time of his death is
uncertain ; but it appears most likely, from a comparison
of different accounts, that it happened very near the ex-
piration of 1571, or at the beginning of the succeeding
year, about the sixty-sixth year of his age. He died in.th^
city of Geneva/
• SCRIVERIUS, or SCHRYVER (Peter), a consider-
able philologer and poet, was born at Harlem in 1576.
He was educated at Harlem and at Leyden, where he read
law in his early days, but devoted himself* afterwards to a
private and studious life^ which ended April 30, 1660, in
the .eight}'-fourtb year of his age. His works are : ^* Ba-
I Mackenzie's Scatck Writers, vol. lI.^Life by Mr. Lettice, in Euroyu Mef.
Ar 1795.
U 3
t»9 S C R I Y E R I U S.
tavia illustrata.'' ^* Batarise comitiimq;. ooiDiuti Historia*^
** M iscellafiea Philobgica.'* <^ GarmFina Latb»a & Belgioai'^
^< Poputare HoliandisB Ghronicoo." <f CoUecfcanea Yete*
rum Tragicoruou^* He likewise corrected the copy 0l
*< Yegetius," and enlarged and wrote itetet ujpw AqitiUu^a
** Chronicoii Grddricum ;*' and was the author or editor of
various other works,* clastical and historical. '
' SGUDERI (George db), a French writer of eminfeiice
in his day, was descended from an aacieot audi nobli^
fiftniily ,of Apt in Provence, and born at- Havre-de-Gmce
in 1603*.* He spent part of his youth at Apt^ and. after-
wards came and settled at Paris, where at first be subsisted
by the efforts of his pen, particularly in poetry^ and dm*
matic pieces, none of which are now isi any estimatioui^
and we may, therfefore^ be spared the trouble of giving
tbeir titles* In 1627 be published observations upon the
** Cid'* of Comeille, with a vieir of making bis court to
cardinal Richelieu, whe was absurdly enTious of- that great
]}oet, and did every thing he could to oppMe the vast re«
putation and success of the *^ Gid :*' and by his influence
alone enabled even such a man as Scuderi ^^ to balance^**
aa Ypltaire says, '< for some time, the reputation of Cor«»
iieille;'* Scuderi was received a member of the acadeasy
is 1650, He had before been made governor of the castle
of Notre- Dame de la Garde, in Proveuc^; and although
this was a situation of very little profit, Scuxler^ who was
still more vain than indigent, gave a pompous description
of it in a poem, which drew upon him the raillery of Gha-
pelle and Bachaumont. Scuderi died at Paris, May 14,
1667, leaving a name now better known than his works.*
SCUDERI (Magdeleine de), sister of the precedmg,
Itnd his superior in talents, was born at Havre^de-Graee in
1607, and became very eminent for her wit and her wri«
tings. She went early to Paris, where she gained admit*
sion into the assemblies of learning and fasbioot. Having
recourse, like her brother, to the pen, she gratified the taste
of the age for romances, by various productions- of that
kind, which were very eagerly read, and even procured
her literary honours. The celebrated academy of the
Ricovrati at Padua complimented her with a place in their
spcicfty; and some great personages showed their regard
^ Foppen Bibl. Belg.'—Saxii OnomMt.
3 'Mpr«ii— Diet. Bift-^Niceree, tqI. XV.— Voltaire's SiccU d« Uuit XiV .
C U D E R L aw
^'hf pretentSi and other marks of esteenii.. The prince of
Paderbom, bishop of Mtinster, sent her his works and a
tnedal ; and Christina of Sweden often wrote to her, set-
tied ofi her a pension, aad sent her her picture. Cardinal
MazariTi left her an annuity by his will : and Lewis XIV.
in 1663, at the solicitation of M. de Matntenon, settled
a good pension upon her, which was punctually paid.
His majesty also appointed her a special audience to receire
^ faer acknowledgments, and paid her some %'ery flattering
' compliments, She had an extensive correspondence with
tnen of learning and wit i and her bouse at Paris was the
rendewous of all who would be thought to patronize gc-
niusw She died in 1701, aged 94; and two churches con-
tended for the honour of possessing her remains, which
was thought a point of so much consequence, that nothing
less than the autfa'ority of the cardinal de Noailles, to whom
the affair was referred, was suflBcient to decide it. She
was a very voluminous writer as well as her brother, but of
snore merit ; and it is remarkable of this lady^ that she ob-
tained the first prize of eloquence founded by the acade-
my. There is much common-^place panegyric upon her
in the ^^ Menagiana,'* from the personal regard Menage
had for her : but her merits su*e better settled by Boileau,
in the '* Disoours^' prefixed to his dialogue entitled ^^Les
Hero des Roman.V Her principal works ane, ^^ Artamene,
on le Grand Cyras," 1650, 10 vols. «vo; " Clelie," 1660,
1 0 vols. 8vo; " Celanire, ou la Promenade de Versailles^'*
1698, 12nio ; << Ibrahim, ou Tlllustre Bassa,'' 1^41, 4 vols.
Svo ; " Almahide, ou I'Esclave Reine," : 1660, 8 vols. Bvo ;
^* Celine," 1661, Svo; " Mathilde d'Aguilar," 1667, Bvo;
** Conversations et Entretiens," 10 vols. &c. These last
conversations are thought the heat of Mad. Scuderi^s works,
but there was a time when English translations of her prolii^
romances were read. What recommended them to the
Flinch public was the traits of living characters which she
occasionally introduced. ^
SCULTETUS (Ab^ham), an eminent protestant di*
vine^ was born at Grumberg in Silesia, Aug. 24, 1556, and
after having studied there till 15Bt2, was sent to Bresiaw to
continue his progress in the sciences. He was recalled
•oon after, his father, who had lost all his fortune in the
fire of Grif Qb|»Fg, being no longer able to maintain him fit
294 S C U L T E T U S.
the college, and therefore intending to bring him iip to
«ome trade. The young man was not at all pleased with
snch a proposal ; and looked put for the place of a tutor,
which he found in the family of a burgomaster of Freistad,
^nd this gave liim an opportunity of hearing the sermons of
Melancthon and of Abraham Bucholtzer. In 1584 he
took a journey into Poland, and went to Gorlitz in Lusatia
the year following, and resided there above two years,
constantly attending the public lectures, and reacling pri-
vate lectures to others. He employed himself in the same
manner in the university ofWittemberg in 1588 and 1589,
and afterwards in that of Heidelberg till he was admitted
into the church in 1594. He officiated in a village of the
palatinate for some months ; after which he was sent for
by the elector palatine to be one of his preachers. In
1598 be was appointed pastor of the church of St. Francis
at Heidelberg, and two years after was made a member of
the ecclesiastical senate. He was employed several times
in visiting the churches and schools of the palatinate,
and among these avocations wrote some works, which re-
quired great labour. He attended Uie prince of Anbalt to
the war at Juliers in 1610, and applied himself with great
prudence and vigilance to the re-settlement of the affairs of
the reformed church in those parts. He attended Fre-
deric V. prince palatine into England in 1612, and con-
tracted an acquaintance with the most learned men of that
kingdom, bu! Wood speaks of his having resided some
time at Oxford in 1598. He took a journey to Branden-
burg in 1614, the elector John Sigismond, who was about
renouncing Lutheranism, being desirous of concerting
measures with him with respect to that change ; and on his
return to Heidelberg he accepted the place of court-
preacher, which he relinquished when appointed prOf
fessor of divinity in 1618. He was deputed soon after to
the synod of Dort, where he endeavoured at first to pro-
cure a reconciliation of the contending parties ; but finding
nothing of that kind was to be expected, he opposed vi-
gorously the doctrines of the Arminians. He preached at
Francfort the year following during the electoral diet held
there, his master having appointed him preacher to the
deputies whom he sent thither. He also attended that
prince in his journey into Bohemia; and retiring. into Sile-
sia after the fatal battle of Prague, resolved to return to
Heidelberg in order to discharge the functions of his pro-
S C U L T E T U ». 2d5
faisorship there ; but the fury of the war having dispersed
tlie K^dentS) he went to Bretten, and afterwards to Schorn-
dorf in the country of Wirtemberg, whence he removed t6
Eoibden in August 1622. ' The king of Bohemia his mas-
ter had consented that the city of Embden should offer
SQultetus the place of preacher, but he did not enjoy it
very long; for he died October the 24th, 1625.
The principal works of this learned divine, who, as Fre-
faer says, was reckoned another Chrysostom, are, 1. ^^ Con-
futatio disputationis Baronii de baptismo Constantini,^* '
Neost. 1607, 4to. 2. " Annales Evangelii per Europam
15 Seculi renovati, Decad. I et 2," Heidelberg, 1618, 8vo.
In these annals of the reformation he has shown himself a
very candid and credible historian. 3. ^^ Axiomata con-
cionandi," Han. 1619, Bvo. 4. " Obseryationes in Pauli
£pistolas ad Timotheum, Titum, etPhilemonem." 5. " Me-
dulla Patrum,'' 1634, 4to. So indefatigable was his ap- «
plication, that be wrote the following lines over his study
door :
Anuce: quisquis hue venis>
Aut agito paucis^ aut abi :
Aut me laborantem adjuva.^
SCULTETUS, or SCULTZ (John), a distinguished
surgeon, .was born in 1595, at Ulm, and studied medicine
at Padua, where he took his degrees in that faculty in 1621.
On his return to his native city, he practised with great
reputation for twenty years, until being* called to Stutgard
to a patient, he was there attacked with a fit of apoplexy^
which terminated his life December 1, 1645. He appears
to have practised surgery extensively, and with great bold-
ness in the operations of bronchotomy, of the trephine, and
for empyema. His principal work is entitled ^* Armamen-
tarium Chirurgicum, 43 labuiis spre incisis ornatum ;'' and
was published after bis death, at Ulm, in 1653, It subse-
quently passed through many editions, and was translated
into most of the European languages.^
SGYLAX, an ancient mathematician and geographer^
was a native of Caryanda, in Caria, and is noticed by He-
rodotus, and by Suidas, who, however, has evidently con*
founded different persons of the same name. There is a
Periplus which still remains, bearing the name of Scylax,
and which is a brief survey of the countries along the shores
1 Freberi Theatrum.— Gto* Diet. ^ £loy Diet. Hiii. d« M«dicJa(i.
f^f « C Y L A X; ;
m
pf thp Aj[edUerraQean apd .£uxine s^^p^ . tpgf tibt^r witb P9fl
pf^the vHe3tern coasi of Afriqa surveyed by HannQ;<butii
fi€eti)$ doubtful to what Scylax it belongs. Tbis Periplua
hs^ coaie dowo to us in a corrupted state : it ws^^ first pub^r
)isfaed from a palatine MS by Hoeticbelius and others in
;i,600. It was afterwards e^it^d by Isaac Vossius in 163£>;
by Hudson in 1698, and by Gronovius in 170Q.'
\ SCyUTZA, or SCYWTZES (John), called also Cu-
£OPALAT£S| from an office be held in tbe ho^isehold of tbe
emperor . of that name, was a Greel^ historian, knowa fof
|)is abridgment of history from tbe death of Nicepboruf
Logptbetes,. in SUs tp the deposition of Nicepborus 9oto^
liiates, in 1081. This history, from 1067) is the same as
that of Cedrenus, which has raised a doubt whether Cedre^
pu^ or Scylitssa was the original autbpr* Scylitya is thought
to have beeii a native of l^esser A^ia»^ and a prefect of tbe
guards before he attained the dignity of curopalatea. K
]|^ajtiQ tran9lation.of his history entire, was published ait Ve^t
liice in 157Q; and tbe part concerning which there is no
dispute was printed in Greek and Latin conjointly with that
futbor, at Paris, in 1647.*
8EBA (Albert), an apothecary of Amsterdam, who died
in 1736, prepared a splendid description) with plates, of
bis own pipseum, in four l^rge folio volumes, whiph cam^
qut between 1734 and 1765. Histhre^ latter volumes wer^
posthumous publication^. Many Cape plapts ar^ b^re eq-r
graved} and aquongst them one of tbe gienMs Seb^a^ so calle4
in honoA^r of bim^ Yi^t Seba does not deserve to rank asa
^i^ntific botanist. ; nor did }J\nn^w^ who Jifiew him, and
by. wbo^e repoipmendat^on he employed A^xteAi to arraoge
^ .fisbes^ ever think him worthy to be commemorated in %
g;^ni4S. If, . however, we compare him w|th numbers who
ba^e been so cpmm€Q9orated, be wi)l not appear to so mucb
^^sadvantage ; for $ts a collector he ^stai^ds rather big^*'*
, ^SEBASTIAN, See PIOMBO.
SECKENDORF (Vitus l.ouis d»), a very learned Gert
p^n^ vpasd^spPHd^cJ from ancient and noble families; and
born 2iX Aj|^raq)ji9 , ft town of f ranconia» Pec. 20, 1626. Ho
inade good yse of ft liberal education, and wfis not Qply ^
QEi^er of the French^ Latin, Greek, and Hebrew Iaqgiiagps»
buj; had also some skill in inatb§rna(ics $^nd tb^ s<?(pfiQes»
^ Mr.' I>ewhurat in Atheosenm, vol. IV.
* Vossius de Hist, Gr«c.--CsTe, Tol. Il.-rrrFal^ric. {libL Gnpc.
s Rcet*i Cyc|op»diav
8 E C K E N D O R p. SM
Vh^ f^r^ut progress he made in his youth coming to the eara
of Erneit ihe pious, dukeof Saxe>Gotha, this prince sent
4br htm from Cobourg, where he then wa^, to be educateit
with his children. After remaining two years at Gotha, he
wenty in 1642, to Strasburg; but returned to Gotha in
•1646, and was made honorary librarian to the duke. Iq
1651, be was made auHc and ecclesiastical counsellor;
atid, in 1663, a counsellor of state, first minister, and
Sovereign director of the consistory. The year after, he
vpent into the service of Maurice, duke of Saxe«Zeist, as
counsellor of state and chancellor ; and was no less regarded
by this new master than he had been by the duke of Saxe-
i^otha. He continued with htm till his deuth, which hap»
pened in 16dl ; and then preferred a life of retirement^
fduring which he composed a great many works ; but Fre«
deric illr elector of Brandenburg, again brought him into
public lite,'and made him a counsellor of state and chancellor
of the university of Halle, dignities which he did not enjoy
long, for he died at Halle Dec. 18, 1692, in the sixty-sixth
year of his age. He was twice married, but had only one
son, who survived him. Besides his knowledge' of languages^
he was learned in law, history, divinity; and is also said to
have been a tolerable painter and engraver. Of bis liume*
rous writings, that in most estimation for its utility, was
published at Francfort, 1692, 2 vols, folio, usually bound^
mp in one, with the title, ** Commentarius Historicus &
j^poiogeticus de Lutberanismo, sive de Reformatione RelLn
gionis ductu D. ]V(artini Lutberi in magna Germania, aliis*
que regionibtis, & speciatim in Saxonia, recepta & stabi*
lita,^' 8f,c, This work, which is very valuable on many ac^
counts, and particular^y curious for several singular piecei
and extracts that are to be found in it, still holds its repu^
tation, and is referred to by all' writers on the reformation.'
SECKER (Thomas), an eminent English prelate, waa
born in 1693, at a small village called Sibthorpe, in the
yale of Belvoir, Nottinghamshire. His father was a Protes-
tant dissenter, a pious, virtuous, and sensible man, who^
having a small paternal fortune, followed no profession*
His mother was the daughter of Mr. George Brought of
8helton, in the county of Nottingham, a substantial gen-
tleman farmer. He received his education at several pri«
vate schopls in the country, being obliged by various acci«
«
tB$ S E C K E R.
dents to change bis masters' frequently ; yet at the. age <^
nineteen he had not only made a considerable progress i^
Greek and Latin, and read the best and most di65cult
writers in both languages, but had acquired a knowledge
of French, Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac, had learned
geography, logic, algebra, geometry, conic sections, and
gone through a course of leGt;ures on Jewish antiquities,
and other points preparatory to the study of tlie Bible. At
the same time, in one or other of these academies, he had
an .opportunity of forming an acquaintance with several
persons of great abilities. Among the rest, in the academy
pf Mr. Jones at Tewkesbury, he laid the foundation of. a
Atrict friendship with Mr. Joseph Butler, afterwards bishop
of Durham. ^
Mr. Seeker bad been designed by his father for orders
among the dissenters. With this view, his studies were
directed chiefly, and very assiduously, to divinity, but not
being able to decide upon certain doctrines, or determine
absolutely what communion he should embrace, he resolved
to pursue some profession, which should leave him at liberty
to weigh these things more maturely in his thoughts, and
therefore, about the end of 1716, he applied himself to
the study of physic, both at London and Paris. During
bis stay^ at Paris, he kept up a constant correspondence
with Mr. Butler, who was now preacher at the Rolls, Mr.
Butter took occasion to mention his friend Mr, Seeker,
lyithout his knowledge, to Mr. Edward Talbot, who pro-
mised, in case he chose to take orders in the church of
England, to engage the bishop, his father, to provide for
him. This was communicated to Mr. Seeker, in a letter,
about the beginning of May 1720. He had not at that
time come to any resolution of quitting the study of physic,
but he began to foresee many obstacles to his pursuing that
profession: and having never discontinued his application
t.Q theology, his former difficulties, both with regard to con-
formity, and some other doubtful points, had gradually
lessened, as his judgment became stronger, and his reading
and knowledge more extensive. It appears also from two
of his letters from Paris, both of them prior to the date of
Mr. Butler's communication above mentioned, that he was
greatjy dissatisfied with the divisions and disturbances which .
at that particular period prevailed among the, dissenters,
In this state of mind Mr. Butler's unexpected proposal
found him, a^nd after deliberating carefully on the subject'
S E C K E R. 2^9
of such a change for upwards of two month*;, he resolved
to embrace the offer, and for that purpose quitted France
about July 1720.
Mr Talbot died a few months after his arrival in England,
but not without recommending Mr. Seeker, Mr. Benson,
and Mr. Butler, to his father's notice. Mr. Seeker having,
notwithstanding this loss, determined to persevere in his
new plan, and it being judged necessary by his friends that
he should have a decree at Oxford, and he being informed
that if he should previously take the degree of doctor in
physic at Leyden, it would probably help him in obtaining
the other, he went thither for that purpose, and took his
degree at Leyden, March 7, 1721, and as a thesis wrote
and printed a dissertation de viedicina statica. On Jiis re-
turn, he entered himself, April 1, a gentleman commoner
of Exeter college, Oxford, about a year after which be
obtained the degree of B. A. without any difficulty, in con«
sequence of a recommendatory letter from the chancellor.
In Dec. 1722, bishop Talbot ordained him deacon, -and pot
long after priest In St. James's church, where he preached
his first sefmon, March 28, 1723. In 1724, the bishop
gave him the rectory of Houghton le Spring, and this va-
luable living enabling him to settle in the world, in a man-
ner agreeably to his inclinations, he married Oct. 2S, 1725,
Miss Catherine Benson, sister to bishop Benson. At the
earnest desire of both, Mrs. Talbot, widow to his friend
Mr. Edward Talbot, and her daughter, consented to live
with them, and the two families from that time became
one.
At Houghton Mr. Seeker applierl himself with alacrity to
all the duties of a country clergyman, omitting nothing
which be thought could be of use to his flock. He brought
down his conversation and his sermons to the level of their
understandings; visited them in private, catechised the
young and ignorantj received his country neighbours and
tenants Jcindly and hospitably, and was of great service to
the poorer sort by his skill in physic, which was the only
use he ever made of it Though this place was in a very
remote part of the world, yet the solitude of it perfectly
suited his studious disposition, and the income arising frona
it bounded his ambition. Here he would have been con-
tent to live and die : here, as he has often been heard to
declare, he spent some of the happiest hours of his life»:
and it was no thought or choice of his own that remove4
too « E C K E H.
, bkn to a higher and more public sphere. But Mn. SedcerS
. betUby which was thought to have been injured by the
dampness of the situation^ obliged him to think of exchange
. ing it for a more healthy one. On this account he prbcured
. an exchange of Houghton for a prebend of Durham, and
the rectory of Ryton, in 1727 ; and for the two following
r years be lived chiefly at Durham^ going over ei^ery week
to officiate at Ryton, and spending there two or three
. months together in the summer. In July 1732> the duke
ofGrafton, then lord chamberlain, appointed him chap*
lain to the king. For this favour be was indebted to bishop
. Sherlock, who having heard him preach at Bath, thought
his abilities worthy of being brought forward into public
• notice. From that time an intimacy commenced betwixt
ihem, and he received from that prelate many solid proofs
of esteem and friendship. This preferinent produced, him
also the honour of a conversation with queen Caroline. Mr.
Seeker's character was now so well establi^ed, that on the
resignation of Dr. Tyrwhit, he was instituted to the rectory
. of St. James's, May 18, 1732, and in the beginning of July
wenn to Oxford to take his degree of doctor'of law9, not
-being of sufficient standing for that of divinity. On this
occasion he preached his celebrated Act sermon, on the
advantages and duties of academical education, which was
printed at the desire of the heads of houses, and quickly
passed through several editions. The queen, in a subse?
quent interview,* expressed her high opinion of this sermon,
which was also thought to have contributed not a little to
his promotion to the bishopric of Bristol, to which he was
ffonftecrated Jan. 1 9, 1735.
Dr. I^ecker immediately set about the visitation of his dio-
cese, confirmed in a great many places, preached in several
churches^ sometimes twice a day, and from the information
received in his progress, laid the foundation of a parochial
lioccFunt of his diocese, for the benefit of his successors.
Finding at the same time, the affairs of his parish of St.
James's io great disorder, he took the trouble, in concert
With a few others, to put the accounts of the several officeiH
into a regular method. He also drew up for the use of bis
parishioners that course of *' Lectures on the Church Cate^
efaism,'' which have since been so often reprinted. ^^Tbe
Bermona,'* says bishop Porteus, *< which he set himself to
compose were truly excellent and original. His faculties
were now in their full vigour, und he had Un audience tp
9 E C K £ It Sot
l]le»k Vefqre that rendered the utmosl^ eYeriioa of thcsi ne^
9e888ury. He did DQt, however* 9eek to gratify: the higher
part by amusing them with refined specuUtionsvor ingenio
^,us essays, unintelligible to the lower part, and unprofitft*^
hie to both ; but he laid before them all, with equal freedom
and plainness, the great Christian duties belonging to th«ir
respective stations, and reproved the follies and vieea of
every rank amongst them without distinction or palliation/*
He was certainly one of the most popular preachers of hit
time* and though, as his biographer observe, hia teniions
may not now afford the same pleasure, , or produce the Muno
effects in the closet, as they did from tfae.pul|>it, aeeompO'^*
nied as they then were with all the advahtagies of his deUk
very, yet it will plainly appear that the applause they met
with was founded no less on the matter they eontaioed^
than the manner in which they were spoken*
On {he translajtion of Dr. Potter to the archbisboprie of
Canterbury, Dr. S.ecker was translated to the bisboprie of
Oxford,' in May 1737* When the unfortuante breach hap*^
Eened between the late king and the prince of Walesy Ui
ighness having removed to Norfolk-house, ki .tbeiparisb
of St. Jame^^s, attended divine service consliantly at that
chureh. Two stories are told of this> matter, ^htch, al^
though without much foundation, served to amuse the-pisb^*
lie for a while. The one was, that the first tim^ the prinoe*
made bis appearance at churchy the clerk in orders^ Mr4'
Bonney, began the service with -the sentence^ ^^I wiUariw
and go to my father," &c.— The other, that Dr^ Seeker
preaehed from the text, ^^ Honour thy father and thy mo*'
ther,'' &c.— Dr. Seeker had the honoor of baptizing all hir
4ugbness*s children except two, and though be did not at«
tend his cour^ which was forbidden to those who went to
the kit)gfs, yet on every proper occasion he behaved with-
all the submission and respect due to his illustrious rank*
In consequence of this, his influ^snce with the prince beings
supposed much greater than it really was, he was sent, by^
the king's direction, with a message to his royal highness $
iKhieh not producing the effects expected from it, he bad
the oiisfortujie to inc^r his majesty's displeasure, who had'
been uuhappily persuaded to tbink that be might harve dona-
more with the prince than he did^ .though indeed he could
not. For this reason, and because he sometimes acted'
with those who opposed the court, the king did not speak
tp kim fot a great number of years. Tba whole of Dr«
ifoe 8 E C K E R.
Secker^s parliamentary conduct appears to have been loytL]^
manly, and independent. His circular letter to his clergy,
and bis sermon on the subject of the rebellion in 1745, rank
among the best and most efficacious documents of the kind
which that melancholy event produced. In the spring of
1748 his wife died, to whom he had now been married up-
wards of twenty years.
' In December 1750, he was promoted to the deanery of
St. Paul's,, in exchange for the rectory of St. James's and
the prebend of Durham. Having now more leisure both to
prosecute his own studies, and to encourage those of others,
he g^ve Dr. Church considerable assistance in his <* first
and second Vindication of the Miraculous powers," against
Dr. Middleton, and in his *^ Analysis of Lord Bolingbroke's
Works," which appeared a few years afterwards. He like-
wise assisted archdeacon Sharpe in his controversy with the
Hatchinsonians, which was carried on to the end of the
year 1755.
. During the whole time that be was dean of St. Paul's, he
' attended divine service constantly in that cathedral twice
every day, whether in residence or not; and in concert
with the three other residentiaries, established the custom
of alwHys preaching their /own turns in the afternoon, or
exchanging with each other only, which, excepting the case
•of illness, or extraordinary accidents, was very punctually
observed. He also introduced many salutary regulations in
the financial concerns of^he church, the keeping of the re-
gisters, &c. &c. In the summer months he resided con-
stantly at his episcopal house at Cuddesden, the vicinity of
which to Oxford rendered it very pleasing to a man of his
literary turn. His house was the resort of those who were '
most distinguished for academical merit, and his cdnversa*
tion such as was worthy of his guests, who always left him
with a high esteem of his understandmg and learning. And
though in the warm contest in 1754, for representatives of
the county (in which it was sci^rce possible fur any person
of eminence to remain neuter), he openly espoused that side
which, was thought most favourable to the principles of the"^
revolution ; yet it was without bitterness or vehemence,
without ever. departing from the decency of his profession,
the dignity of his station, or the charity prescribed by his
religion.
His conduct as a prelate was in the strictest sense of the
word, exemplary. In his chargels, he enjoined no <luty9
S E C K E IL ZQ3
^nd imposed no burthen, on those under his jurisdiction^^
which he had not formerly undergone, or was not still ready,
as far as became him, to undergo. He preached constant-
ly in his church at Cuddesden every Sunday morning, and
read a lecture on the catechism in the evening ;^both which
be continued to do in Lambeth chapel after he became
archbishop) and in every other respect, within his own pro«
per department, was himself that devout, discreet, disin-
terested, laborious, conscientious pastor, which he wished
and exhorted every clergyman in his diocese to become.
At length such distinguished merit prevailed over all the
political obstacles to his advancement ; and on the death of
archbishop Hutton, he was appointed by'the king to suc-
ceed him in the diocese of Canterbury, and was accordingly
confirmed at Bow-church on April 21, 1758. The use he
made of this dignity very clearjy shewed that rank, and
wealth, and power, had in no other light any charms for
him, than as they enlarged the sphere of his active, and
industrious' benevolence.
In little more than two years after his grace's promotion
to the see df Canterbury, died the late George IL Of
what passed on that occasion, and of the form observed in
proclaiming our present sovereign .(in which the archbishop
of course took the lead), his grace has left an account ia
writing. He did the same with regard to the subsequent cere-
monials of marrying and crowning their present majesties,
which in consequence of his station he-bad the honour ta
solemnize, and in which he found a great want of proper
precedents and directions. He had before, when rector of
St. Jameses, baptized the new king (who was bom in Nor-*
fblk-boqse, in that parish) and he was afterwards called
upon to perform the same office for the greatest part of his
iQajesty*s children ; a remarkable, and perhaps unexampled
concurrence of such incidents in the life of one man.
As archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Seeker considered
himself as the- natural guardian, not only of that church
over which he presided, but of learning, virtue, and reli-»
gion at large; and, from the eminence on which he. was.
placed, looked round with a watchful eye on every thing
that concerned them, embracing readily all opportunities
to promote their interests, and opposing, as far as he was
able, all attempts to injure them. Men of real genius or
extensive, knowledge, he sought out and encouraged. Even
those of humbler talents, pjx)vided their industry was great.
S04 ,S £ C tC £ R.
and tbeir ititehtions good^ be treated with kitidtiess atid
condescension. Both sorts be would frequently employ in
undertakings suited to tbeir respective abilities, and re^
warded them in ways suited to tbeir respective wants* He
assisted tbem with books, promoted subscriptions to tbeir
works, contributed largely to them himself, talked with
them on tbeir private concerns, entered warmly into tbeir
interests, used his credit for tbem with the great^ and gave
them preferments of bk own» He expended upwards of
300/. in arranging and improving the MS library at Lam-«
betb. And having observed vtriib concern, that the library
of printed books in that palace bad received no accessions
aince the time of archbishop Tenison, he made it bis bu^
siness to collect books in ail languages from most parts of
Europe, at a very gr^at expence, wi»b a view of supplying
that chasm ; which be- accordingly did, by leaving thecn to
the library at bis death.
All designs and institupons that tended to advance good
morals and true religion he patronized with seal and
generosity. He contributed largely to the maintenance o^
schools for the poor, to rebuilding or repairing parsonage^
houses and places of worship, and gave at one lime do less
than 500/. towards erecting a chapel in the.parishof Lattibetb^
to which he afterwards added near 100/. more. To the so-»
ciety for promoting Christian knowledge be was a liberal
benefactor ; and to that for propagating the gOspel in fo*
reign parts, of which be was the president, he paid mttcb
attention, was constant at the meetings of its members^ and
•nperintended tbeir deliberations with consummate pru^*
dence and tempen He was sincerely desirous to improve
to the utmost that excellent institution, atkl to diffuse the
Ifinowledge and belief of Christianity as wide as tberevenues
of the society, and the extreme difficulty of establishing
schools and missions amongst the Indians, and of making
any effectual and durable impressions of religion on ibeit
uncivilized minds, would admit. But Dr. Mayhew, of
Boston in New England, having in an angry pamphlet ae^
cused the society of not suflBciently answering these good
purposes, and of departing widely from the spirit of their
charter, with many injurious reflections interspersed on the
church of England, and the design of appointing bishops
in America, bis grace on all these accounts thought himself
called upon to confute biss invectives, wbicl| be did in a
short ananyoiotts piece, entitled '^An Answer to Dr. May^
\
iS E C k E 1(. .30^
fiew's Observations ou the charter and conduct of the So«
ciety.for propagating the Gospel," London, 1 764-, reprinted
in America. The strength of argument, as well as fairnesd
and good temper, with which this answer was written, had
aconsiderable effect dti all impartial men ; and even on th^
dpctor himself, who plainly perceived that he had no com-
moB adversary to deal with ; and could not help acknow-^
ledgi-ng him to be ^* a person of excellent sense, and of a
happy talent at writing; apparently free from the sordid
illiberal spirit of bigotry; one of a cool temper, who oftea
shewed much candour, was well acquainted^ with the affairs
of the society, and in general a fair reasoner." He was
therefore so far. wrought upon by his " worthy answerer,'*
as to abate much in his reply of his former warmth ,a.nd
acrimony. But as he still would not allow himself^ to b6
V wrong in any material point,'^ nor forbear giving way too
much to reproachful language and ludicrous misrepresenta-
-tioDS, be was again animadverted upon by the late Mr:
'Apthorpe, in a sensible trpt, entitled, " A. Review of.Dr.
Jklayjiievv's K^/BU^arjss," &c. 1765. This put an end to the
di^^te.; The dogtor, on reading it, declared he should not
an$wqr it(|.and tba following year he died.
.< U appeared evidently in the course of this controversy
that Dr, Mayb«?w, and probably many other worthy men
^anu>i}gst thp Dissenters, both at home and abroad, had
can geixed^i very; unreasonable and groundless jealousies of
tl|^, chuVfrh of Eogland, and its governors; and had, in
paftipuiar^ greatly misunderstood the proposal for appoint-
ing .bishops in some of the colonies. The nature of that
fhh is;. fully explained in bishop Porteus's life of our
4^rchbi$ho3^, to. which we refer^ The question is now of
J^ss. importance, for notwithstanding the violent opposition
to lulie measure, when Dr. Seeker espoused it, no sooner
di,d.. the American provinces become independent stateSj<
|:ban application was. made to the English bishops by some
' of those states to consecrate bishops for them according to
• the rites of the church of England, and three bishops were
'actually consecrated in London some years ago: one for
• Pennsylvania^ another for New York, and a third for Vir-
ginia. .
Whenever any publications came to the archbishop^s
knowledge that were manifestly calculated to corrupt good
morals, or subvert the foundations of Christianity, he did
bis utmost to stop the circulation of them ; yet the wretched
Vol. XXVII. X
SOS S E C K E R.
9.atibors rbemselves he was so far frovs^ wasting to trefit wU&
any undue rigour, that he ba« more than once extende4
)i}is bounty to them in distress. And when their writing$^
l^ould not properly be suppressed (99 was too often the
case) by lawful authority, he engaged men of abilities tQ
answer them, and rewarded them for their trouble. His
attention was everywhere. Even the falsehoods and mis^
representations of writers in the newapapera, on religious
or ecclesiastical subjects, he generally took care to have
eo&tradicted : and when they seenied likely to injure, ia
^ny npaterial degree, the <;ause of virtue and religion, or
jtbe reputation of eminent and worthy men, he would
sametiiaes tak<e the trouble of answeriug them himself^
fOi>e insti^nce of this kind, which does him lionour, and
4eserves memtiou, 'was his defence of Bishop Builer, wliQi
in a pamphlet, published in 1767, was accused pf haying
jdiied a papist.
The conduct which hie observed towards the several dir
visiions and denominations of Christians in this kingdom^,
was such as shewed his way of thinking to be truly liberal
mid catholic. The dangerous spirit of popery, indeed, he
thought should always be ikept under proper legal rer
•straipts, on account of its natural opposition, not only to
the religious, but the civil rights of mankind. He there--
foiie observed its movements with care, and exhorted his
.cJe^gy to do the same, especially those who were aituated
<ifi the mid»t of Roman catholic families : against whose
influence they were charged to be upoo U>eir guard, and
were furnished with proper books or instructions for the
purpose. He took all opportunities of combating th^ er-
;]K>fs.ofthe church of Rome, in his own wrutings; and tlii^
, best answers that were published to son^e bold apologies*
{or popery yirere written at his iustance, and under bi^ 'di-
rection.
With the dissenters his grace was sincerely desirous oi
. cultiyajting a good understanding. He considered them,,
in general, as a conscientious and valuable class of men.
With some of the most eminent of them, Wf^tts, Dod-
dridge^> Lel9ind, Chandler, and Lard^er, be maintained ^xk
^ The biographers of eminent dts- dridge's Letters," in bis zeal, has pii»-
^ Mnters, with all ikieir prgudiees against docetl two letters from archbishop Seek-
the i)ieroFchy, seem aever to exult er to that dirinc, forgetting ibat he ii|is
wore thap when * tbey can produce not archbish<^ until several years after
the correspondence of a distinfuished Doddridge^s death.
: |ii«Urt«, But the ^^il^r of ** Dr. Dod-
8 E C K E R. ^7
lAtercotSfse of friendship or civility. By the most capdid
and considerate part of them he was highly reverenced and
esteemed : and to such among theni as needed help hQ
shewed no less kindness and liberality than to those of Jbis
own communion.
Nor was his concern for the Protestant cause confined to-
his own country ; be was well known as the great patroa
and protector of it in various parts of Europe : from
whence he had frequent applications for assistance^ which
never failed of being favourably received. To several
foreign Protestants he allowed pensions, to others he gav^
occasional relief, and to some of their universities was an
annual benefactor.
In public affairs, his grace acted the part of an honest
cttizen» and a worthy member of the British legislature*
From bis entrance into the House of Peers, his parlia-
mentary conduct was uniformly upright and noble. Ha
kept equally clear from the extremes of factious petulance
and servile dependence : never wantonly thwarting admi-
nistration from motives of party zeal or private pique^ or
personal attachment, or a passion for popularity : nor yet
going every length with every minister, from views of
interest or ambition. He seldom, however, spoke ia
parliament, except where the interests of religion and vir^-
)t;ue seemed to require it : but whenever he did, he spoke
with propriety and strength, and was heard with attentiom
and deference. Though he never attached himself blindly
to any set of men, yet his chief political connebtions were
yf\\\i. the late duke of Newcastle, and lord chancellor
Hardwicke. To these he owed principally his advahce-
xnent : and he lived long enough to shew bis gratitude to
them or their descendants.
. Puring more than ten years that Dr. Seclser enjoyed
the see of Canterbury, he resided constantly at bis archie*-
piscopal house at Lambeth. A few months before bis
death, the dreadful pains he felt had compelled him to
thiok of trying the Bath waters : but that design was
;itoj>.ped by the fatal accident which put an end to his life*
JSxs grace had hee.n for many years subject to the gou^
mbicbj in the latter part of his life, returned with mor^ .
frequency and violence, and did not go off in a regular
inanner, but left thp parts affected for a long time veiy
Weak, and was succeeded by pains in different parts of the«
*body. About a year and a half before be died^ after ^ fit
Z 2
J0« S E C K: E R.
of the gout, he was attacked with a pain in the artn, near*
the shoulder, which having continued about twelve months^
a similar pain seized the upper and outer part of the oppo-
site thighy and the arm soon became easier. This was
much more grievous than the former, as it quickly disabled*
him from walking, and kept him in almost continual tor-
ment, except when he was ip a reclining position. During
this time he had two or three fits of the gout : but neither
tli^ gout nor the medicines alleviated these pains, which,
with the want of exercise, brought him into a general bad
habit of bt)dy.
On Saturday July 30, 17fi8, he was seized, as he sat at
dinner, with a sickness at his stomach. He recovered be-
fore night : but thfe next evening, while his physicians were
attending, his servants raising him on his couch, he sud-
denly cried out that his thigh-bone was broken. He lay
for some time in great agonies, but when the surgeons
lirrived, and discovered with certainty that the bone was
broken, he was perfectly resigned, and never afterwards
asked a question about the event. A fever soon ensued :
on Tuesdaj^ he became lethargic, and continued so tilt
about five o'clock on Wednesday afternoon, when he ex-
pired with great calmness, in the seventy- fifth year of his
age. On examination, the thigh-bone was found to be
carious about four inches in length, and at nearly the same
distance from its head. He was buried, pursuant to his
own directions, in a covered passage, leading from a pri-
vate door of the palace to the north door of Lambeth
church : and he forbade any monument or epitaph to be
placed over him.
In person, Dr. Seeker was tall and comely : in the early
part of his life slender, and rathei; consumptive : but as he
advanced in years, his size increased, yet never to a degree
of corpulency that was disproportionate or troublesome.
'His countenance was open, ingenuous, and expressive.
By his will, he appointed D^. Daniel Burton, and Mrs.
'Catherine Talbot (daughter of the Rev. Mr. Edward Tal-
bot), his ex'ecntors ; arid left thirteen thousand pounds in
the three per cent, annuities to Dr. Portens and Dr. Stinton
his chaplains, in trust, to pay the interest thereof to Mrs.
'Talbot and her daughter during their joint lives, or the life
of the survivor; and, after the decease of both those
ladies, eleven thousand to be transferred to the following
charitable purposes: ^ ■ •
SEC K E R. aod.
• • •
To the society for propagation of the gospel in foreigpn-
parts, for the general uses of the society, lOOO/. ; to the
same society, towards the establishment of a bishop or
bishops in the king^s dominions in America, 1000/.; to the
society for promoting Christian knowledge, 600/. ; to the
Irish protestant working schools, 500/. ; to the corporation
af the widows and children of the poor clergy, 500/.; to
the society of the stewards of the said charity, 200/. ;
to Bromley college in Kent, 500/. ; to the hospitals of the
archbishop of Canterbury, at Croydon, St. John at Canter-
bury, and St. Nicholas Harbledown^ 500/. each; to St.
George's and London hospitals, and the lying-iti-hospital
in Brownlow-street;, 500/. each; to the Asylum in the
parish of Lambeth, 400/. ; to the Magdalen-hospital, the
Lock-hospital, the ScpalUpo^ and Inocnlation-Ji )spital, to
each of which bis grace was a subscriber, 300/. each ;
to. the incurabi^es at St. Luke^s hospital, 500/. ; t.owards tlie
repairing or rebuilding of houses belonging to poor livings
in the diocese of Canterbury, 2^000,/.
Besides these donations, he left 1000/. to be distributed
amongst his senvi)nts ; 200/. to such poor persons as he
assisted in bis life-time; 5000/. to the two daughters
of his nephew Mr. Frost ; 500/. to Mrs. Seeker, the
widow of his nephew Dr. George Seeker, and 200/. to Dr.
Daniel Burton. After the payment of those and some other
smaller legacies, he left his real and the residue of his
personal estate to Mr. Thomas Frost of Nottinj^ham. The.
greatest part of his very noble collection of books he be-
queathed to the Archiepiscopal library at Lambeth, the
i;est betwixt his two chaplains and two other friends. To
the manuscript library in the same palace, he left a large
i;iuml>er of very learned and valuable MSS. written by him-
self on a great variety of subjects, critical and theological.
His well-known catechetical lectures, and his MS sermons
he left to be revised by his two chaplains, Dr. Stinton and.
Dr. Porteus, by' whom they were published in 1770. His.
options he gave to the archbishop of Canterbury, the
bishop of London, and the bishop of Winchester for the
time being, in trust, to be disposed of by them (as they
became vacant) to such persons as they should in their,
consciences think it would have been most reasonable for,
him to have given them, had he been living.
The life prefixed to his works was written by Dr. Por-
teiis/ the late very amiable and much admired bishop of
gia 8 E C K E R.
London, and reprinted separately by his lordship in 1797,
in consequence of bishop Hurd's having, in his life of
Warburton, ** judged it expedient to introduce into his Kfe
of bishop Watburton, such observations on the talents^
learning, and writings of archbishop Seeker, as appeared,
both to Dr. Porteus and to many other of bis grace'ar
friends extremely injurious to his literary character, and
the credit of his numerous and useful publications; and
therefore highly deserving of some notice from those wbor
loved him in life, and revered him after death." These
observations are indeed fully refuted in this excellent piece'
of biography, as well as the other slanders which the steady
and upright conduct of archbishop Seeker drew upon him.
from persons notoriously disaffected to religion and the
church ; and time, which never fails to do ample justice to
such characters as his, has almost effaced the remembrance
of them. Yet, as some have lately attempted to revive the
dalumny, and suppress the refutation, we have given some
references in the note on this subject, not without confi-^
dence that archbishop Secker*s character will suffer little
while he has a Porteus for his defender^ and a Hollis, a
Walpole, a Blackburn, and a Wakefield for his accusers. ^
SECOUSSE (Denis Francis), a French historian, waa
liorn January 8, 1691, at Paris. He began to study the
law in obedience to his father's desire, who was an able ad-
vocate ; but losing both his parents shortly after^ hie quitted
the bar, for which he had not the least taste, and devoted
himself wholly to the belles lettres, and French history.
His unwearied application to books, which no other passion
interrupted, soon made him known among the learned ; and
he was' admitted into the academy of inscriptions in 1723^
and chosen by chancellor d'Aguesseau five years after, tcy
continue the great collection of statutes, made by the
French kings, which M. de Laurier had begun. As Se-
cousse possessed every talent necessary for such an impor-
tant undertaking, the volumes which he published were
received with universal approbation. He died at Paris,
March 15, 1754, aged sixty-three, leaving a librarj^ the
largest and most curious, in French history, that any pri-
vate person had hitherto possessed. His works are, the
continuation of the collection of statutes before mentioned,
1 Life by PorteuL—Gent. Meg. volt; LVIII. LXVIII.— See alio Index.—.
Many of bit LeUert are in Kippit*! Life of Lardner, Batler'i life of
HUdeiley, Doddridge's LeCCera, Ibe. ftc.
$ £ c o 0 s s e. zn
|0 the ninth volume inclusively, wbieh was printed iMidet
the inspection of M. de Villevault, counsellor to the court
of aids^ who succeeded M. Secousse, and published a table',
ferining a tenth volume, and since, an eleventh svpd twelfth.
Secousse also wrote many dissertations in the inemoii^ of
the academy of inscriptions ; edition* of several works, and
of several curious pieces ; '^ Memoirs for the History of
Charles the Bad,*' 2 vols. 4to.*
SECUNDUS, John. See EVERARD.
' SEDAINE (M^OHAEL John), a French dramatic writer,
was born at Paris, June 4, 1719. Abandoned by his friends,
he was^ at the age of thirteen, obliged to quit his studies^
in which he was little advanced, and to practise a trade for
bis subsistence. He was first a journeyoian, and then a
master mason, and architect ; which businesses he con-
du<tted with nncdmmon probity. Natural inclination led
bfm to cultivate literature, and particularly the dniiiia, for
which he wrote various small pieces and comic operas, the
most popular of which were, '* LeD^erteur ;'' and '* Richard
CcBur de Lion.'' All of them met with great success, add
still continue to he performed, but the French critics think
that his poetry is not written in the purest and most eorroct
style, and that his pieces appear to, more advantage on th^
atage than in the closet. He possessed, however, a quality
of greater consequence to a dramatic writer-— ^the talent of
producing stage eiiect. He was elected into the French
academy, in consequence of the success of his ** Richard
Codur de Lion,^ and was intimately connected with all the
men of letters, and all the artists of his time. He died in
May 1797, aged seventy-eight.'
SEDGWICK (Obadiah), a nonconformist divine, was
born at Marlborough in Wiltshire, in 1600, and educated
Urst aC Queen's college, and then at Magdalen-ball, Ox-
(otd. After taking his degrees in arts, he was ordained,
and became chaplain to lord Horatio Vere, whom he ac«
<ioaipanied into the Netherlands. After bis return, he
went again to Oxford, and was admitted to the reading of
the sentences in 16:29: Going then to Londoii he preached
at St. Mildred's, Bread-'Street, until interrupted by the
bishop,' and in 1639 became vicar of Goggeshall in Essex,
where he continued three or four years. The commence*
ment of the rebellion allowing men of his sentiments un-
^ Diet. Hist.
fin S E D G W I e K.
\
t
ponstrained liberty, he returned to London, ^d preadlie4
jre<}uently before the parliament, inveighing with extreme
violeiice against the church and state : to the overthrow of
both, bis biographers cannot deny that he contributed his
full share, in the various characters of one of the assembly
of divines, a chaplain in the army, one of the triers,, and
pne of the ejectors of those who were called *' ignorant and
scandalous ministers/' — In 1^46 be became preacher at
St. Paul's, Coventrgarden, where he appears to have con-
tinued until the decay of. his health, when he retired to
Marlborough, and died there in January 1658. As a dir
vine, he was much admired in his day, and his printed
)vorks bad considerable popularity. The principal of tbeai
are> *^ The Fountain opened,'- 1657; ^* An exposition of
Psalm xxiii." 1658, 4to ; "The Anatomy of Secret Sins,"
1660 ; " The Parable of the Prodigal," 166Q ; " Synopsis
of Christianity,'? &c. &c. — He had a brother, John, an ad-r
herent to the parliamentary cause, and a preacher, but of
less note; and another brother Joseph, who became batler
in Magdalen college in 1634, and B.A. in 1637, and then
went to Cambridge, where he took his master's- degree, and
was elected fellow of Christ's college. After the restora-;
tion he conformed, and was beneficed in the church ; in
1675 he was made prebendary of Lincoln, and was also
rector of Fisherton, where he died Sept, 22, 1702, in the
^eventy-four.th year of his age, leaving a son John Sedg-
wick, who succeeded him in the prebend, and was vicar of
Burton Pedwardine in Lincolnshire, where he died in 1717.*
SEDLEY, or SIDLEY (SiR Charles), a dramatic and
miscellaneous writer, was the son of sir John Sedley, of
Aylesford in Kent, by a d?iughter of sir Henry Savile, and
was born about 1639. At seventeen, he became a/fellow-
commoner of Wadham college in Oxford; but, taking no
4iegree, retired to his own country, withoiit either travell-
ing, or. going to the inns of court. . At the restoration he
came to London, and commenced wit, courtier, poet, and
man of gallantry. As a critic, he was so much admired,
that he became a' kind of oracle among the poets ; and no-
performance was approved or condemned, till sir Charles.
Sedley had given judgment. This made ki«g Charles jest*-
ingiy say to him, that Nature had given him a pateot to be
} Ath. Ox. vol. II. — Brooks's Puritans,— Wood's MS papers in Bibl. Ashmol.'
—Willis's Catbtdrals.
: S E D L E Y. SIS
ApoIlo^s viceroy; and lord Rochester placed him in.tbc^
j[irst rank of poetical critics. With these accomplishments,
be impaired his estate by profligate pleasures, and was one
pf that party of debauchees whom we have already men-
tioned in our account of Sackville lord Buckhurst, who
having insulted public decency, were indicted for a riot^
and all severely fined ; sir Charles in 500/. The day foe
payment being appointed, sir Charles desired Mr. Henry
JCilligrew and another gentleman, both his/riends, to apply,
to the king to get it remitted ; which they undertook to do;
but at the same time varied the application so far as to beg
it for themselves, and they made Sedley pay the full sum.
After this affair, his mind took a more serious turn ; and
)ie began to apply himself to politics. He bad been chosen
to serve for Romney in Kent, in the parliament which be*
gun May 8, }661, and continued to sit for several parlia*
ments after. He was extremely active for the revoljution,
ivhich was at first thought extiraordinary, as he had receiv-
ed favours from James II. but those were cancelled by that
prince's having taken his daughter into keeping, whom be
i:reated countess of Dorchester. This ^honour by nov
means satisfied sir Charles, who^ libertine as he had
been, considered his daughter's disgrace as being thereby
made more conspicuous. Still his wit prevailed over his
resentment, at least in speaking on the subject; for, being
asked, why he appeared so warm for the revolution, he is.
$aid to have answered, '^ From a principle of gratitude;,
for, since his majesty has made my daughter, a countess,^
it is fit I should do all I can to make his daughter a queen."
He died Aug. 20, 1701.
His works were printed in 1719, 2 vols. 8vo ; and consist,
of plays, translations, songs, prologues, epilogues, and smaU.
occasional pieces. His poems are generally of the licen-
tious kind, and do not afford great marks of genius, and.
his dramas are quite forgotten. Pope, according to Spence,
thought him very insipid, except in some of his little love-
verses. Malone thinks 'he was the Lisideius of Dryden's
^^ Essay on dramatic poetry," and Dryden certainly shewed
his respect for him by dedicating to him his "Assignation."*
SEDULIUS (Cifiuus, or C«cilius)j a priest and poet,,
either Irish or Scotch, of the fifth century,, is recorded as
1 Atb. Ox. vol. II. — Biog. Brit.'-^alone's.DrydeOj roL I. p. 64; II. p. 34»
p*}!. — Spenoe's Anecdtftea, MS.
514 S E D U L I U S.
the writer of an heroic poem, called "Carmen Paschale,*
divided into five books. The first begins with the creatiort
- of the world, and comprehend? the more remarkable pas-
sages of the Old Testament. The next three describe th^
Mfe of Jesus Christ. This performance has been highly
eommended by Cassiodorus, Gregorius Turrinensis, and
Others. Sedulius afterwards wrote a piece on the same
subjects in prose. The poem was printed by Aldus in th(i
collection of sacred poets, in 1502. It is also in Maittaire's
^ Corp. Poet." and has since been published by itself, with
teamed notes, by Arntzenius, 1761, 8vo, and by Arevale
at Rome, 1794, 4to'.*
SEED (jEREivirAH), an English divine, who was borh a^
Clifton, near Penrith, in Cumberland, of which place hi^
father was rector, had his school- education at Lowther, and
his academical at Queen's college, in Oxford. Of this so-
ciety he was chosen fellow in 1732. The greatest part of
bis life was spent at Twickenham, where he was assistant or
curate to Dr. Wateriand. In 1741, he was presented by
his college to the living of Enham in Hampshire, at which
j5lace he died in 1747, without ever having obtained any
higher preferment, which he amply deserved. He was
exemplary in his morals, orthodox in his opinions, had an
afble head, and a most amiable heart. A late romantic
writer against the Athanasian doctrines, whose testipiony
we choose to give, as it is truth extorted fi'om an adversary,
speaks of him in the following terms: << Notwithstanding
this gentleman's being a contender for the Trinity, yet he
was a benevolent man, an upright Christian, and a beauti-
ful writer ; exclusive of his zesd for the Trinity, he was in
every thing else an excellent clergyman, and an admirable
^holar. 1 knew him well, and on account of his aftiiable
qualities very highly honour his memory ; though no two
' ever diflfered more in religious sentiments.^' He published
in his lifb-time, *^ Discourses on several important Sub-
jects,'* 2 vols. 8vo ; and his ** Posthumous Works, consist*
itig of sermons, letters, essays, &c.'* in 2 vols. 8vo, were
published from bis original manuscripts by Jos. Hall, M. A.
^fellow of Queen's college, Oxford, 1750. They are all
very ingenious, and filll of good matter, but abound too
much in antithesis and point.* '
1 Voiilus de Poet. Lat.<^CaTe, vol. I.-««Mackeiizie'8 Sc6tbh writerf« tol. I^
• SuppUnitiit to tht first edition of tbii Diet published iH ltS7.
S E G £ R d« M
' 9EGERS, or SE6HERS (G^rAr^), m eminfent pgin*
€er, was born at Antwerp rn 1*589. Under the infllrttCtioMi
of Henry van Balen, and Abrabsm Jsnssens, he had naNihe
considerable progress in the art before bef went to Icaiy^ On
bts arrival at Rome, he became th« discipte of Battoiomaieo
Manfred! ; and from him adopted n taste for the vigorooa
style of Michael AngeK> Caravagg^o, to which bfe added
somewhat of the tone and colour he had brought with hini
from his native country ; producing the p^werfal effect of
candle-light, though often faisety applied in subjecta whick
appertain to the milder illumination of the day. He at
length accepted tbe invitatiofn of cardinal Zapara, tlM
Spanish ambassador at Rom^, to accompany hii» to Ma-
drid, wlrere he wa[s presented to^the king, and was engaged
in his service, with a considerable pension^ After some
jrears he retbrned to Flanders, and his fellow-citfzens weM
impatient to possess some of bis productions ; but they who
had been accustomed to the style of Rubens and Vandyke^
were tinabie to yield him that praise to which be had been
accustomed, and he was obliged to change bis manner^
^bich he appears to have done with facility and advantage,
as many of his latter pictures bear evident testimony, Hisr
fnost esteemed productions are, the principal altar-piece \x»
the church of the Carmelites at Antwerp, the subject of
which is the marriage of the virgin ; and the adoration of
the magi, the altar-piece in the cathedral of Bruges. Th^
former is much after the manner of Rubens. Vandyke
painted his portrait among the eminent artists of his coun**
try, which is engraved by Pontius. He died in 1651, aged
aixty-two. — Ris son Daniel, who was born at Antwerp^in*
1590, was a painter of fruit and flowers, which he, being
a Jesuit, executed at his convent at Rome. He appearsi
indeed, to have painted more for the benefit of the society
to which he had attached himself, than for his private ad-
vantage : and when he had produced bis most celebrated
picture, at the command of the prince of Orange, it was
presented to that monarch in the name of the society,
which was munificently recompensed in return. He fre^
quently painted garlands of flowers, as borders for pictures,
which were filled up with historical subjects by the fiiTst
painters. He died at Antwerp in 1660, aged seventy.^
t ArgeiiTiUe» vol. IIL— PilkiDgtoii.-^r J. Reyotlds't Worki.^Recs'f Cy.
tlopadia.
Sl$ 8 £ G N I.
. SEGNI (Bernard),, an early Italian writer, was born
at .Florence about the close of the fifteenth century. He
was educated at Padua, where he became an accomplished
classical scholar, but appears afterwards to have gone into
public life,. and was employed in various embassies and
negociations by duke Cosmo, of Florence. He wrote an
excellent history of Florence from 1527 to 1555, which,
however, remained. in MS. until 1723, wben it appeared,
together with a life of Niccolo Capponi, gonfalonier of
Florence, Segni*s uncle. He likewise translated Aristotle^s
JXhics. " L'Etica d*Aristotele, tradotta in volga Fioren-
tioo," Florence, 1550, 4to, a very elegant book ; and
^^ Deir Anima d'Aristotele," 1583, also the Rhetoric and
Poetics 6f the same author, &c. He died in 1559.'
SEGRAIS (JoijN Renaud de), a French poet, was born
at Caen in 1624, and first studied in the college of the
Jesuits there. As he grew up, be applied himself to
French poetry, and was so successful as to be enabled to
rescue himself, four brothers, and two sisters, from the
unhappy circumstances in which the extravagance of a
father bad left them. In his twentieth year he met with a
patron who introduced him to Mad. de Montpensier, and
this lady appointed him her gentleman in ordinary, in
which station he remained many years, until obliged to
quit her service, for opposing her marriage with count de
Lauzun. He. immediately found a new patroness in Mad.
de la Fayette, who admitted him into her house, and as-
signed him apartments. Her he assisted in her two ro-
mances, " The princess of Cleves" and " Zaida." After
seyen years, he retired to his own country, with a resolur
lion to spend the rest of his days in solitude ; and there
married his cousin, a rich heiress, aboiit 16711. Mad.de
Maintenon invited him to court, as tutor to the duke of
Maine: buthedid not choose to exchange theindependenceof
a retired life for the precarious favours of a court, and there-
fore continued where he was. He was admitted of the
French academy in 1662; and was the means of re>esta-
blishing.tbat of Caen. He died at this place, of a dropsy,
in 1701. Me was very deaf in the last years of his Ufe, bu(
was much courted for the sake of his conversation, which
was replete with such anecdotes as the polite world had
furnished him with. A great number of these are to be
i Tiraboscbi.— Haym Bibl. d'Ua!.
S E G R A I S. Sl'f
found in the '' Segraisiana ;*' which was published many
years after his deaib^ with a preface by Mr. de la Mon-
noye; the best edition of it is tliat of Amstefdam, 1723,
12mo.
The prose writings of Segrais, though for the most part
frivolous enough, yet have great merit as to their style,
which may be considered as a standard. Of this kind are
bis " Nouvelles Francoises ;" but he was chiefly admired
for his poems, which consist of " Diverses Poesies," printed
at Paris in 1658, 4to; '^ Athis," a pastoral ; and a transla-
tion of Virgil's Georgics and iEneid. Of his eclogues,
and particularly of his translation of Virgil, Boileau and
D'Alembert speak very highly, but his Virgil is no longer
read . '
SEJOUR. See DIONIS.
SELDEN (John), one of the most learned men of th«
seventeenth century, was the son of John Selden, a yeo-
man, by Margaret his wife, only daughter of Mr. Thomas
Baker of Rusbington, descended from the family of the
Bakers in Kent. He was born Dec. 16, 1584, at a house
called the Lacies at Salvinton, near Terring in Sussex, and
educated at the free-school at Chichester, where he made a
very early progress in learning. In 1598, at fourteen years
of age, as some say, but according to Wood, jn 1600, he
was enter^ed of Hart-hall, Oxford, where under the tuition
of Mr. Anthony Barker (brother to his schoolmaster at Chi-«
Chester) and Mr, John Young, both of that hall, he studied
about three years, and then removed to CliflFord's Inn,
London, for the study of the law, and about two yearg
afterwards exchanged that situation for the Inner Temple.
Here he soon attained a great reputation for learning, and
acquired the friendship of sir Robert Cotto», sir Henry
Spelman, Camden, and Usher. In 1606, when only twenty-
two years of age, he wrote a treatise on the civil govern-
ment of Britain, before the coming in of the Normans,
which was esteemed a very extraordinary performance for
bi^ years. It was not printed, however, until 1615, and
then very incorrectly, at Francfort, under the title ** Ana-
lecttuy Anglo-Britaniiictfv libri duo, de civile administratione
Britanniss Magnae usque ad Normanni adventum,'* 4ta,
Micolson is of opinion that these ^* Analecta^* do not so
1 Nic^ron, ▼ol. XVL—Segraisiftna.— D'Alcmbart's Hiit. pf iht Members, af
Jtkt Fi-eoch Aca<leiDj«
^S 5 E L D £ N.
cjearly actoant for the religiao, government, and revotu*
tioiis of state among our Saxoo aacestors, as th^j^re re-
ported to do. It was ao eX;CeIlent spec^inen, however^ of
what might be expected from a youth of such talents and
application.
In 1610 he printed at London, his ^' Jani Anglorum fa-
cies altera,'* 8vo, reprinted in 16S1, and likewise trans*
)ated into English by Dr. Adam Littleton, under his family
name of Redman Westcot, 1683, fol. It consists of all -
that is met with in history concerning the common and
statute law of English Britany to the death of Henry IL
Selden had laid the foundation in a discourse which he
published the same year and in the same form, entitled
^^ England's Epinomis ;" and this is also in Dr. Littfetoa's
volume, along with two other tracts^ "The Original of Ec-
clesiastical Jurisdiction of Testaments,'' and " The Dispo-
sition or ad^ministration of Intestate goods^" both afterwards
the production of Selden's pen. In the same year, 1610,
be published his "Duello, or single combat;^' and in 1612^
notes and illustrations on Drayton's " Poly-Olbiop," folio.
He seems to have been esteemed for his learning by the
poets of that time ; and although he had no great poetical
t4jrn himself, yet in 1613 he wrote Greek, Latin, and Eur
glish verses on Browne's " Britannia's Pastorals," and con-
tributed other efforts of the kind to the works of several
authors, which appear to have induced Suckling to intro-
duce him in his ^^ Sessioh of the Poets," as sitting " close
|>y the chair of Apollo."
In 1^14 he published a work which has always been
pi;aised for utility, his " Titles of Honour," Lond. 4tOj with
an encomiastic poem by his friend Ben Jonson. It was re-
printed with, additions in 1631, fol. and again in 1671, and
trasH^lated into Latin by Simon John Arnold, Francfort,
1.696. Nicolson remarks that " as to what concerns our
nobility and gentry, all that come within either of those
lists will allow, that Mr. Selden's Titles of Honour ought
first to be perused, for the gaining of a general notion of
the distinction of a ^legree from an emperor down to a
country ^lentleman." In 1616 appe^ired his notes on si^
John Fortescue's work " De laudibus legum Angliae," and
w Ralph's Hengbam's " Sums," Lond. 8vo. In 1617 he
drew up a dissertation upon the state of the Jews formerly
liWng in England, f<yt the use of Purchas, wlio printed it,
although, as Selden complained, very defectively, in fail
S £ L D E N. 2iP
^* Pilgrimage.** In the same year be published bis Ttery
learned work, " De Diis Syriis syntagmata duo/* This is
not only a treatise on the idolatry of the ancient Syrians,
but affords a commentary on all the passages in the Old
Testament, wh6re mention is made of any of the heathen
deities^ This first edition (Lond. 8vo.) being out of print,
Ludovicus de Dieu printed an edition at Leydeo in 1629^
which was revised and enlarged by Selden. Andrew Beyer
afterwards publisbed two editions at Leipsic, in 1668 and
1672, with some additions, but, according to Le Clerc, 4>f
little importance. Le Clerc ofiTers aisp some objections io
the work itself, which, if just, imply that Selden had not
always been judicious |n bis chdice of his authorities, nor
in the mode of treating the subject. It contributed, how«-
/ever, to enlaige the reputation which he already enjoyed
both at home and abroad.
In bis next, and one of his most memorable perforon-
»nces, he did not earn the fame of it without some dan^
jger. This was his " Treatise of Tythes," the object of
which was to pi:ove that tithes were not due by divine
right under Christianity, although the clergy are entitled
to them by the laws of the land. ^This book was attacked
^y sir James Sempili in the Appendix to his treatise en«
.titled '* Sacrilege sacredly handled/' London, 1619, and
by Dr. Richard Tillesley, archdeacon of Rochester, in his
"Animadversions upon Mr. Selden's History, of Tithes/'
London, 1621, 4to. Selden wrote an ajiswer to Dr. Til-
lesley, which being dispersed in manuscript, the doctor
publL^ed it with remarks in the second edition of his
*^ Animadversions,** London, 1621, 4to, under this title,
<^ Animadversions upon Mr. Selden'^ History of Tithes, jand
his Review thereof. Before which (in lieu of the two first
chaptiers purposely prs&termitted) is premised a catalogue of
72 authors' before the yeare 1215, maintaining the Jus di-
vinum of Ty thes, or more, to be paid to the Priesthood
^noder the Gospell.'* Selden's book was likewise answered
by Dr. Richard Montague in his ^^ Diatribe,'* London,
1621, 4to; by Stephen Nettles, B. D. in bis '^Answer to
^he Jewish Part of Mr. Selden's History of Tythes," Ox-
ford,'1625; and by William Sclater in bis ^^ Arguments
about Tithes," London, 1623, in 4to. Selden's work hav-
ing been reprinted in 1680, 4to, with the eld date put to
it. Dr. Thomas Comber answered it in a treatise entitled^
<^ An Historical Vindication of the Divine Right {& Tith^^
&c." London, 1681, in 4to*
820 S E L D E I^.
This work also excited the displeasure of the coiirt, and
the author was called before some of the lords of the high
commission, Jan. 28, 1618, and obliged to make a public
submission, which he did in these words : " My good Lord^,
I most humbly acknowledge my errour, which 1 have com^
mittedin publishing the * History of Tithes,' and especially
in that I have at all, by shewing any interpretation of Holy
Scriptures, by meddling with Councils, Fathers, (ir Canons,
or by what else soever occures in it, offered any occasion
of argument against any right of maintenance * Jure divino'
of the Ministers of the Gospell ; beseeching ygur Lord-
ships to^eceive this ingenuous and humble acknowledg-
ment, together with the unfeined protestation of my griefe,
for that through it I have so incurred both his M^jestie^s
a!nd your Lordships' displeasure conceived against mee in
behalfe of the Church of England." We give this literally^
because some of Mr. Selden's admirers have asserted that
he never recanted any thing in his book. The above is at
least the language of recantation; yet he says himself in
his answer to Dr. Tillesley, " I confesse, that I did most
willingly acknowledge, not only before some Lords of the
High Commission (not in the High Commission Court) but
also to the Lords of his Majesty's Privy Council, that I
was most sorry for the publishing of that History, because
it had offended. And his Majesty's most gracious favour
towards me received that satisfaction of the fault in so un-
timely printing it; and L profess still to all the world, that
I am sorry for it. And so should I have been, if I had
published a most orthodox Catechisnfi, that had offended.
But what is that to the doctrinal consequences of it, which
the Doctor talks of? Is there a syllable of it of less truth,
because I was sorry for the JDublishing of it? Indeed,
perhaps by the Doctor's logic there is; and just so might
lie prove, that there is the more truth in his animadversions,
because he was so glad of the printing them. And be-
cause he hopes, as he says, that my submission hath cleared
•my judgment touching the right of tithes: what dream
made him hope so? There is not a word of tithes in that
submission more than in mentioning the title; neither was
my judgment at all in question, but my publishing it; and
this the Doctor knows too, as I am assured." Seiden,
' therefore, if this means any thing, was not sorry for what
he had written, but because he had published it, and be
wa,s sorry he had published it^ because it gave offence to
the court and to the clergy. >
S E L D E N.
d2i
I td 1621) kiog James having, in bis speech to the par-^
^iaoient, asserted that their privileges were originally gi^antt
from the .crown, Selden was consulted by the Hoiise of
JLords on that question^ and gave bis opinion in favour of
parliament; which being dissolved soon after, he was com-
knitted to the custody of the sheriff of London^ as a princi-
.pal proilioter of .the famous protest of the House of |C0m<i'
4QOII8, previojUs to its dissolution* From this confinement^
jwbich .lasted only five weeks, be was released by the in-
terest of Dr. Andrews, bhhop of Winchester, and returned
to his studies, the first fruits of which were, a learned epis*
tie prefixed to Vincent's ^' Discovery of errorf in two edi«
.tioQS ,Qjf the Catalogue of Nobility by Ralph Brooke,''
Lond. 1622, and the year following his <^ Spicilegium ift
.£ad;)(ieri sex libros Historiarum,*' fol.
Altbough he had already been consulted by parliameti^t
x>n account of bis knowledge of constitutional antiquities^
he bad not yet obtained a seat in that assembly; but in
,1628 he was chosen a member for Lancaster, and in the
parliament called in 1625, on the accession of Charles I*
be was chosen for Great Bedwin in Wiltshire, and now
took an active part in opposition to the measures, of th«
court ^» In 16<26 he was chosen of the committee fg^r
♦ In I'rinitjr term, 16^4, he was
)?hoseii reader of Lyoh's-Inn, but re-
.feted to perform that office. Id the
register of the Inner Temple Is the fol-
lowing passage: ** Whereas an order
was made at the Bench-Table this term,
•ince the last |>arl lament, and entered
into the buttery-book in these words ;
Jovis ti die OeUAm 1624. Memoran"
'duM^ that whereas John Selden, esq.
906 of the utter barristers of this house,
'Was ill Trinity term last, chosen reader
■ of LyonVIttii by the gentlemen of the
^aame house, according to the order of
their house, which he then refused to
'take upon'hfdi, and perform the same,
'Without tome su^cieut cause or good
reason, notwithstandhig many courte-
cms and fair persuasions And isdmoni-
tions by the masters of the bench made
to him i for which cause he having been
twice convented before the masters of
the Vedoh, it was then ordered, that
there should be a ne rttipiatur entered
upon his name, which was done accord-
Jngly; and in respect the beneb was
'fK>t then full, the farther piroceediiigt
Vgi. XXVIL
conderning him were respited until thia
term. Now this day being called again
to the table, he doth absolutely refuse
to read. The masters of the . bench,
taking into cbhstderation his cbntiempt
and offence, and for that it is wiihoQt
precedent, that any man elected to
read in chancery has been discharg^
in like case, much less has with such
wilfulness refused kb^ same, have or*
dered, that he shall pr^ntly pay to
the US6 of this house the sunt of 201.
for his fine, and that he stand add be
disabled ever to be called to the bench,
or to be a reader of this house, ^ow
at this parliament the said order Is con*
firmed; and it is further ordered, that
if any of this house, which hereafter
shall be chosen to reiul in chancery,
shall refuse to read, every such offender
shall be fined, and be disabled to be
called to the bench, or to' be a reader
of this hoiise.** However, in Michael-
mas term 1632, it was ordered^ that
Mr. Selden « shall stand enabled and
be capable of any preferment in .the
House, in such a manner as other
utter
Y - - -
S2d
S E L Di E N.
drawing up articles of impeachment against the doke of
Buckingham, and was afterwards appointed one of the ma^
nagers for the House of Commons on his trial. ' In 1627
he opposed the loan which the king endeavoured to raiset^
and although he seldom made his appearance at the bar,
r leaded in the court of King's Bench for Hampden, who
ad been imprisoned for revising to pay his quota of that
loan. After the third parliament of Charles I. in which be
aat for Lancaster, had been prorogued, he retired to Wrest
in Bedfordshire, a seat belohginglto the earl of Kent, where
lie finished his edition of the *' Marmora Arundelliana,**
-Lend. 1629,' 4to, reprinted by PrideauK, with additions at
Oxford, in 1676, folio, and by Maittaire, at London, 1732,
«n folio.
In the next session of parliament he continued his ac^
livity against the measures of the court, to which he had
made himself so obnoxious, that after that parliament wa^
dissolved, he was committed to the Tower by an order ctf
the Privy-council, where he remained about eight months,
«nd as he then refused to give security for his good be«*
haviour, he was removed to the King's Bench prison, hot
was allowed the rules. It was about this time that he wrote
his piece <* De successionibus in bona defuncti^ secundunh
leges Hebrseorum,^* Lond. 1634, 4to; and another, *' De
auccessipne in pontificatum Hebrasorum libri duo,'' re-
printed at Leyden, 1638, 8vo, and Francfort, by Beckmanr^
1673, 4to, with some additions by the author. In May
1630 he was removed to the Gate-house at Westminster ;
9ind in consequence of this removal, he found means to
pbtain so much iuddlgenqe, as to pass the long vacation iq
Bedfordshire; but when his habeas corpus was brought, as
usual, in "Michaelmas term ensuing, it was refused by the
court, and the judges complaining of the illegality of hk^
removal to the Gate-house, he was remanded to the KingV-*
bench, where he continued till May 1631, when be was
fbdmitted to bail, and bailed from term to term, until he
Setitioned the king, in July 1634, and was finally released
y the favour of archbishop Laud and the lord treasurer.
During his confinement, having been always much attached
^ the study of Jewish antiquities, he wrote bis treatises, *^De
Julrenaturali et gentium, juxta disci plinam Hebrs^orum,'*
ptter bamristers of tfait House are to «ll itanding^ and acoordiogly he wa$ calldl
Intents 'and purposes, any rortner act to tiht beach Michaelnai foUowiag." '
•f parliaacnt to tht coatrary notwUh-
^ .
6 fi L 13 fe K. S2t
Md his'^ tJxbr tliebraica,^^ on %he marriages, dtvbrces, Sco^
of the ancient Hebrews* In 1633 he was one of the com**
mittee appointed for preparing the mask exhibited by the
gentlemen of the Inns of Court, before the king and queea
on Candlemas night, in order to show their disapprobation
of Prynne's bGiok against stage-plays, called *^ Histriomas*
tix:^* so various were Selden^s pursuits, that he could even
auperintend mummery of this kind, while apparently Undef
the displeasure of the court. His next publication^ how^
ever» effectually reconcii'ed the court and ministers.
During king Jaa)es^» i^ign, Selden had been or*
defed by his majesty to make such collections at
knight shew the right of the crawn of England to the
dominion of the sea, and he had undertaken the work^
buty in resentment for being imprisoned by Janaes^ de**
clined the publication^ J^n occasion ofFered now in whick
it might appear to advantage. In 1634, a dispute having
ttrisen between the English and Dutch concerning the
herring-fi^ibery upon the British coast, to which the Dutch,
laid claim, and had their claims supported by Grotius^
who, in his ** Mare liberum^' contended that fishing off the
seas was a matter of common fight, Selden now published
his celebrated treatise of ^^ Mare Clausum>'^ Lond» 1635^ foL
In this he effectually demonstrated, from the law of nature
and nations, that a dominion over the sea may be ac-^
quired : and from the most authentic hbtories^ that such a
dominion has been claimed and enjoyed by several nations^
and submitted to by others^ for their common benefit:
that this in facj: was the case of the inhabitants of this
island, who, at all times, and under every kind of govern*
ment, had claimed, exercised, and constantly enjoyed such
a daminion) which had been confessed by their neighbours
frequently, and in the most solemn mannen This treatise^
in the publication of which Selden is said to have been en-
couraged by ai^chbishop Laud, greatly recommended him
to the court, and was considered as so decisive on tb^
qQestion> that a copy of it was placed among the records of
the crown, in the exchequer, and in the court of admiralty.
This work was reprinted in 1636, 8vo. An edition also
appeared in Holland, 12mo, with the title of London, but
was prohibited by the king, because of some additions,
and a preface by Boxhornius. It was translated into
English, by the noted Marchamont Needham, 1652, foL
with some additional evidence and discourses^ by special
Y 2
i2i S E L D E N.
command^ and a dedication of eighteen j)agesy addreisetl
to ^^ The supreme authoritie of the nation and parliament
of the Cc^inonwealth of England,'^ which is of course hot
prefixed to the translation by J. H. Gent published after
.the restoration in 1663. Nicolson observes, that whea
Selden wrote this book, he was not such an inveterate
enemy to the prerogative doctrine of ship-money, as after-a-
wards : for he professedly asserts, that in the defence of
their sovereignty at sea^ our kings constantly practised the
levying great sums on their subjects without the concur-
rence of their parliaments. The work having been attacked
by Peter Baptista Burgus, Selden published in 1653, 4to>
a treatise in its defence^ with rather a harsh title, *^ Vin-
dicisB secundum ihtegritatem existimationis suie per con*
vitium de scriptione Maris clausi petulantissimum et
mendaclssimuixi Maris liberi, &c."
In 1640, Seldett published another of those works
which were the fruit of bis researches into Jewish antiqui-
ties, already noticed under the title *^ De Jure Naturali et
Qentium juxta disciplinam Hebrsorum,'* folio. PufFendorfF
applauds this work highly ; but his translator Barbeyrac ob-
serves, that ^* besi'des the extreme disorder and obscurity
which are justly to be censured in his manner of writing, he
does not derive his principles of nature from the pure light of
reason, but merely from the seven precepts giv^n to Noah ;
and frequently contents himself with citing the decisions
of the Rabbinsi without giving himself the trouble to
examine whether they be just or not.** Le Clerc says,
that in this book Selden ^^has only copied the Rabbins,
and scarcely ever reasons at all. His rabbinical principles
are founded upon an uncertain Jewish tradition, namely,
that God gave to Noah seven precepts,, to be observed bj
all mankind; which, if it should be denied, the Jews
would find a difficulty to prove : besides, his ideas are
very imperfect and embarrassed.** There is certainly some
foundation for this ; and what is said of his style may be
more or less applied to all he wrote. He had a vast
memory and prodigious learning ;'*which impeded the use
of his reasoning faculty, perplexed and embarrassed his
ideas, and crowded his writings with citations and authori-
ties, to supply the place of argument.
In this same year, 1640, Selden was chosen member for
the university of Oxford, and that year and the following
continued. to oppose the measures of the court; but bis coh^
8 E L D E N. W#
4iu9t may to some appear unsteady. In truth, he attempted
what in those days was impossible, to steer a middle Qourse; >
He supported the republican party in the measures pre<-
paratory to the sacrifice of the ear) of Strafford, but was not
one of their Committee for managing the impeachment^
and his name was even inserted in a list of members^ posted
up in Old Palace Yard by some party zealots, and branded^
wit|i the appellation of ** enemies of justice/' On the
subject of church-goveroment, although he seems to have
entiertained some predilection for the establishment, yet
he made no effort to prevent its fall^ at all commensurate
to his knowledge and credit In the debates on the
question whether bishops sat in parliament as barons and
peers of the realm, or as prelates, he gave it as his opinioi^
that they sat as neither, but as representatives of the clergy ;
and this led to the expulsion of them from parliament*
Afterwards we find him concurring with other members of
the House of Commons in a protestation that they would
xnaint^ain the protestant religion according to the doctrine
pf the church of England, and would defend the person and
authority of the king, the privileges of parliament, and
the rights of the subject. In the prosecution of arch-
bishop Laud, Selden was among those who were appointed
to draw up articles of impeachment against bim^ an olGce .
yi^hicb must have produced a severe cQUtest between his
private feelings and his public duties.
Notwithstanding all this^ the royalists were unwilling to
believe that 41 man so learned and 90 well informed as
Selden could be seriously hostile, and there .were ,evea
^ome thoughts of taking the great seal from the lord
keeper Littleton, a^d giving it to him. Clarendon tells us^
that lord Falkland and hiqisel^ to whooi his majesty re-
ferred the consideration of this measure, ^^ did not doubt
^f Mr. Selden's affection to the king; but withal they
knew him so well, that they concluded he would absolutely
refuse the place, if it were offered to him. H^ yras in
years, and of a tender constitution : he bad for many
^ years enjoyed his ea^e, which he loved ; was rich, and
would not have made a journey to York, or have lajn out
of bis own bed, for any preferment, which he had never
affected.*' But in all probability bis majesty's advisers saw
jtjtiat hJLs want of firmness, and bis love of safety, yvere the
real imped^inaents. When the king .found bimopposing ia
parliamept the comimidsioo of array, be desijred lord Falk«
S26 S E L D E 1^,
Iftnd to wiite to Selden on the subject, who Tindicated'
bis conduct on that point, but declared his intention to be
equally hostile to the ordinance for the militia, which was
idioyed by the factious party, and which he justly declarec)
to be without any shadow of law, or pretence of precedent,
and most destructive to the governoienc of the kingdom.
Accordingly he performed his promise, but this remarkable
difference attended his efforts, that his opposition to the
Commission of array did the king great injury among
many of his subjects, while the ordinance which armed the
parliamentary leaders against the crown was carried : and,
according to Whitelocke, Selden himself was made s^
deputy-lieutenant under it. There was an equally re-r
markable difference in the treatment he received for this
double opposition. The king and his friends, convinced
that be acted honestly, bore no resentment against him ;
but the popular leaders, roost characteristically, infeirred
from this, that he must be hostile to their cause, and made
tain endeavours to induce Waller to implicate him in the
plot which he disclosed in 1 643. Nor was his exculpation
sufficient : for he was obliged, by an oath, to testify his
hostility against the traitorous and horrible plot for the sub-*
fersion of the parlian^ent and state.
In 1643, he was appointed one of the lay-members tq
sit in the assembly of divines at Westminster, in which, his
admirers tell us, he frequently -perplexed those divines
ivith '!ii?f ' vast learning ; and, as Whitelocke relates^
'* sometimes when they had cited a text of scripture to
{>rove their assertidn, he would tell them, * perhaps in your
ittle pocket-bibles with gilt leaves,' which they would
often pull out and read, < the translation may be thus ;' but
the QreeH sind the Hebrew signify thus and thus ; and sci
would totally silence th^m'^ This anecdote, which has
often been repeated to Selden's praise, may afford a proof
of his wit, such as it was ; but as a reflection on the divines
bf that assembly, it can do him no credit, many of theoi
certainly understanding the originaf languages of the Bible
Its well as himself. It was in truth, as an able critic ha^
pbserved, a piece of wanton insolence.
It is now necessary to revert to his publications, whicti
were seldom long interrupted by bis pplitical engagements.
In 164^, he published << A brief discoui^e concerning the
power of peers and commons in parliament in point of
^udicaturfe;^" 4to, whici; sQm^ tiave, faQw^^r^ i^scril^ed t«r
S E L D E N. J2T
mr Btmonds D'Ewes. It wat followed by ** A discoarte
concerning the rights and privileges of the subjects, in a
conference desired by the lords in 1G28/' Lond. 1642, 4to:
*' Privileges of the Baronage of England, when they sit it»
parliament," ibid. 1642, and 1681, 8vo; and an edition of
Eutycbius^s ** Origines," with a translation and notes,
Lond. 4to, under this title, " Eutychii iEgyptii, Patriarcbsr
orthodoxorum Alexandrini, EcclesioB suss origines ex ejas-^
dem Arabico, nunc primum edidit ac versione et commen-
tario auxit Joannes Seldenus." Pocock (see Pocock^'
Vol. XXV. p. 91) inserted this work in bi« edition of the
annals of Entycbius, which he translated at the desire of
Mr. Selden, at whose expence they were printed at Oxford,
in 1656, 4to. Mr, Selden^s book has been aninkadverted
upon by several writers, particularly Abraham Ecchellensis,
John Morin, and Eusebius Kenaudot,
In 1643, he ^0brded every proof of his adherence to the
republican party, by taking the covenant ;; and the same
year, vi^s by the. parliament appointed keeper of the re^-
^ords in the Tower, In 1644, he was elected one of the
twelve eoftimissioners of the admiralty ; and nominated to
the maste^hip of Trinity •college, in Cambridge, which he
did not think proper to accept. In this year, be published
his treatise^ ^ De Anno civili et Calendario Judaico,** 4to.
In 1 646, tbe parliament was so sensible of his seryices tba(
they voted him the sum of 5000/. in consideration of his
sufferings. What these were we have already reWltedi. Iil
1647, he published his learned *' Dissertation annexed to
(a book called) Fleta,'' which he discovered in the Cot*
V>nian library. A second edition was published in 1685^
but in both are said to be many typographical errors. In
1^71, R. Kelham Esq. published a translation tt^ith notes;
^k virork contains many curious particulars relating to
those ancient authors on the laws of England, Bracton,
i^ritton, Fleta, and Thornton, and shews what use was
ifiadeof the imperial law in England, whilst the Romans,
governed here, at what time it was introduced into this
nation,, vvbat use our ancestors made of it, how long it con-
tinued,* and when the use of it totally ceased in the king*s
eourts at Westminster,
Selden continued to sit in Parliament after the mur-
der of the king, and was the means of doing some good to
learning, by his own reputation and influence in that re-
spectt {le preserved archbishop Usher's library from
S28 S E L D E N.
being soldi and rendered considerable services to ^bemiiirerW:
sity of Oxford) taking all occasions, as in the cases of Pocockk
asd Greaves, to moderate the tyranny of the parliamentary-
visitors, and often affording a generous protection .to*
dtber eminent men who were about to be ejected for their
adherence to the king. He also was instrumenul in pre-
serving the books and medals at .St James's, -by persuad-^
ifig bis friend Whitelocke to accept the charge of them.>
Of his conduct while the death of the king was peoding^
we have no account ; at that critical period, he retired, it ia
said, as far as be could : and it is certain that he refused
to gratify Cromwell by writing an answer to the Eikon:
IQasilike. In 1650, he published bis iirst book, '< De
Syoedriis et prsefecturis Hebrasorum,'* 4to; the second ap«^
peared in 1653, and the third after his death, in 1655,r
Many passages in this work have been animadverted upoa
by several eminent writers, especially what relates to ^x-
€<Miimantcatioo. Dr. Hammond, in pacticMlar, bas ex^
amined Selden's notion concerning the power of binding
and loosing, in bis treatise concerning *^ The.powei: of tb€^
Keys.'* In 1652, be contributed a preface to the ^^ De«^
cem Scriptores Histories Anglicaoaei,'' printed H lMOndo»
that year, in folia .
. In the beginning of 1654 his health began to decline^
and he began to see the emptiness of all human learning ;
and .owned, that out of the numberless volumes be bad
r^d andiiligested, nothing stuck so cIosq to his hearty w
gtve him such solid satisfaction as a single passage out of
St. Paul's Epistle to Titus,, ii. U, 12, 13, 14. On Nov^
XOof:that year, be sent to his friend Bulst^rode Whitelocke^
in order to make some alterations in bis will, but when hft
camethe found Selden*s weakness to be sq much jncresise^
that he was not able to perform bis intention ^». He iti^
Nov. 3Q, in the seventieth year of his age, in White Friara^
at tlie bpuse.pf Elizabeth, countess of Kent, ^ith: whom b^
bad lived some years in such intimacy, that tbeywere r^
P Hia lelter m^y be aubjoined, «s '< Most bumble S^anl^
fbe last memoriat of this great man. '* J. Seldeo^
"My Lord. • «« Whire Friers, Nov. 10, lS54.»'
*' I am a most humble suitor to your *' I went to lifi«»" «ay» Mr. Whilft*
Lordsbip. tbat you will be pleased, locke, " anU was advised with about
that I might have your presence for a settling his estate, and altering his m\\\^
KUle time lo«iniOrrow or next day. and to be one of his eveculora ; boiht#
Th«s much wearies the most weak; hand weakness ao increased, that bU V#%)
Md body of Your Lprdship^s tious were preyenled.**
. S E L D E N. S9»
ported to be man and wife*, and Dr. Wilkint; sopposeS) that
the weaUby which be left at his death, was chieHy owing to.
the generosity of that countess : but there is no good reasoa
for either of these surmises. He was buried in tne Temple
church, where a monument was erected to him ; and abp.
Usher preached his funeral sermon. He left a most valua^
ble and curious library to his executors, Matthew Hale,
John Vaughan, and Rowland Jewks, esqs. which they gene*
rously would have bestowed on the society of the Inner
Temple, if a proper place should be provided to receive it:
but, this being neglected, they gave it to the university of
Oxford. Selden^ himself, had originally intended it for
Oxford, and had left it so in his willf, but was offended,
because when he applied for a manuscript in the Bodleian
Kbrary, they asked, according to usual custom, a bond of
lOOO/. for its restitution. This made him dedlare, with some
passion, that they should never have his collection. The
executors, however, considered that they were executors
of his will and not of his passion, and therefore destined
the books, amounting to 8000 volumes, for Oxford, where,
a noble room was added to the library for their reception.'
Burnet says, this collection was valued at some thousands
of pounds, and was believed to be one of the most curious
in Europe. It is supposed that sir Matthew Hale gave some
of Selden*8 MSS respecting law to L«incolnVInn library, as
there is nothing of that kind among what were sent to the
Bodleian ; and a few Mr. Selden gave to the lihrLB^ of the
college of physicians.
Selden was a man of extensive learning, and had as much
skill in the Hebrew and Oriental languages as perhaps any
:>man of his time, Pocock excepted. Grotius, over whom
Jh^ triumphed in his ^^ Mare clausum,^* styles him ^* the glor j
* Aobrey My t be married the coun- whole to Oxford." We know not on
tess when a wid<)w, but we know of no what authority this report t» ^iven, but
•ther authority for this. Aubrey says it is contradictory t# etery other eti*
nlso that he never would own the mar- dence. The aqeount in the text ap«
riage until after her death, and then pears to be the true one. See the terms '
Vpon some law account. on which Selden's library, was sent to
f In Mr. Nichols's ** Literafy Anec- Oxford in a note on A, Wood's Life,
4otet/> it is said that "Selden had sent 1773, p. 131. Wood and Barlow as-
bis library to Oxford in his life-time, sisted in ranging the books, in opening
but hearing that they bad lent out. a seme of which. Wood tells at, they:
book without a sufficient caution, he found several pairs of spectacles, ** an4
sent for it back again. After his death, Mr. Thomas Barlow gave A. W. a pairj'
it continued some time at the Temple, which he kept in memorie of 3elde|| t^
vhere it suffered some diminution : at his last day."
Jast tb» ezecatorty &c. Ice,- tent the
330 S E L D E N*
of the' English nation." He was knowing in all lavrs^ buman
and divine, yet did not greatly trouble himself with tbd
practice of law : be seldom appeared at the bar, but some*
times gave counsel in his chamber. ^* His mind also,*' saya
Whitelocke, ^^ was as great as bis learning ; he was as hos-
pitable and generous as any man, and as good company to
those be liked.^' Wilkins relates, that he was a man of
iHioommon gravity and greatness of soul, averse to flattery,
liberal to scholars, charitable to the poor ; and that, though
he bad a great latitude in his principles with regard to eccle-
siastical power, yet he had a sincere regard for the cburcb
of England. Baxter remarks, that ^* he was a resolved se-
rious Christian, a great adversary, particularly, to Hobbes*s
errors ;'' and that sir Matthew Hale affirmed, ^ how he had
seen Selden openly oppose Hobbes so earnestly, as either
to depart from ^im, or drive him out of the room.'' But
the noblest testimony in his favour is that of his intimate
friend the earl of Clarendon, who thus describes him in all
parts of his character : ^< Mr. Selden was a person,'' says
be, *^ whom no character can flatter, or transmit in any
expressions equal to his merit and virtue. He was of socb
stupendous learning in all kinds and in all languages, as
may appear from his excellent and transcendsnt writings,
that a Hian would have thought he had been entirely con*-
versant among books, and bad never spent an hour but ia
reading or writing ; yet his humanity, courtesy, and aflfa**
bility, was such, that he would have been thought to have
been bred in the best courts, but that his good*nature, cha-
rity, and delight in doing good, and in communicating all
he knew, exceeded that breeding. His style in all his
writings seems harsh, and sometimes obscure ; which is not
wholly to be imputed to the abstruse subjects of which be
commonly treated, out of the paths trod by other men, bu|
to a little undervaluing the beauty of a style *, and too much
propensity to the language of antiquity: but in his conver-*
sation he was the most clear discourser, and had the best
faculty in making hard things easy, and present to the un^
derstanding, of any man that hath been known.'' His
lordship also used to say, that ^'he valued himself upon
nothing more than upon having had Mr. Selden's acquaint-t
ance, from the time be was very young ; and held it with
* Selden's style is particularly la- and made many alteratioBS and tnh
boil red and uncouth, and from his tares ^cfora Jut could |ilesM ]iiillMl&
sVSS it appears tbat be wf s fasiidioas»
S E L D E N. $81
great delight as long as they were suffered to continue to«*
gether in London : and be was very much troubled always
when he heard him blamed, censured, and reproached for
staying in i«ondon, and in the parliament, after they were
in rebellion, and in the worst times, which his age obliged
him to do ; and how wicked soever the actions were, which
were every day done, he was conliJent he had not given his
consent to them, but would have hindered them if he could
with bis own safety, to which he was always enough induU
gent. If he had some infirmities with other men, they
were weighed down with wonderful and prodigious abilities
and excellences . in the other scale." The political part of
Selden^s life, is that which the majority of readers will con*
template with least pleasure ; but on this it is unnecessary
to dwell. The same flexibility of spirit, which made him
crouch before the reprehension of James I. disfigured the
rest of his life, and deprived him of that dignity and im-
portance which would have resulted from his standing erect
in any place he might have chosen. Clarendon seems to
have hit the true cause of all, in that anxiety for his own
fiafety to which, as he says, ^^ he was always indulgent
enough.'*
Several other works of his were printed after his death,
or left in manuscript, K ** God made man. A Tract prov-
ing the nativity of our Saviour to be on the 25th of Decem-
ber,*' Lond. 1661, 8vo, with his portrait. This was an-
swered in the first postscript to a treatise entitled *^ A
brief (but true) account of the certain Year, Month, Day,
and Minute of the birth of Jesus Christ/' Lond. 1671, 8vo,
by John Butler, B. D. chaplain to James duke of Qrmonde,
and rector of Litchborow, in the diocese of Peterborough.
2. " Discourse of the office of Lord Chancellor of England,'^
London, 1671, in fol. printed Vith Dugdale's catalogue of
lord chancellors and lord keepers of England from the Nor-
man conquest. 3. Several treatises, viz. ** England's Epi-
nomis;" already mentioned, published 1683, in fol. by
Jledman Westcot, alias Littleton, with the English. transla-
tion of Selden's ** Jani Anglorum Facies altera." 4. " Ta-
ble talk : being the discourses or his sense of various mat-^
ters of weight and high consequence, relating especially to
Jleiigion and State," London, 1689, 4to, published by
Bichard Milward, amanuensis to our author. Dr. Wilkins
pbserveSy that there are many things in this book inconsist-
m% yf\t\i Seldiea's gresi^ learning, principl^s^ and cbaracten
332
S E L D E N.
It has, bo wever, acquired popularity, and jsttll continues t^
be printed, as an anausing and edifying manuaL 5. ^^ Let-
ters to learned men;'' among which several to archbi3bQp
Usher are printed in the^ collection of letter^ at the end of
Parr's life of that prelate ; and two letters of his to Mr*
Thomas Greaves were first published from the originals by-
Thomas Birch, M. A. and F. R. S. ir> the life prefixed to
Birch's edition of the ^' Miscellaneous works of Mr. Joha
Greaves," Lond. 1737, in two volumes, 8vo. 6. " Speechesi,
ArguD^ents, Debates, &c. in Parliament.*'' 7, He h?Kl a
considerable hand in, and gave directions and advice tOr.
wards, the edition of ** Plutarch's Lives," printed in 1657,
with an addition of the year of the world, and the year of
our Lord, together with many chronological notes and ex-*
plications. His works were collected by Djr. David WiU
kins,, and printed at Loudon in three volumes fol. 1726.
The two first volumes contain his Latin works, and thei
tiiird his English. The editor, has prefixed a long life of
the author, and added several pieces never published be^-
fore, particularly letters, poems, 3cc. In 1675 (here was
printed at London in 4to, ** Joannis Seldeni Angli Lib«r
de Nummis, &c. Huic accedit Bibliotheca Nummaria.".
Put this superficial tract was not written by our author, but
by Alexander Sardo of ferrara, and written before Seldeo
was born, being published at Mentss, 1575, in 4tQ. The
** fiiibliotheca Niimmaria".subjoined to it was written by fa^
ther Labbe the Jesuit'
SELKIRK (Alexander), whose adventures have given
rise tp the popular romance of Robinson Crusoe,' was born
at Largo, in Fifeshire, in Scotland, about 167^, and was
bred a seannan. He left England in 1703, in the capacity
of sailing-master of a small vessel, called the Cinque- Ports*
Galley, Charles Pickering captain ; and in the month of
September, the same year, he sailed from Cork, in com-
pany with another ship of 26 guns and 1^0 men, called the
St. George, commanded by captain William Dampier, in-
tended to cruise against the Spaniards in the South sea. Oil
the coast of Brasil, Pickering died, and was succeeded in
the command by lieutenant Stradling. They proceeded
round Cape Horn to the island of Juan Fernandez, whence
they were driven by the appearance of two French ships of
* Biog'. Brit. — Gen. Diet.— Life by Vtrilkinf.— Usher's Life and Lettere. — Let-
ten of emaineiit Periont, 1&13, 3 vols. St*.— Twells'* Li^ of Pocgck, p. 4$-aai
j^.— Aikia'i I#im dC Sel4«B %ni Vtlmr.^-'JBrit. C^it, vol. X^»^
SELKIRK. 33S.
-96 guns, each, and left five of Stradling^s men on tthore^
who were taken off by the French. Hence they sailed to
the coast of America, where Dampier and Stradling qnar*-
reliedy and separated by agreement. This was in the month
^f May 1704; and in the following September, Stradling
came to the island of Juan Fernandez, where Selkirk and
bis captain having a quarrel^ he determined to remain there
alone. But when the ship was ready to sail^ his resolution
was shaken, and he desiiPed to be taken On board ; but now
the captain refused his request, and he was left with \ki%
clothes, bedding, a gun, and a small quantity of powder
end ball, some trifling implements, and a few books, with
certain mathematical and nautical instruments. Thus left
sole monarch of the island, with plenty of the necessariea
of life, he found himself at first in a situation scarcely sup«
pbruble ; and such was his melancholy, that he frequently
determined to put an end to his existehce. It was full
eighteen months, according to his own account, before he
could reconcile himself to his lot. At length his mind be^
came calm, and fully reconciled to his situation : he grew
happy, employed his time in building and decorating his
huts, chasing the goats, whom he soon equalled in speedn
and scarcely ever failed of catching them. He also tamed
young kids, and other animals^ to be his companions. Whea
his garments were worn out, he made others from the skins
of the goats, whose flesh served him as food. His only
liquor was water. He computed that he had caught, dur^
ing his abode in the island, about 1000 goats, half of which
he had suffered to go at large, having first inarked them
with a slit in the ear. Commodore Anson, who went there
30 years after, found the first goat which they shot, had
been thus marked ; and hence they concluded that it had
been under the power of Selkirk. Though he constant! j^
performed his devotions at stated hours, and read aloud,
yefwfaen he was taken from the island, his language, from
disuse of conversation, had become scarcely intelligible.
In this solitude he remained four years and four months,
<)uring which only two incidents occurred which he thought
worthy of record. The first was, that pursuing a goat ea-
gerly, hie caught at the edge of a precipice, of which he
was not aware, and he fell over to the bottom, where he
lay some time senseless ; but of the exact space of time
in which he was bereaved of bis active powers he could not
form ati accurate estimate. When, however, be came to
854 S £ L It 1 R a.
fciAiseKy be found thef goat lying under him dead, tt wif
with difficulty that be cojild crawl to his habitation, and it
was not till after a considerable time that be entirely recch*
yered from his brAiises* The other event was the arrival
of a ship, which he at first supposed to be French^ but^
upon the crew^s lauding, he found them to be Spaniards,
of whom he hadtoo great a dread to trust himself in their
]iand#« They, however, had seen him, and he found it,
extremely difficult to make his escape. In this solitude
Selkirk remained until the 2d of February^ 1709, when he
•aw two ships come to the bay, and knew them to be Eng«*
lish* He immediately lighted a fire as a signal, and he
founds upon the landing of the men, that they were two
|>rivateerB from Bristol, commanded by captains Rogers and
Courtney. These^ after a fortnight^s stay at Juan Fernan-
dez, embarked, taking Selkirk with them, and returned by
way of the East Indies to England, where they arrived on
the 1st of October, 1711; Selkirk having been absent eight
years. The public curiosity being much excited, he, after
his return, di'ew up some account of what had occurred
during his solitary exile, which he put into the hands of
Defoe, who made it the foundation of his welUkoow«
work^ entitled ** Robinson Crusoe.^' The time and place
•f SelkirkV death are not on record. It is said, that so
late as 179S, the chest and «Qusket, which Selkirk had with
bim on the island, were in possession of a grand nephew^
John Selkirk, a weaver in Largo, North Britain. Such are
the particulars of this man's history as recorded in "Theh
Englishman,'' No. 26, and elsewhere^ but what credit is
due to ity we do not pretend to say.'
SENAC (John), a distinguished French physician, wa#
born in Gasco»y about the close of the seTenteenth. cen*
turj% and is said to have been a^doctorof the faculty of
physic of Rheims, and a bachelor of that of Paris ; which
last degree he obtained in 1724 or 1725« He was a mai^
of profound erudition, united with great modesty, and be*
came possessed, by his industry in the practice of his pro*
fessjon, of much sound medical knowledge. His merits
obtained for him the favour of the court, and he was ap-^
pointed consulting physician to Louis XV. and subse-*
quently succeeded Chicoyneau in the office of first pbytt'*
cian to that monarch. He was also a member of tha^yal^
^ Sinclair's SUtistkal Reports of Scotia nd.^^Cbalfflers^t Life af Defoe, Ibc*.
S £ N A a SU
tkcadbmy of sciences at Paris, atid of th« royal society of
Nancy. He died in December 1770, at the age of about
ieventy-seven years.
This able physician left some works of great reputation,
|>articularly his '< Trait6 de la Structure du Cceur, de sofi
iAction, etde^es Maiadies^'^ Paris, 1749, in two volumes,
4to. An essay '* De recondite febrium intermittentium et
remittentium naturft,'^ Amst. 1759, is generally ascrilfed fo
Senac. He also published an edition of Heister^s Anatomy,
Paris, 1724, and afterwards '< Discours sur la M€thode de
Franco, et sur celle de M. Rau toQchant ^Operation de In
Taille,^^ 1727^ <*Trait£ des Causes, des Accidens, et de
la Cure de la Peste," 1744. A work under the assumed
tiame of Julien Morison, entitled ** Letjtres sur la Choix det
Saign^eS)*' 1730, was from his pen; but the ^'^Nouveaii
Cours de Cbymie suivant les Principes de Newton et de
Stahl,^' Paris, 1722 and 1737, has been attributed by mis-
take-to Senac ; it was in fact a compilation of notes takefi
«it the lectures of GeofFroy by some students, and is un*
worthy of his pen.
His son Gabriel Senac de Meilhan possessed political
talents which promoted him in the reigns of Louis XV. and
XVL to the places of master of the requests, and intendant
/or several provinces* On the breaking out of the revolu*-
tion, he left France, and was received at some of the Ger«
fiian courts with distinction. He , afterwards went to Sc
Petersburgh, where Catherine IL gave him a pension of
€000 roubles, and wished him to write the aoinals of her
ceign. On her death he removed to Vienna, where he
died Aug. 16, 1603. He published, << Memoires d^Ann^
de Gonzague,'' '^ Consideration sur les Richesses et le
Luxe;'* a translation of Tacitus ; and some political works
on the revolution, with two volumes 8vo, of ** Oeuvres phi-
losophiques et litteraires.^' '
SENAULT (John Francis), an eloquent French divinoi
was bom in 1601, at Paris, and was the son of Peter Sen-
ault, secretary to the council of the League. He entered
young into the congregation of the oratory, then newly
established by cardinal de BeruUe, and was one of the
most celebrated preachers and best directors of his time.
He preached with uncommon reputation during forty years,
^^iTiris, and in the principal cities of France, and wrote
. * I SlQy, Diet Bist, 4o llsaime.-»Reeft*t Cyclop8idia.-^2)ict Hiit.
tie S E N A U L T.
N
several books on pious and moral subjects^ which wer9
much esteemed by pious catholics^ He appears to have
been a disinterested man, for be refused some considerable
pensions, and two bishoprics, but was elected general of
the oratory in 1662. He died August 3, 1672, at Paris,
aged seventy-one. His priiicipal works are^ ^^ A Para-
phrase on the Book of Job,*' 8vo; " L' Usage des Passions,*'
i2fn>9; "L'Hbmme Chretien," 4to; ** L'Homme criminel,**
4tp ; *^ Le Monarque, ou les Devoirs du Souverain,*'.12mo;
** Panegyrics on the Saints/' 3 vols. 8vo ; and the Lives of
several persons illustrious for their piety, &c. It was this
•father, says UAvocat, who banished from the pulpit that
empty parade of profane learning, and that false taste, by
which it was degraded; and who introduced a strong, sub*
lime, and majestic eloquence, suited to the solemnity of
our mysteries, and to the truths of our holy religion.'
SENECA (Lucius Anmaub), an eminent JStoic phtioso^
pher, was born at Cordoba in Spain, the year before the
.beginning of the Christian sera, of an equestrian family,
which had probably been transplanted thither in a colony
from Rotne. He was the second son of Marcos Annseus
Seneca, commonly called the rhetorician, whos^ remains
^re printed ui^der the title of " Suasoriie & Controversise,
cum Declamationum Excerptis;" and his youngest brother
J^nnesus Mela (for there were three of them) was memora-
ble for being the father of the poet Lucan. He was re-
moved to Rome, while be was yet in his infancy, by his^
aunt, who accompanied him on account of the delicacy of
his healths There be was educated in thei most liberal
manner, alid under the best masters. . He learned his elo-
«quence from bis father ; but preferring philosophy to the
declamations of the rhetoricians, he put himself under the
stoics Attalus) Sotion, and Papirius Fabian us, of whom he
^has made honourable mention in his writings. It is pro^
bable too, that be travelled when he was young, since we
£nd in several parts of his works, particularly in his
•* Quoestiones Natnrales,*' some correct and curious obser^
vations on Egypt and the Nile. But these pursuits did not
at all cQrrespoud with that scheme of life which his father
designed ; and to please him, Seneca engaged in the busi*
ness of the courts, with considerable success, although be
was rather an argumentative than an eloquent pleadfer. . A«
*o t-orsica, whsri. »: . "^ff® and th*. «. . ''''«a» Seneca wa*
^'» mother i„ I® '**' ^'"ed eiVh!, ^ """'"Bent, and ^;l!i
J*«. for we find ^°''*"**''«nJhaT„^""*J''>e qui!
,^'«'^« on account '?!> '"^^ber 1 " '""^ «''*^« '" 2l
r'""" '■" « straTn of '''' "'''fortune a^'/^P"**^"? «»"cli
'^««mperorVrXf^*'''ofMessfffP'''* '^'^ ""ried to
wa"*' procured J«^' Seneca froa, ijjj/^ Prevailed with
«'«s Burrhu,, a Z? ^ '"^r to her 2in ^^"^ ' and after.
tb»»icSporta„tchf/ ^;:i*» Prefect 1 " .^^°' *nd Afra-
?^'i B«rrhn, !f L^^'^ony, and S*P^" executed theit
'ng him with fJ^o °'^'°'ne discinHn J *''* ""''itwy "t, and
^*»«tin C *' *<>"«*» and wf.tP***'- «'tb honour* a
<>«« inS^!'.""*'*ehadi„al^^^ ^^--e the most i«ag,
^c^x. XXn,!''^''-^-., ^o^^Lr with the luxury
338 SENECA.
.effeminacy of a court, are said not to have produced any
improper effect upon the temper and di9positiQn of Seneca.^
He continued abstemiousi correct in bis \ niaQners, and»
above ail, free from flattery and ambition* ^^ I had rather,^'
.said he to Nero, ** offend you by speaking the truth, than
pleasre you by lying and flattery/* It is certain that while
he bad any influence, that is, during the first five years of
Nero^s reign, that period had always been considered as a
pattern of good government. But when Poppaea and Tigelli*
Dus had insinuated themselves into the confidence of the
etpperor^ and hurried him into the most extravagant and
abominable vices, he naturally grew weary of his master,
whose life ipust indeed have been a constant rebuke to
hiii^. When Seneca perceived that his favour declined at
•courts and that he had many accusers about the prince,
tivho were perpetually whispering in his ears his great riches;
his magnificent houses, his fine gardens, and his dangerous
popularity, h^ offered to return all his opulence and favours
to the tyrant, who, however, refused to accept them, and
assured bint of the continuance of his esteem ; but the phi-
losopher knew his disposition too well to rely on his pro-*
mises, and as Tacitus relates, '' kept no more levees, de-
elined the usual civilities which had been paid to him, and,
under a pretence of indisposition or engagement, avoided
as much as possible to appear in pubUc«" It was not long
before Seneca was convinced that he bad made a just>esti*
;mate of the sincerity of Nero, who now attempted, by
means of Cleonicus, a freedman of Seneca, to take him off
by poison ; but this did not succeed. In the mean time
Antonius Natalis, who had been concerned in the conspi*
racy of Piso, upon his examination, in order to court the
favour of Nero, or perhaps even at his instigation, men-
tioned Seneca among the number of the conspirators, and
to give some colour to the accusation, pretended, that he
had been sent by Piso to visit Seneca whilst he was sick,
and to complain of his having refused to see Piso, who as a
friend might have expected free access to him upon all oc-
casions ; and that Seneca, in reply, had said, that frequent
conversations could be of no service to either party, but
that he considered his own safety as involved in that of
Piso. Granius Sylvanus, tribune of the praetorian cohort,
was sent to ask Seneca, whether he recollected what had
passed between himself and Natalis. Seneca, whether by
accident or design is* uncertain, had that day left Campa-
i^ £ N £ 0 A« 33f
nia, and Wa& at his country-seat^ about four miles from tbe
eity. In the evening, while he was at supper with his wife
I'aullina and two friends, the tribune, with a military band|
came to the house, and delivered the emperor*s message.
Seneca's answer was, that he had received no complaint
from Piso, of his having refused to see him ; and that the
state of bis healthy which required repose^ had been bis
apology^ He added, that he saw no reason why he should
prefer the safety of any other individual to his own ; and
that no one was better acquainted than Nero, with bis in*
dependent spirit.
This reply Icindled the emperor^s indignation, and learn-
ing from the messenger that Seneca betrayed no symptoms
of terror or distress, sent him a peremptory command im-
mediately to put himself to death. This too Seneca receiv<^
ed with perfect composure, and asked permission of the
officer who brought the command, to alter his will ; but that
being refused, he requested of his friends, that since he was
not allowed to leave them any other legacy, they would
preserve the example of his life, and exhorted them to ex-
ercise that fortitude, which philosophy taught. After some
farther conversation with these friends, be embraced his
wife^ and intreated her to console herself with the recol*
lection of his virtues : but Paullina refused every consola-^
tion, except that of dying with her husband, and earnestly
solicited the friendly band of the executioner. ^Seneca,
after expressing his admiration of his wife's fortitude, pro-
ceeded to obey the emperor's fatal mandate, by opening a
vein in each arm : but, through his advanced age, the vital
stream flowed so reluctantly, that it was necessary also to
open the veins of his legs. Still finding his strength ex^
hausted without any prospect of a speedy release ; in' order
to alleviate, if possible, the anguish of his wife, who was
a spectator of the scene, and to save himself the torture of
witnessing her distress, he persuaded her to withdraw to
another chamber. In this situation, Seneca, with wonder-
ful recollection and self-command, dictated many philoso-
phical reflections to his secretary* After a loQg interval,
his friend Statins Anneus, to whom be complained of the
tedious delay of death, gave him a strong dose of poison ;
bi^t even this, through the feeble state of his vital powers^
produced little eflect. At last, he ordered the attendanu
to convey him into a warm baib; and, as he entered, be
sprinkled those who stood near, saying, <^ ( offer this liba^
340 S'E- N E C A.
tioti to Jtipitei' the delirerer.*' Then, plunging inlf6 th^
bath, be was soon suffdcated. His body was consumed,*
according to his own Express order, in a will which he had
made in the height of his prosperity, without any funeral
pomp.
The character, the system, and the writings of this phi-
losopher have been subjects of much dispute among the
learned. Concerning his character, a candid judge, who
considers the virtuous sentiments with which his writings
abound, the temperate and abstemious plan of Kfe whicti
\ be pursued in the midst of a luxurious court, and the for««
titude with which he met his fate, will not hastily pro-
DODnce him to have been guilty of adultery, upon the evi-
<ience of the infamous Messalina ; or conclude his wealths
to have been the reward of a servile compliance with the
base passions of his pritice. It has been questioned whe-
ther Seneca ought to be ranked among the stoic or the
eclectic philosophers ; and the freedom of judgment which
he expressly claims, together with the respect which he
pays to philosophers of different sects, clearly prove, that
be did not implicitly addict himself to the system of Zeno ;
nor can the contrary be inferred from his speakiug of our
Chrjsippus, atid our Cleanthes ; for he speaks also of our
Demetrius, and oftr Epicurus. It i^ evident, however,
from the general tenor and spirit of his writings, that be
adhered, in the main, to the stoic system. With respect to
his Writings^ be is justly censured by Quintilian, and other
critics, as among the Romans the first corrupter of style;
yet his works are exceedingly valuable, on account of the
great number of just and beautiful moral sentiments which
they contain, the extensive erudition which they discover,
and the happy mixture of freedom and urbanity, with
which they cetisure vice, and inculcate good morals. The
writings of Seneca, except his books of ^' Physical Ques.-
\ fions," are ebiefly of the moral kind : they consist of one
hundred and twenty •'four ^^ Epistles,^* and distinct treatises,
■** On Anger; Consolation; Providence; Tranquillity of
Mind; Cpnstancy; Clemency;* the Shortness of Life;
a Happy Life ; Retirement ; Benefits."
From the excellence of many of his precepts, some barci
imagined, tliat be was a Cbriatian, and it has been reported
that he held a correspondence with St. Paul by letters ; but
although he must have heard of Christ and his doctrine,
tjid his curiosity might tea4 him U> make som^ io^uity
$ E N E C A. S4l
0
ahottt tbem, the Ijetters published under tbe names of the
Philosopher and Apostle, have long been declared spurious
by the critics, and perfectly unworthy of either of tfaem.
A number of tragedies are extant under the name of Se-
neca, written in a bad style, but it is uncertain whether
the whole or any of them were by this Seneca. Of his ;a6*
know^ledged works Justus Lipsius published the first good
edition, which was succeeded by the Variorum, 1672,-3 vols.
8vo, and others. Of the tragedies, the best are those of
Scriverius, 1621, the Variorum, 1651, &c. and Schroeder'Sf
1728, 4to.*
SENNERTUS (Daniel), an eminent pbysiciati of Ger-
many, was born at Breslaw, where his father was a shoe-
maker, Nov. 25, IS72. He was sent ip the university of
Wittemberg. in 1593, and there made a great progress in
philosophy and physic, after which he visited the univer^
pities of Leipsic, Jena, and Francfort upon the Oder ;. ^nd
went to Berlin in 1601, whence he returned to- Wittem-
berg the same year, and , was promoted to the degree of
doctor in physic, apd soon after to a professorship in the
same faculty. He was the first who introduced the study of
chemistry into that university. He gained great reputa-
tion by his writings and practice ; patients came to him
from all parts, among whom were persons of the first
r^nk ; bis custom Was to take what was offered >him for his
advice, but demanded iiothing^ and restored to the iEKX>r
what they gavie him. The plague, was about neren times
at Wittemberg while he was professor tb^re ; but he never
retired^ nor refused to assist the sick : and tbe elector of
Saxony^ whom he had /cured of a dangerous illness. in 1638,
thaugii be bad appoi^nted him one of bis pbysiciatis in ordi-
n^ry^ yst gave him leave to continue at Witteaiberg. He
probably feUa^ sacrifice to his hutpanity, JEbrhe died of the
plague at Wittemberg, July 21, 1637.
Seonertus was. » vx)lttmio<HiA< writer, and has been cha«
racterized, by souve critics, as a mere comfMler from tbe
wor^s of tbe ancients. It is true that his writings contain
an epitome, but, it must be addod^ a most comprehensive,
(^lear, and judicious epitome, of the learning of tbe Greeks
K^ Arabians, wbiQh renders them, even at this day, of
cpii^tderable value as books of reference, ' and is highly,
creditable* considering tbe age in which they were com-**
842 S E N N E K T U S.
posed, to bis learning and discrimination. It must not be^
forgot that he 'also attained some fame as a philosopher,
• and was the first restorer of the Epicurean system among
the moderns. In a distinct chapter of his ^< Hypomnemata
Physica," or " I)eads of Physics," treating of atoms and
mixture, he embraces the atomic system, which he derives
from Mocbus the Phoenician. He supposes that the pri-
mary corpuscles not only unite in the formation of bodies,
but that in their mutual action and passion they undergo
such modifications, that they cease to be what they were
before their union ; and maintains, that by their combina-
tbn all material forms are produced. Sennertus, however,
confounded thie corpuscles of the more ancient philoso-
phers with the atoms of Pemocritus and Epictetus, and
held that each element has primary particles peculiar to
itself. His works have often been printed in France and
Italy. The last edition is that of Lyons, 1676, in 6 vols,
folio, to which bis life is prefixed.'
SEPTALIUS, or SETTALA (Louis), an Italian phy-
sician of celebrity, was born at Milan, in February 1552,
lie evinced great talents from his early childhood, and at
the age of sixteen defended some theses on the subject of
liatural philosophy with much acnteness. His inclination
leading him to the medical profession^ he repaired to Pavia,
for the study of it, and obtained the degree of doctor in
his twenty-first year, and was even appointed to a chair in
^is celebrated university two years after. At the end of
four more years he resigned bis professorship to devote
bimself entirely to practice at Milan, and while here Phi-
lip III. king of Spain, selected him for bis historiographer ;
but neither this, nor many other honours, that were offered
to him, could induce him to quit his native city, to which
h^ was ardently attached. The only honour which he ac*
cepted was the appointment of chief physician to the stat^
of Milan, which Philip IV. conferred upon him in 1627, as
a reward for his virtues and talents. Ir\ 1698,* daring the
plague at Milan, Septalius, While attending the infected,
was himself seized with the disei^se, and although he re-
covered, be had afterwards a paralytic attack, which greatly
impaired his health. He died in September 16S3, at the
age of eighty-one. Septalius Was a man of acute powers^
f^nd solid judgment, and was reputed extremely successfifl
> NiceroD, toL XIV.— Elo)r.--Brucker,
S E P T A L I US. 343
f
in his practice. He was warmly attached to the doctrines
of Hippocratesi whose works be never ceased to study.
He was author of various works, auioug which are : ** In
Librum Hippooratis Coi, de Aeribus, .Aquis, et LociS)
Cooimentarii quiuque/' 1 590 ; '* In Aristoteiis JProblemata'
Commentaria Latina/' torn. I. 1602, II. i607 ; ^^ Animaci-
versionum et Cautioiium Medicarum Libri duo, septem aliis
additi^*' 1629; the result of 40 years of practice, and equal
to any of its contemporaries of the seventeenth century.
'< De Margaritis Judicium,'' 1618; << De Peste et Pes*
tiferis Affectibus Libri V.'' 1622; ^* Analyticarum et Ani-
masticarum Dissertationum Libri II.'' 1626, &c. &c* *
SEPULVEDA (John Genes, de), a Spanish writer of
no good fame, was born at Cordova in 1491, and became
historiographer to the Emperor Charles V« He is memor-
able for writing a ^f Vindication of the Cruelties of the
Spaniards against the Indians,'' in opposition to Ihe bene*- -
volent pen of Barthelemi de laCasas. Sepulveda affirmed,
that such cruelties were justifiable .both by hiiman and di-
vine laws, as well as by the rights of war. It is an act of
justice to Charles V. to mention that he suppressed the
publication of Sepalveda's book in his dominions ; but it
was published at Rome* This advocate for the greatest
barbarities that ever disgraced human nature, died at
fialaqaanca in 1572. He was author of various works be-
sides that above mentioned ; in particular, of some Latin
letters, a translation from Aristotle, with notes, a life of
Charles V. &;c. printed together at Madrid in 1760, 4 vols.
4to« under the care of the royal academy of history, a
proof that .he stUl holds his rank among Spanish authors.'
SERAPION (John), or John the son of Serapion, a A
Arabian physician, lived between the time of Mesne and
Bhazes, and was probably the first writer on physic in the
Arabic language, Ilaly Abbas, when giving an account of
the wdnks-of his countryn^en,. describes the writings of Se-
rapion, as containing only an account of the cure of dis-
eases, widiout any precepts concerning the'preservation of
beaith, or relating to surgery; and be makes many critical
observations, wbichy' Dr. Freind observes, are sufficient
proofs of the geniiine existence of the works ascribed to
Serapion, from their tri^th and cocrectness. Rhazes also
t Elov, Diet. Hist, de Medecine^-^Kees's Cyclopaedia,
8 Niceioo, vol. XXHI.— AntOM. B.b|. H. p. ., . , . '
34* S E R A P I O N.
quotes them frequently in bis ^^ Continent,^* Serajtiott
iDUst have lived towards the middle of the ninth t;entury/
and not in the reign of Leo Isaurus, about the year 730, asr
some have stated. One circamstance remarkable in Sera*^
pion. Dr. Freind observes, is| that he often transcribes the
writings of Alexander Trallian, an author with whom few of
the other Arabians appear to be much acquainted. This
work of Serapion has been published, in translations, by
Gerard of Cremona, under the title of '^ Practical Dicta
Breviarum;^' and by Torinus, under that of ^^ Therapeu-
tics Methodus." There is another Sebapign, whom
Sprengel calb the younger^ and places* 180 years later than
the former, and who was probably the author of a work on
the materia medica, entitled <^ De Medicamentis tarn sim*-
pUcibuSy quam . compositis.'* This work bears intrinsic
evidence of being produced at a much later* period, since
authors are quoted who lived much posterior to Rhazes. ^
SERARIUS (Nicholas), a learned Jesuit and commen-
tator on the Scriptures, was bom in 1555, at Ramberwiiler
in Lorrain. After studying the languages, he taught ethics^
philosophy, and theology at Wurtzberg and Mentz, in
which last city he died, May 20, 1610, leaving many
works, of which the following are the principal : ^^ Com-
inentaries on several Books of the Bible,*' Mogunt. 1611;
>' Opuscula Theologica," 3 torn* foL; and others which
are qfllected in 16 vols. fol. Dupin gives this author
some praise, but. objects to him as dealing too much in
^ligreSsion, and as frequently being a trifling and incon-
elusive reasoner. ^
. SERASSI (P£T£K Anthokv), an Italian biographer,
was born at Bergamo in 1721,. and at the age of twenty had
ao distinguished himself as to be elected a member of the
academy- of Transformati at Milan, andv on his return to
Sergmnoy was appointed professor of the belles lettres. In
1741?, he published his ^^ Opinion concerning the country
of .Bernardo and of Tprquato Tasso,*' a. tract in which he
vindicated, to the district of Bergamo, the honour of being
the native country of these poets, which bad been dented
by Seghezzi, the author of a very elegant life of Bernardo ;
but Seghezzi now candidly confesiBed that bis opponeift
was right, and that he^should treat .the subject, differently,
were he again to write on it. In the succeeding yearsj^
\ 7rein4'( UwU of Pbysic^Reef's Cyctop«94ia, ^ Puptii,^|>ict Qiit,
S £ R A S S I. 3^5
«
Serassi publi^ed editions of several of the best f taliaa
writers, with their lives, particularly Maffei, Molza, Poli^
thn, Capella, Dante> Petrarch, &c. The most distin-
guished of bis biographical productions, however, was his
lifeofTasso, .1785, 2 vols. 4to, on which be had been
employed during twenty years. Mr.. Black, in his life of
that eminent poet, has availed himself of Serassi*s work,
but not without discovering its defects. Serassi also pub«
lished a life of <' Jacopo Mazzoni, patrician of Cesse^na,**
a parsonage little known, but whose history he has rendered
interesting. Serassi was employed in some offices under
the papal governpneotj and in the college of Propaganda.
He died Feb. 19, 1791, at Rome, in the seventieth year of
his age. A monuarent was erected to his memory in the
church of St. Maria, in Via lata, where he was interred ;
and the city of Bergamo ordered a medal to be struck to bis
honour, with the inscription ^^ Propagatori patriae laudis.*' '
SERGARDI (Louis), ah eminent satirist, was born at
Sienna in the seventeenth century, and going to Rom^,
became so distinguis.hed for his talents that he was made a
bishop. His Latin <^ Satires^' were published under the
name of Quintus Sectanus, and ai*e said to rank among the
purest imitations of Horace's style and manner. He
would have deserved to have been considered as the first of
moral satirists, bad he confined himself to the vices and
follies of his time, but much of his ridicule is bestowed on
the celebrated Gravioa^ who, with all his failings, ought to
liave been exempted from an attack of this kind. Sergardi
died in 1727. The editions of his satires are : 1. *^ Sectani
Satyrae jcix. in.Phylodemum, cum notis variorum.^' Colon.
1698, 8vo. 2. ^* SatyrsB numero aucts, mendis purgatae^
&c. cum notis anonymi: concinnante P. Antoniauo.'* Amst.
Elzevir (Naples), 1700, 2 vols, 8vo. 3. " Sergardii Lud.
ailtehax; Q. Sectani, Satyra;, et alia opera»'* Luc. 1783, 4
vols. 8vo.^^
SERRANUS (Joannes), or John de Serres, a learned
Frenchman, was born in the sixteenth century, and wa« of
jthe reformed religion. His parents sent him to Lausanne,
where he was taught Latin and Greek, and attached him-
self o^uch to the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle; but,^
on his return to France, he studied divinity, in order to
qualify himself for the ministry. He began to distinguisil
* Life by DamiaDi in AtbenaBum, toI. V, — Black's Preface to his Life of Tasso,
• f abroni Viic ItaIoruai> vol. X. — Laodi Hist, de la Luuratuie d^iiaUe, vol. V,
S46 S £ R R A N U S.
himself by his writings in 1570; and, in 1593, was pbligecl
to take refuge in ILausanne, after the dreadful massacre oq
St. Bartholpm^w^s day. Returning soon to France, he
published a piece in French, called *< A Remonstrance to
the king upon some pernicious principles in Bodin*s book
de Republica :^' in which he was thought to treat Bodin so
injuriously, that Henry III. ordered him to prison. Ob-
taining bis liberty, he became a minister of Nismes in
158S, but never was looked upon as a very zealous pro*
testant; and some have gone so far as to say, but without
sufficient foundation, that he actually abjured it. He is,
however, supposed to have beep one of those four minis*
ters, who declared tq Henry IV. that a man might be
saved in the popish as well as the protestant religion ; a
concession which certainly did not please his brethren^
He published, in 1597, with a view to reconcile the two
religions, ^^ De Fide Catholica, sive de principiis religionis
Christianas, communi omnium consensu semper et ubique
ratis ;" a work as little relished by the catholics, as by the
protestants. He died suddenly in 1598, when he was not
more than fifty, and the popbb party circulated a report
that his brethren of Geneva had poisoned him.
He published several works in Latin and in French,
relating to the history of France; among the rest, in
French : ^^ M^moires de la troisieoae Guerre Civile, et der«
niers troubles de France sous Charles IX., &c. ;^' *^ Inven*
taire g^n^rsil de PHistoire de France, illustre par la con-
f^renc^ de TEglise et de TEmpire, ^c. ;*' '* Recueil de^
choses m6morables avenues en France sous Henri IL
l^rangois IL Charles IX. ^t Henri III.*' &c. These have
been many times reprinted, with continuations and im-
provements ; but it is objected that Serranus b not always
impartial. Besides his theological works, he is pertiaps
best known for his ^^ Latin version of Plato,'* which was
printed with Henry Stephens's magnificent edition of that
author's works, 1578, 3 vols. fol. This translation, although
more elegant, is not thought so faithful as that of Ficinus.
Stephens had a very high opinion of Serranus, and printed
in 1573, twenty-four of the Psalms, translated by Serranus
into Greek verse, with two ** Idyllia" from Daniel and
Isaiah. Of this very rare volume, Francis Okely published
anew edition at London in 1772, 12mo. *
> Nicerooi vol, IV.— Morer'u
8ERVANDONI.
8ERVANDONI (John Nicholas), an ingenious iwf«fc^
tect and machinist, was born at Florence in i%95. He
rendered himself famous by his exquisite taste in architec-
ture, and by his genius for decorations, fete9, and build*'
ings. He was employed and rewarded by most of the
princes of Europe. He was bonouredin Portugal with the
order of Christ. In France he was arphitect and painter to
the King, and member of the different academies esta-
blished for the advancement of these arts. He receivecl
the same titles from the kings of Britain, Spain, Poland,
and from the duke of Wirtemberg ; but notwithstanding
these advantages, his want of economy was so great, that
he left nothing behind hinu He died at Paris in 1766.
Paris is indebted to him for many of its ornaments. He
made decorations also for the theatres of London and
Dresden. The French king^s theatre, called la saUe des
machines^ was under his management for some time. He
was permitted to exhibit shows consisting of single decora-
tions, some of which are said to have been astonishingly
sublime, as his representations of St. Peter's of Rome ;
the descent of iBneas into hell ; the enchanted forest ;
and the triumph of conjugal love ; the travels of Ulysses ;
Hero and Leander; and the conquest of the Mogul by
Thamas KouHkan. He built and embellished a theatre at
Chambon for Mareschal Saxe, and had the management of
It great number of fetes in Paris, Vienna, London, and
Lisbon. Frederick prince of Wales, too, engaged him in
his service : but the death of his royal highness prevented
%he execution of the designs which had been projected;
Among his most admired architectural performances, are
the portal, and many of the interior decorations of the
church of St. Sulpice, at Paris : the great parish church of
Coulanges in Burgundy: the great altar of the metropoli-
tan church of Sens ; and of the Chartreux at Lyons, Ace.
«cc.'
8ERVETU8 (Michael), a famous Anti-trinitarian, and
the great martyr of the Socinian sect, was born in 1509, at
.<yplaneuva in Arragon, or at Tudela in Navarre, in I5l\.
His father, who was a notary, sent him to the university of
Toulouse, to study the civil law : and there, or as some
say, when in Italy, be imbibed his peculiar notions re-
\ Diet. Hist — Kncycl. BriUn.«--Necrologit des ifommes Ce)sbrei, poor
S4S S E R V E T U S.
specting the doctrine of the Trinity. After he had beert
two or three years at Toalouse he resolved to remove inio
Germany, and propagate his opinions. He went to Basils
by way of Lyons and Geneva; and, having had some con-
ferences at Basil with Oecolampaditrs, set out for Stras*'*
burg, to converse with Bucer and Capito, two celebrated re-
formers of that city. At bis departure from Basil be left a
mannscript, entitled ** De Trinitatis Erroribus/' in the
bands of a bookseller, who sent it afterwards to Haguenau;
whither Servetus went, and had it printed in 1531. The
next year, he printed likewise at Haguenau another book,
with this title, ^^ Dialogorum de Trinitate libri duo :" ih
ao advertisement to which h^ retraas what he bad written
in his former book against the Trinity, not a^ it was false^
but because it was written impeVfectly and confusedly.
He then resolved to return to France, because he w|ts
poor, and did not un^ers^nd the German language ; as be
alleged upon his trial to the judges, when they asked bim
why he left Germany. He went accordingly to Basil,
thence to Lyons, where he lived two or thr^e years^ and
afterwards to Paris, where, having studied physic under
Sylvius', Fernelius, and other professors, he took his degree
of master of arts, and was admitted doctor of physic in the'
university. He now settled as a practitioner for two. or
three years in a town near Lyons, and then a^ Vienne in
Dauphiny, 1for the space of ten or twelve. la the meau
time, bis writings against the Trinity had excited the indig-
nation of the German divines, and spread bis name through-
out all Europe* In 1533, before he had left Lyons, Me^
lancthon wrote a letter to Camerarius, in which he allowed
that Servetus was evidently an acute and crafty disputant^
but confused and indigested in his thoughts, and certainly
ivanting in point of gravity. While Servetus was at Paris,
bis books being dispersed in Italy, were very much ap-»
proved by many who had thoughts of forsaking the churc^
of Rome: which, in 1539, excited Melancthon to write a
letter to the senate of Venice, importing, that ^^ a book of
Servetus^ who had revived, the error of Paul us Samosatenu%^
was handed about in their country, and beseeching them
to take care, that the impious error of that man may be
avoided, rejected, and abhorred." Servetus was at Lyou^
in U»42, before be settled in Vienne; and corrected th#
proofs of a Latin Bible that was printing there, to wbith
he added a preface and some marginal notes^ undei*
S £ H V E T U S. 349
#
^* ■ » • , ...
tbe name of Villanovanus, from the town where he was
born.
- During this time, Calvin, who was the head of the chirrch
at Geneva, kept a constant correspondence with Servetus
by letters, and as he tells us, endeavoured, for the space of
sixteen years, to reclaim that physician from his errors?.
Beza informs us, that Calvin knew. Servf tus at Paris, and
opposed bis doctrine; and adds, that Servetus, having ^it-
gaged to dispute with Calvin, durst not appear at the time
and place appointed. Servetus wrote several letters to
Calvin at Geneva from Lyons and Dauphin^, and consulte4
bim about several points : he also sent him a manuscri|)tk
for his o[)inion, which, with some of bis private lettersj
Calvin is 'said to have produced against him at his trial.
- Servetus, however, was inflexible in his opinions, and
determined to publish a third work in favour of them. This
canle out in 1553, at Vienne, with this title, " Christianis-
mi Restitutio,*' &c. without his name, but being discovered
to be the author, he was imprisoned at Vienne, . and wotifd
<;ertainly have been burnt alive if he bad not made hiv
^eape; however, sentence was passed on him, and hii
effigies was carried to the place of execution, fastened to a
gibbet, and afterwards buimed, with five bales of his books.
Sei'vetus in the mean time was retiring to Naples, where he
hoped to practise physic with the same high reputation as
be' bad practised at Vienne; yet was so' imprudent as to
take his way through Geneva, where he was seized and case
into prison ; and a prosecution was presently cotnmenced
Against him for heresy and blasphemy. The articles of his
accusation were numerous, and extracted from his various
writings; some of them are decidedly on the point of his
anti-trinitarianism, others are jnore trivial. The magis-
trates, however, being sensible that the trial of Servetus
ivai a thing of th^ highest consequence^ did not think fit to
^ive sentence, without consulting the magistrates of the
Protestant cantons of Switzerland : to whom, therefore,
they sent Servetus's book, printed at Vi^nne^ and also the
writing* of Calvin^ with Servetus's answers ; and at .the
same tiiue desired to have the opinion of their divines about
thataifair. They all gave vote against him, as Beza him-
iielf relates ; 4n consequence of which he was condemned
and burnt alive, Oct. 27, 1553. His death has been made
the occasion of numerous attacks on the character and
mexpory of Calvin, who; however, has a tery able advocate
y
%M SfeitVEtl^S.
in the life of Servetus by Cbaufepie, translated by the Re^«
James Yair, minister of the Scots church ici Campvere,
1771, 8vo. Servetus^s death may more properly be refer-
red to the Spirit of the times, and may justly form a reflec-^
lion on the reformers in general, who were adoptirxg the
intolerant practices of the church which they bad left.
Servetus was a man of great acuteness and learning. He
wa3 not only deeply versed in what w6 usually call sacred
and prophane literature, but also an adept in the arts and
sciences. He observed upon his trial, that he bad professed
mathematics at Paris ; although we do not find when, nor
under what circumstances. He was so admirably skilled id
his own profession, that he appears to have had some know-
ledge of the circulation of the blood ; although very short
of the clear and full discovery made by Harvey. Our iearn-*
ed Wotton says, ^^ The first that I could ever find, who
had a distinct idea of this matter, was Michael Servetus, si
Spanish physician, who was burnt for Arianism at Geneva,
near 140 years ago. Well had it been for the charch of
Christ, if he had wholly confined himself to his own pro-
fession ! His sagacity in this particular, before so much in
•the dark, gives us gre^t reason to believe, that the world
might then have just cause to have blessed his memory. In
m book of bis, entitled < Christianismi Restitutio,' printed
in 155s, he clearly asserts, that the blood passes through
the lungs, from the left to the right ventricle of the hear^
and liot through the partition which divides the two ventri-
cles, as was at that time commonly believed. How he in-»
troduces it, of in which of the six discourses, into which
Servetus divided his book, it is to be found, I know not«
having never seen the book myself. Mr. Charles Bernard,
a very learned and eminent surgeon of London, who did
me the favour to communicate this passage to me, set down
at length in the margin, which was transcribed out of Ser-
vetus, could inform me no farther, only that be had it from
a learned friend of his, who had himself copied it from
Servetus." The original editions of Servetus's works are
very scarce, and they have not been often reprinted, but
his doctrines may be traced in various Socinian systems.'
SERVIN (Louis), a. celebrated lawyer in France, who
flourished at the sixteenth and beginning of the seventjeenth
centuries, was descended of a good family in the Yendo-
^ Cbaufepte.r*Mo«h€iiii«
S E R V I N, 351
mois. In 1589 he was appointed advocate*genetal to the
parliament of Paris, and distinguished himself in that sta-
tion by his zealous support of the liberties of the Gallican
church, and his opposition to the pretensions of the court
of Rome. In 1590 he published a work in favour of Henry
IV. who had succeeded to the crown, entitled ^* VindicisD
secundum Libertatem Ecclesiae Gallicanse, et Defensio Re-
gii Status Gallo-Francorum sub Henrico IV. Rege.*' In
1598, being joined in a commission for the reformation of
the university of Paris, he delivered ^' a remonstrance" on
the subject, which was printed. To him also is attributed
a work in favour of the republic of Venice in the affairs of
the interdict. In the reign of Lewis XIII. at a bed of jus*-
tice holden in 1620, he made strong and animate.d remon-
strances in favour of the right of parliament to register
royal edicts. On another similar occasion, in 1626, for
the purpose of compelling the registry of some financial
edicts, as he was firmly but respectfully making fresh re-
monstrances to his majesty, he suddenly fell and expired at
the king's feet'
SERVIUS (Maurus Honoratus), a celebrated gram*
mariao and critic of antiquity, flourished in the fifth cen-
tury. He is known now chiefly by his cominentaries upon
Virgil, which Barthius and others have supposed to be no-
thinjg more than a collection of ancient criticisms and re-
marks upon that poet, made by. Servius. They were first
.published by Valdarfer in 1471, and reprinted several
times in that century, afterwards in an edition of Virgil,
at Paris, by Robert Stephens, 1532, in folio, and by Ful-
yius Ursinus, in 1569, Svo. A better edition was given by
Peter Daniel at Paris, in 1600; but the best isthat printed
with the edition of Virgil, by Masvicius, in 1717, 4to«
Burman, in his edition of 1746, has so blended these notes
with those of Heinsius, as to render it difficult to determine
how he reconciles their opposite authorities. There is also
extant, and printed in several editions of the ancient gram-
marians, a piece of Servius upon the feet of verses and the
quantity of syllables, called ^* Centimetrum.^' This was
first printed in 1476. Macrobius has spoken highly of
Servius, and makes him one of the speakers in his '^ Sa-
turnalia.*"
' I Moreri.— Dicr. Hi8t.
' * Fabwic. Bibl. Lat.— Baillet Jufemens.— Saxli Ooomatt.
$i2 g E t T L £.
SEtTAL. See SEPTALIUS.
SETTLE (Elkanah), a poetaster, much noticed in p<fe*
lical history, and of whom, therefore, some account may
be expected, was the son of Joseph Settle, of Dunstable^
in Bedfordshire^ and was bom in 1648. In 1666 be wad
entered a commoner of Trinity College, Oxfprd, but quit-
ted the university and came to London probably in the
following year, when he commiehced author ^nd politician.
At his outset he joined the whigs, who were then, though
the minor, yet a powerful party, and employed his talents
in their support. Afterwards, he went over to the other
side, and wrote for the tories with as much spirit, and
doubtless as much principle, as he had employed for the
whigs. Among other efiiisions, be published a heroic
poem on the coronation of James II.; and wrote paragraphs
and essays in the newspapers in support of the administra-^
%ion. In this. change of party he bad woefully miscalcu-*
hited; the revolution took place, -and from that period
having lost the little credit he had, be lived poor and de«
spised, subject to all the miseries of the most abject state
of indigence, and destitute of any advantageous and repu-
table connection. In 1680 he was so violent a whig, that
the famous ceremony of pope-burning on the 17th of No-
vember was entrusted to his management, and he seems
to have been at that time much in the confidence of those
who opposed government. After his change he became
equally violent against those with whom be had before
associated, and actually entered himself a trooper in king
James's army at Hounslow Heath. In the latter part of
his life he was so reduced as to attend a booth in Bartholo-
mew-fair, the keepers of which gave him a salary for writ-
ing drolls. He also was obliged to appear in bis old age
as a performer in these wretched theatrical exhibitions,
and, in a farce called ** St. George for England,** acted a
dragon inclosed in a case of greeuv leather of his own in-
vention. To this circumstance. Dr. Young refers in the
following lines of his epistle to Mr. Pope :
" Poor Elkanah, all other changes past.
For bread in Sroithfield dragons hiss'd at ]a3t.
Spit streams of fire to make th6 butchers gape.
And found his manners suited to his shape, &c/*
In the end, he obtained admission into the Charter-house,
and died there Feb. 12, 1723-4. The writer of a periodi-
oal paper, called <'The Briton/' Eeb. 19^ 1724, , speaks
S t T t L £.
of bim as th^ii jtttt dead, and adds, << be wtM a thin of tall
statttri^^ red face, short black hair, lived in the city,^ and
had a numerous poetical issue, but shared the misfortune
of several other gentlemen, to survive them alh'*
Settle had a pension from the city, for an annual pane*
jgyric to Celebrate the festival of the lord-mayor, itt coHse«
quence of which he wrote Various poems, called ** Tri«
umphs for the Inauguration of the Lord-mayor,*' the last
of which Was 4it 1 708. His dramatic pieces, all now forgot^
amount to nineteen. His poems it would be difficult to
enumerate, and not worth the labour.*
SE VERINU8 (Marcus Aurelius), a distinguiriied phy«
sician, was born at Tarsia, in Calabria, in 1 590, and bav-*
ing, after some intention of studying law^ given the pre*
ference to medicine, he received the degree of doctor iq,
the university of Naples, where be taught anatomy and
surgery with such reputation, as to attract a crowd of stili^
dents to the university. As a practitioner, however, biii
method was harsh, and he carried the tfse of the actual
cautery to a great extent He died at Naples, July t5^
1656, at the age of sevcnty-siic.. He was a man of bold
' and original mind, but somewhat attached to paradox ; and
was the author of several publications, a list of which may
be seen in our authority, and at the time of his death, was
preparing for publication some papers^ which he meant to
illustrate by engravings ; they were published together^
under the title of '* Antiperipatias, hoc est, adversiis Aris-«
toteleos de respiratione piscium Diatriba<'' <* Commepta-<
rius in Theophrastum de piscibus in sicco viventibus.*'
^ Pboca anatomic^ spectatu^,** 166 r. A sort of extract ot
abridgment of his writings on surgery was also published
in 1664, with the title of/'' Synopseos Chirurgicae Libiri vL*'
and so late as 1724, a new edition in 4to, of ^^ De Abices^
auum recondita natura." *
SEVERUS. See SULPICIUS.
6EVERUS (PUBUUS Cornelius), was an ancient Latin
poet of the Augustan age, whose *^ i£tna^^ was published
with notes and a prose interpretation by Le Clerc, at Am-
sterdam, 1703, in 12 mo, but some copies have the dat^
1715. It is annexed to <* Petri Bembi £tna,'' and is also
in Maittaire^s ^* Corpus Poet»'^ It had been before inserted
. I Biog^. Dram.— Malone'f Pryden, yoU 1. 124. 1^1. 174. vol. lU 115, Ko«**>
Nichols'i Bowyer. » JBIoy» DfCU Hiit. de Medecine.
VoL.XXVIL A A
?5* S;Ey E'RU.S,
jtmong the '^Catalecta VirgiliV published by Scaliger^
whpse nate9| as well as those of Lindebrqgius and Nicolas
Heinkius. Le Clerc has mixed vjrith his own. Quintilian
calls Severus <'a vqrsificator,*' rather than a poet,; yet adds,
that ** if h^e had finished. the Sicilian war/^ probably, be-
tween Augustus and Sestu9 Pompeius, *' in the manner
he had written the first book, he might have claimed a
much higher rank. But though an immature death pre-*
vented him from doing this, yet iiis juvenile works shew
the greatest genius.*' Ovid addresses him, not only as bis
friend, but as a court favourite and a great poet. *
SEVIGNE' (Mary DE Rabutin, lady de Chantal and
Bourbilly, and marchioness de) was the only daughter of
Celse Benigne de Rabutin, baron d^ Chantal, &c. bead
of the elder branch of Rabutin, and Mary de Coulanges«
She was born February 5, 1626, and lost her father the
year following, who commanded the squadron of gentlemen
volunteers in the isle of Rh6, when the English made a
descent there. In August 1644, at the age of eighteen, she
married Henry, marquisi de Sevigu^, descended of a very
ancient family of Bretagne. . He was a majpr-general and go-f
vernor of Fougeres. She had by him a son and a daughter,
it is. said that ner husband was not so much attached to her
as she deserved, which, however, did not prevent madam
de Sevig4i£ from sincerely lamenting his ^eath, which hap-*
pened i(i 1651, in a duel.
Her tenderness for her children appearecj, not only by
the care which she took of their, education, but also by her
attention in re-establishing the affairs of the house of Se-
tign6. Charles, marquis of Sevign^, her son, acquired a
laudable reputation in the world i and Frances Margaret^
her daughter, appeared in it with js;reat advantages. The
fame of her wit, beauty,, and discretion, had already beea
announced at court, when her mother brought her thither
for the first time in 1663, and in 1669, this young lady
was married to Francis Adbemar de Monteil, count de
Grignan. The mother being now necessarily, separated
from her daughter, for whom she had an uncommon degree
of affection, it is to this circumstance we owe the cele--
brated *^ Letters^' so often published, and so much admired^
particularly in France, as models of epistolary correspond-,
ence. They turn indeed very much upon trifles^ the in-
1 Vosiiiu dc P9«t. Ut— Fabric. Bibl. Lat.
B 15 V ! G N ]^.
355
tidenU of the Aajj and the news of the towH; and they
ure overloaded irith Extravagant compliments^ and expres*
i^ions of fondness, to her favourite daughter ; but withal^
they show such perpetual sprightiiness, they contain such
easy and varied narration, and so many strokes of the most
lively and beautiful painting, perfectly free from any affec-
tation, that they are jiistly entitled to high praise.
' Madam Sevign6 often visited her daughter, and in her
last joiirney to Grignan, after having gone through incre*
dible fatigue during a long illness of this darling child, she
was herself seized with a fever, of which she died in 1696.
The best edition of madame de Sevigne's ** Letters," pub- ^
lished by the chevalier Perrin, is Paris, 1775, 8 vols. 12mo.
Thrs contains the ** Select Letters'* of her society, but not
those from madame de Sevign6 to M. de Pompone, on M.
Fouquet's disgrace ; nor those that are in the ^^ CoUectiott
of Bussy Rabutin's Letters," which may be met with sepa-
rately. A collection of " Ingenious thoughts ; literary,
historical, and moral anecdotes," which are dispersed
through these letters, were published, 1756, 12mo, undet
the title " Sevigniana.'' Her * Letters have long been '
known in this country, by a translation published about
SEWARD (Anna), a poetess and literary lady of consi-
derable celebrity, was the daughter of the rev. Thomas
Seward, rector of Eyam in Derbyshire, prebendary of Sa-
lisbury^ and canon residentiary of Lichfield. In his youth
he had travelled as tutor with lord Charles Fitzroy, third
son of the duke of Grafton, a hopeful young nobleman,
who died upon his travels in 1739. Mr. Seward returned
to England, and soon after married Miss Elizabeth Hunter,
daughter of Mr. Huntef, head-master of the school at Lich-
field, the preceptor of Johnson, and pther eminent lite-
rary characters. Mr. Seward, upon his marriage, settled
at his rectory of Eyan^. In 1747, the second year of his
marriage. Miss. Seward was born.
Mr. Seward was himself a poet, and a contributor to
Dodsley's collection ; he was also an admirer of our ancient
drama, and in 1750 published an edition of Beaumont and
Fletcher^s plays. Thus accomplished himself, the talents
of his daughter did not long escape his observation, and
tinder his instructions she laid the foundation of a taste for
1 Diet, HHt.-— Bl^ies Lectured.
A A 2
S5& S E W A R D.
poetry. The authors be recomoiended to her were those
of queen Anne's reign. She was early fainiliarwith Pope^
Youngi Prior, and their predecessor Dryden, and in later
lifei used to make little allowance for poetry of an older
date^ excepting only that of Shakspeare and Milton. The
desire of imitating the compositions which gave her plea^
sure, very early displayed itself. She attempted metrical
versions of the Psalms, and even exercised herself in ori-
ginal composition, before she was ten years old. An ^* Ad*
dress to the first fine day of a backward spring,'^ wbicb
has been preserved, intimates considerable command of
numbers and language, though the ideas cannot be called
origin?.!.
About 1754, Mr. Seward removed with his family to
Lichfield, which continued ever afterwards to be his daugh-
ter's residence, although varied, during her father's lift^^
by occasional visits to his rectory at f yam. For the first
ten years 6f Miss Seward's residence here, sh^ was rather
checked than encouraged in the cultivation of her poetical
talents. Her mother possessed no taste for her daughter's
favourite amusements, and even her father withdrew his
countenance from them, under the apprehension that bis*
continued encouragement might produce in his daughter
that dreaded phenomenon, a learned lady. Poetry was
therefore prohibited, and' Miss Seward resorted to other
amusements, and to the practice of ornamental needle-
worjL, ,in which she is said to have excelled. When, how-
ever^ she arrived at an age to select her own society and
studies, her love of literature was indulged, and the sphere
in which she moved was sucfh as to increase her taste for
its pursuits. Dr. Darwin, the enthusiast Mr. Day, Mr.
Edgeworth, sir Brooke Boothby, and other names, well
ko0wn in the literary world, then formed part of the Lich*
field society. Dr. Johnson was an occasional visitor in their
circles, but not much of a favourite with Dr. Darwin off
Miss Seward. He neither agreed with the one, nor flatter-
ed the other.
j[n the mean time Miss Seward^s poetical powers appear
to have lain dormant, or to have been very sparingly exer-
cised, until her acquaintance with lady Miller, whose fan^
^iful and romantic institution at Bath Easton, was alter-
nately the sjubject of public attention and of some degree
of ridicule. Miss Seward, however, became a contributor
to the vas^ and the applause she received encouraged her
s E Ward. sst
lo oommit some of her ecsays to ttie press, parfrcularly her
poems on major Andr£ and captain Cook, which were re«>
iteived by the public with great favour, and certainly were
calculated to couvey a very high impression oF the original
powers of their author, and procured her the admiration and
correspondence of many of the most distinguished literary
characters of that time.
in 1780, Mrs. Seward died, and the care of attending her
surviving parent devolved entirely upon his daughter. This'
was soon embittered by a frequent recurrence of paralytic
and apoplectic aiTections, which broke Mr. Seward's health,
and gradually impaired the tone of his mind. His frame
resisted these repeated assaults for ten years, during whicb^
Miss Seward had the melancholy satisfaction to see, that
even when he had lost consciousness of every thing else,
her father retained a sense of her constant and unremittins:
attentions. In 1790 this scene closed, by the death of Mr.
Seward. His daughter remained mistress of an easy and
independent fortune, and continued to inhabit. the bishop's
palace at Lichfield, which had been long her father's resi*
dence,* and was her's until her death.
- While engaged in attendance upon her father, Miss
Seward, besides other occasional pieces, published, in 1782,
ber poetical novel, entitled '^ Louisa,*' which rapidly passed
through several editions. Other pieces, chiefly on occa-
sional topics, fell from her pen ; some of which found their
way to the public, and others have been printed from ma«*
nuscript, in the late collection of her poems. In 1799 she
published a collection of original ^* Sonnets." They were
intended to restore the strict rules of the legitimate sonnet,
and contain some beautiful examples of that species of
composition. In 1804 she published a ** Life of Dr. Dar*
win," which, although a desultory performance, and written
in that affected style which she had now adopted, and which
prevails throughout her correspondence, • is valuable as a
oollecftion of literary anecdote. In this publication she laid
her claim to the first fifty verses in the " Botanic Garden,"
which she had written • in compliment to Dr. Darwin, but
which he had inserted in his poem without any acknow-
ledgment.
After the publication of the " Sonnets," Miss Seward did
not undertake any large poem, yet she continjjed te pour
forth her poeitcal effusions upon such occasions as interest-
,ed her feelings, or excited ber imaginatiou.. These eiforts.
S58. SEWARD,
bowcrer, were unequal ta tho^e o( ber earlier muse. Age
was now approaching with its usual attendants, declining
healthy and the loss of friends. Yet her interest in iitera-^
ture and poetrj^ continued unabated, and she maintaioeil
an unrelaxed correspondence! not only with her former
friends, but with those later candidates for poetical distinc«
tion, whose exertions she approved of. For a year or twa
preceding 1807, Miss Seward l^ad been- occasionally en-
gaged in arranging and preparing for the press the edition
of her poems published after her death by Mr. Scott, and
which she would probably have published herself, but her
constitution, infirm for years^ was now rapidly declining,,
and after nearly two years of much suffering from bodily
complaints, she expired, March 25, 18Q9. To .Walter
Scotty esq. the bequeathed hex literary performances, and
particularly the works she had sp long intended for the press;
and her '^ Letters" to Mr, Constable, the eminent book-,
seller of Edinburgh. In the same, year, 1810, these gen*
tlemen executed the trust reposed in them ; the latter, by
an elegant publication of her ^^ Letters," in 6 vols, and the
former by a publication of her ^^ Poems," and some literary
correspondence, in 3 vols. Svo, with a biographical pre^
face, written with Mr. Scott's usual taste and acumen. The
^* Poems" will always remain a monument of Miss Seward^s
talents, and place her in an honourable rank among the
female candidates for literary honours. Her ^^ Letters,"
however, are, in our opinion, less calculated to leave a.
favourable impression of her character. They may be.
justly considered as the annals of vanity and flattery, and
in point of style es;hibit every defect whiph bad taste could
introduce.'
SEWARD (William), a biographical writfir, was the
90n of Mr. Seward, partner in the brewbouse under the
^rm of Calvert and Seward, and was born in January 1747,
He first went to a small seminary in the neighbourhood of
Cripplegate, and afterwards to the Charter-house school,
where he acquired a competent knowledge of Greek and
Latin, which he improved at Oxford. Having no inclina-*.
tion to engage in business, he relinquished bis concern in
the brewhouse at his father^s death ; and being possessed
of an easy fortune, did not apply to any profession, but
devoted bis time to learned leisure, and, among other
I Life by Walter 3colt, esq.
SEWARD. 359
pursuits, amn^ied htm$dlf with collecting the materials for
what be called '* Drossiana/* in the European Magazine,
which Jhe began in October 1789, and continued without
intermission to the end of his life* After he had published
in this manner for some time, he was advised to make a
selection, which, in 1794, he began with two volumes, and
these were followed in the three succeeding years by three,
more, under the title of *^ Anecdotes of some distm*
guished Persons, chiefly of the present and twoprecedin*^
Centuries;*' a work whjich met with general approba-
tion, and has been since reprinted. In 1799 he published
two volumes more on the plan of the former work, which
he entitled ^* Biographiana.'* These were finished a very
short time before his death;
Mr. Seward was in every respect a desirably acquaint^
ance ; he had travelled abroad with great improvement^
and was known to most of those who had distinguished them-^
selves by genius or learning, by natural or acquired .en*
4iowments, or even by eccentricity of character ; and he
bad stored his memory with anecdotes which made bis con<*
versation extremely entertaining. But though be wished
to observe the manner of eminent or extraordinary men, he
did not indiscriminately form friendships with them.. He
knew many, but was intimate with few. He was the friend
of Dn Johnson, had coQversed with Mr. Howard, and con^^
descended to know Tom Paine. Party distinctions ap»
peared to have but little weight with him. He visited and
received the visits of many whose opinions Were directly
opposite to each other, and equally to his own.
He spent his time like an English gentleman, with bos*
pitality and without ostentation. In the winter he resided
in London ; and of late years, in the summer, he varied
bis place of abode. At one time he resided at Mr. Coxe'a
bouse, near Salisbury ; at another, near Reading ; and th^
summer preceding his death, he made Richmond his resi-
dence. At all these places, and, indeed, wherever he
came, he found acquaintances who respected and valued
bim for his amiable qualities. He bore a tedious illnes^
with fortitude and resignation. Without expressing any
impatience, lie ;riewed the progress of his disorder, which
be early discovered was a dangerous one ; and continued*
bis literary pursuits, and received his friends, until a feM^
hours of his dissolution^ 'which took pUce the 2^th April
sea 8 E WELL.
1799 ; and, a feW days after, bis remains were interred in
the family vault at Fiochley. '
SEWELL (George), an English poet and physician,
was born at Windsor, where bis father was treasurer and
chapter-clerk of the college; received his edacation at
]£ton-school, and Peter-house, Cambridge ;v where having
taken the degree of B. M. be went to Leyden, to study
under Boerbaave, and On bis return practised physic in
the metropolis with reputation. In the latter part of his
life he retired to Hampstead, where he pursued his pro-
fession with some degree of success, till three other phy-
sicians came to settle at^ the same place, when his practiae
so far declined as to yield him very little advantage. He
kept no house, but was a boarder. He was much esteemed^
and so frequently invited to the tables of gentlemen in the
lieighbourbood, that he had seldom occasion to dine at
home. He died Febt 8, 1726;. and was supposed to be
very indigent at the time of bis death, as be was interred
on the 12th of the same month in the meanest manner, bis
coffin being little better than those allotted by the parish
to the poor who are buried from tbe workhouse ; neither
did a single friend or relation attend him to tbe grave. No
meffioriaTwas placed over his remains ; but they lie just
under a hollow tree which formed a part of a hedge-row
that was. once the boundary of the church-yard. He was
greatly esteemed for his i^miable disposition ; and is repre-
sented by some writers as a Tory in his political principles,
but of this there is no other proof given than his writing
some pamphlets against bishop Burnet. It is certain, that
a true spirit of liberty breathes in many of his works ; and
bf expresses, on many occasions, a warm attachjuient to
the Hanover succession. Besides seven controversial
pamphlets, he wrote, l. '^The Life of John Philips. ^^ 2,
^* A vindication of the EngKsh Stage, exemplified in the
Cato of Mr, Addison, 1716/' 3, << Sir Walter Baleigh, a
tragedy, acted at LincolnVinn-fields, 1719;'' apd part
of another play, intended to be called ^' Richard the First,'*.
|be fragments of which were published in 1718, with <<Twa
moral Essays on the Government of the Thoughts, and on
Peath,'' and a collection of *^ Several poems published in
bis life -time/' Dr. Sewell waf an occasional assistant
to Harrison in the fifth volume of ^^The Tatler; w»s a
I By t)ie late Its«c K«e4» in Sufopefui Ma|a|a«d| 1199^
S £ W E L L. 3€l
principal writer in the ninth volnme of '^ The Spectator ;
aqd published a translation of ** Ovid's Metamorphoses, in
exposition to the edition of Garth and an edition of Sbak*
apeare's Poems. Jacob and Cibber have enumerated a
considerable number of his single poems ; and in Mr. Ni*
cbols's << Collection*' are some valaable ones, unnoticed
by these writers. ^
SEWELL (Wiluam), the historian of the Quakersg^
.was the son of Jacob Williamson Sewell, a citizen of Am«^
sterdam, and a surgeon, and appears to have been born
there in 1650. His grandfather, William Seweli, was an
Englishman, and had resided at Kidderminster; but being
one of the sect of the Brownists,, left his native country for
the more free en^oyipent of his principles in Holland^
marned a Dutch woman of Utrecht, and settled there. The
parents of the subject of this article both died when he wa«
jroung, but had instructed him in the principles of the
Quakers, to which he steadily adhered during life. His
ediication in other respects appears to have been the fruit
of his own application ; and the time| he could spare from
the business to wliich be was apprenticed (that of a weaver)
be employed with good success in attaining a knowledge of,
the Gieek, Latin, English, French, and High Dutch/
languages. His natural abilities being good, his applica-'
tion unwearied, and his habits strictly tetnperate, he soon
became noticed by some of the most respectable book-
sellers in Holland ; and the translation of works of credit,
chiefly from the Latin and English tongues, into Low Dutch,
seems to have been one of the principal sources from which
bis moderate income was derived, in addition to the part
be took, at di&rent times, in several approved periodi-
cal publications. His modest, unassuming manners gained
him the esteem of several literary men, whose productions,:
there is reason to believe, were not unfrequently revised
and prepared for the press by him. His knowledge of his
native tongue was profound : his ** Dictionary," *' Gram-
mar," and other treatises on it, having left very little room
for succeeding improvement : and he assisted materially in
the compilation of Halma's French and Dutch Dictionary.
His ** History of the people called Quakers," written, first*
iji Low Dutch, and afterwards, by himself, in F#ngiish/
(dedicated to George 1.) was a very laborious under*
t Cibbet*s Livef.— Nichols's *Po«iiw,
set S E W E L L.
taking, as he was scrupulously nice in the selection; of bil
materials, which he bad been during many y^rs engaged
in collecting. Of the English edition, for it cannot pro-»'
perly be called a translation, it may be truly said, that as
the production of a foreigner, who had spent only about
ten months in England, and that above forty years before^
the style is far superior to what could have been reasonably
expected. One principal object with the author was, a
desire to correct what he conceived to be gross tnisrepre^
sentations in Gerard Croese's ** History of Quakerism.^'
The exact time of SewelPs death does not appear ; but in
a note of the editor's to the third edition of his "Dic-
tionary," in 1726, he is mentioned as being lately de«
ceased. His " History of the Quakers'* appears to have
been first published in 1722, folio, and reprinted in
1725.*
SEXTIU8 (QuwTus), a Pythagorean philosopher, who
flourished in the time of Augustus, seemed formed to rise
in the republic, but he shrunk from civil honours, and de^
dined accepting the rank of senator when it was offered
him by Julius Gaesar, that he might have time to apply to
philosophy. It appears that he wished to establish a school
at Rome, and that his tenets, though chiefly drawn from
the doctrines of Pythagoras, in some particulars resemble^
those of the Stoics. He soon found himself involved in
many difficulties. His laws were remarkably severe, and
in an early period of his establishment, he found his mind
so harassed, and the harshness of the doctrines which he
wished to establish so repulsive to his feelings, that he had
nearly worked himself up to such an height of desperation
as to resolve on putting a period to bis existence. Of the
school of Sextius were Fabianus, Sotion, Fiaviaiins, Cras-
sitius, and Celsus. Of his works only a few fragments re-
main ; and whether any of them formed a part of the work
which Seneca admired so much, cannot now be deter-»
mined. Some of his maxims are valuable. He recom-
mended an examination of the actions of the day to bis
scholars when they retired to. rest ; he taught that the road
to heaven ('ad astraj was by frugality, temperance, and
fortitude. He used to recommend holding a looking-glass
before persons disordered with passion. He enjoined his'
scholars to abstain from animal food. Brucker seems ta
1 Gent Mag, vol. LXXXII.—Pirerace to bis History.
S E X T I. U 8. 363
4mibty however, whether the ^* Sententfee Sezti Py thago-
reiy" so often printed by Gaie and others, be the genuine,
work of this moralist.'
SEXTUS EMPIRIC US, an ancient' Greek author, and
most apute defender of the Pyrrhonian or sceptical pbilo^-
sophy, was a physician,, and seems to have flourished under
the reign of Commodus, or perhaps a little later. He was,
against v^hat has usually been imagined, a different person
from JSextus, a'Stoic philosopher of Cseronea, and nephew
of Plutarch : but no particular circumstances of his life are
recorded. Of a great many, that have perished, two
works of his are still extant : three books of ^' Institutes of
Pyrrhonism," and ten books against the *^ Mathematici,**
by whom he means all kinds of dogmatists. His works
discover great erudition, and an extensive acquaintance
with the ancient systems of philosophy ; and, on this ac-
count chiefly, Brucker says, merit an attentive perusal;
Henry Stephens first made, and then printed in 1592, 8vo,
a Latin version from the Greek of the former of these
works ; and a version of the latter, by Hervetus, had been
printed by Plantin in 1569. , Both these ver^sions were
printed again with the Greek ; which first appeared at
Geneva in 1621, folio, but the best edition of Sextus Em-
piricus is that of John Albert Fabricius, in Greek and
Latin, Leipsic, 1718, folio,'
SEYMOUR (Edwari>), duk^ of Somerset, and uncle
%o Edward VI. was eldest son of sir John Seymour of Wolf*
ball, in the county of Wilts, knt. by Elizabeth daughter
of sir Henry Wentwortb, of Nettlested in Sufl'olk. He
was educated at the university of Oxford^ whence return-*
ing to his. father at court, when martial achievements were
encouraged by Henry VIIL he joined the army, and ac*
companying the duke of Suffolk in his expedition to France
in 1 533, was knighted by him Nov, 1^ of that year. Upon
bis sister^s marriage with the king in 1536, he had the title
of viscount Beauchamp bestowed upon him, in conse-
quence of his descent from an heir female of that house ;
and in Oct. 1537 was created earl of Hertford. In 1540
he was sent to France to dispute the limits of the English
borders, and on his return was elected knight of the garter.
Jn 1542 he attended the duke of Norfolk in his expedition
into Scotland, and the same year was made lord giV^kt
* Mooth. Rev. vol. IXXVII.— Bruoker.— Senecae Epist.
? Fabric. Bibl. Qiac*— ^Biucker. — Saxii OaJiuasticon.
SS4 SEYMOUR.
chamberlain of England for life. In 1544, being made
lieutenant-general of the north, be embarked for Scotland
with two hundred sail of ships, on account of the Scou
refusing to marry their young queen to prince Edward ;
and landing in the Frith, took Leith and Edinburgh, and
after plundering and burning them, marched by land into
England. In August of the same year, be went to the
assistance of the king at the siege of Boulogne, with teve^
ral German and Flemish troops ; and after taking it, de*
feated an army of 14,000 French, who lay encamped near it.
By the will of Hehry VIII. he was appointed one of the
sixteen persons, who were to be bis majesty's executors,
and governors of his son, till be should be eighteen years of
age. Upon Edward*s accession to the crown, it was pro-
posed in council, that one of the sixteen should be chosen, to
whom the ambassadors should address themselves, and who
should have the chief direction of affairs, though restrained
from acting without the consent of the major part of the rest
The lord chancellor Wriotbesly, who thought the prece-
dence in secular affairs belonging to him by his office, op-
posed this strongly, and urged, that it was changing the
king's will, who had made them equal in power and dig-'
nity ; and if any was raised above the rest in title, it would
be impossible to keep him within- just bounds, since greater
titles made way for exorbitant power. But the earl of
Hertford had so prepared his friends, that he was declared
governor of the king's person, and protector of the. king-
dom, with this restriction, that he should not act without
the advice and consent of the rest. In consequence of this
measure, two distinct p^riies were formed ; the one headed
- by the new protector, and the other by the chancellor ;
the favourers of the reformation declaring for the former,
and the enemies of it for the latter. On Feb. 10, 1547-8,
the protector was appointed lord treasurer, and the next
day created duke of Somerset, and on the 17th of that
month, bad a grant of the office of earl marshal of England
for life. On March 12th following, be liad a patent for
the office of protector and governor of the king and his
realms. By this patent he had a negative in the council,
but they had none on him ; and he could either bring his
own adherents into it, or select a cabinet-council out of it
at pleasure; while the other executors, having thus de-
livered up their authority to him, were only prtvy*conn-
sellors like the rest, without retaining any authority pe-
S E Y M OUR ses
eulijELt' 10 tbemselveS) as was particularly provided by
Henry VIIIth*s will. In August 1548 the protector took
a commission to be general, and to make war in Scotland,
and accordingly entered that kingdom, and, on Sept. 10,
gained a complete victory at Musselburgh, and on the 29th
^returned to England triumphantly, having, with the loss
of but sixty men in the whole expedition, 'taken eighty
pieces of cannon, bridled the two chief rivers of the king-
dom by garrisons, and gained several strong places.
It may easily be imagined how much these successes
raised his reputation in England, especially when it was
remembered what great services he had done formerly
against France ; so that the nation in general had vast ex-
pectations from his government ; biit the breach between
btm and his brother, the lord hi^h admiral of England, lost
him the present advantages. The death of the admiral
also^ in March 1548, drew much censure on the protector;
tboogfa others were of opinion that it was scarce possible
fof him to do more for the gaining hisr brother than he had
done. In September 1549, a strong faction appeared
againsthim, underthe influence and direction of Wriothesly
earl of Southampton, who hated him on account of losing
the. oBEice of lord chancellor, and Dudley earl of Warwick,
who expected to have the principal administration of affairs
upon his removal ; and other circumstances <x>neurred to
raise him enemies. His partiality to the ^commons pro*
Yoked the gentry ; his consenting to the execution of his
brother, and his palace in the Strand, erected on the ruin»
of several churches and other religious buildings, in a time
both of war and pestilence, disgusted the people. The
clergy hated him, not only for promoting the changes in
religion, but likewise for his enjoying so many of the best
manors.of the bishops ; and his entertaining foreign troops,
both German and Italian, though done by the consent of
the council, gave general disgust^ The privy counsellors
complained of bis being arbitrary in bis proceedings, and
of many other offences, which exasperated the whole body
of them against him, except archbishop Cranmer, sir WiU
Uam Paget, and sir Thomas Smith, secretary of state.
The first discovery of their designs induced him to remove
t^e king to Hampton Court, and then to Windsor; but
finding the party against him too formidable to oppose, he
submitted to the council, and on the 14th of October was
committed to the Tower, and in January following was
i66 SEYMOUR,
fined in the sum of two thousand pounds a year, ^ith the
loss of all bis offices and goods« However, on the -16th
of February, 1549*50^ he obtained a full pardon^ and so
managed his interest with the kingi that be was brought
both to the court and council in April following : and to
confirm the reconciliation between him and the earl of
Warwick,, the duke^s daughter was married, on the 3d of
June, 1550, to the lord viscount Lisle, the earPsson. But
this friendship did not continue long ; for in October 1551^
the earl, now created duke of Northumberland, caused
the duke of Somerset to be sent to the Tower, alledging,
that the latter had formed a design of raising the people i
And that when himself, and the marquis of Northampton^
and th^ earl of Pembroke, had been invifed to dine at the
]ord Paget's, Somerset determined to have set upon them
by the way, or to have killed them at dinner ; with othei^
particulars of that kind, which were related to the king in
so aggravated a manner, that he was entirely alienated from
bis uncle. . On the first of December the duke was brought
to his trial, and though acquitted of treason, was found
guilty of felony in intending to imprison the duke of Nor*
thUmberland. He was beheaded on Tower-hill on the 22d
of January, 1551-2, and died with great serenity. It was
generally believed, that the conspiracy, for which he suf-
fered, was a mere forgery ; and indeed the not bringing
the witnesses into the court, but only the deposit^ns, and
the parties themselves sitting as judges, gave great occa-
sion to condemn the proceedings against him. Besides, his
four friends, who were executed for the same causey ended
their lives with the n^ost solemn protestations of their* in-
nocence.
He was a person of great virtues; eminent for his piety ;
courteous, and affable in his greatness ; sincere and candid
in all his transactions ; a patron of the poor and oppressed j
but a better general than a counsellor. He had, however,
a tincture of vanity, and a fondness for his own notions;
and being a man of no extraordinary parts, was too much
at the disposal of those who by flattery and submission in-
sinuated themselves into his esteem and confidence. He
made likewise too great haste to raise a vast estate to be
altogether innocent. But to balance these defects, be was
never charged with personal disorders, nor guilty of false-
hood, of perverting justice, of cruelty, or oppression. Lolrd
Orford remarks that his contributing to tbe ruin of the
Howards hurt bim much in the eyes of the nation : bis
/ S E Y M O U Tt- , set
•eterity to bis own brother^ though a vain ^nd worthless
man, was still less excusable ; but having' fallen by the
policy. of a man more artful, more ambitious, and much
less virtuous than himself, be died lamented by the people.
He appears to have been an author. While l\e was lord
protector, there went under his name, ^' Epistola exhorta*
toria- oiissa ad Nobilitatem ac Plebem universumque popu-^
lum regni Scotise, Lond." 1548, 4to, which lord Orford
thinks might possibly be composed by some dependent.
His other works were penned during his troubles, wh6n he
does not appear to have had many flatterers. During bis
first imprisonment be caused to be printed a translation by
Miles Coverdale, from the German of Wormulus, of a
treati&e called ^^ A spirituall and most precious pearl, teach*
ing all men to love and embrace the cross, as a mosMweeb^
and necessary thing," &c. Lond. 1550, 16mo. To thi9
the duke wrote a recommendatory preface. About that
time he had great respect paid to him by the celebrated
reformers, Calvin, and Peter Martyr. The former wrote
to him an epistle of ** godly consolation,*' composed before
the time and knowledge of his disgrace } but being deli-
vered to him in the Tower, bis grace translated it from
French into English, and it was printed in 1550, under the
title of << An Epistle of Godly Consolacion,'* &c. Peter
Martyr also wrote an epistle to him in Latin, about the
same time, which pleased the duke so much, that at hitf
desire it was translated into English by Thomas Norton,
and printed in 1550, 8vo. In Strype is a prayer of the
duke '^ For God's assistance in the high office of protector
and 'governor, now committed to bim;'* and some of his
letters are preserved in the library of Jesus college, Cam-
bridge, and among tlie Harleian MSS.
Somerset left three daughters, Anne, Margaret, and Jane,
who were distinguished for their poetical talents. They
composed a century of Latin disticbs on the death of Mar-^
garet de Valois, queen of France, which were translated
into the French, Greek^ And Italian languages, and printed
in Paris in 1551. Anne, the eldest of these ladies, married
first the earl of Warwick, the son of the duke of Northum-
berland, already mentiooed, and afterwards sir Edward
Hunton, The other two died single. Jane was maid of
honour to queen Elizabeth.^
* Birch*s Lives.— ColUns's Peerage, by air E. Brydgei.— Park's edition of
the Royal and Noble Authors. — Strype's Anaals. — Burnet's Hist, of the Refur-
auuioa.
. I
368 S H A D W £ L L.
SHADWELL (Thomas), an Eoglub dramatic poet, wm
descended of a good family in the county of Stafford, hvt%
bom at Stanton-hall, in Norfolk) a seat of his father's, about
. )640. He was educated at Caius college in Cambridge,
and afterwards placed in the Middle Temple; where
be studied the law some time, and then went abroad.
Upon his return from his travels he applied himself to the
drama, and wrote seventeen plays, with a success which
introduced him to the notice of several persons of wit and
rank, by whom he was highly esteemed. At the Revolu*
tion he was, by his interest with the earl of Dorset, made
historiographer and poet-laureat ; and when some personii
urged that there were authors who had better pretensions
to the laurel, his lordship is said to have replied, ^* that he
did not pretend to determine how great a poet Shadwell
might be, but was sure that be was an honest man.** He
succeeded Dryden as poet«laureat ; for Oryden had so
warmly espoused the opposite interest, that at the Revolu-
tion he was dispossessed of his place. This, however,
Dryden considered as an indignity, and resented it very
warmly. He had ooce been on friendly terdis with Shad-
well, but some critical differences appear to have first se-
parated them, and now Dryden introduced Shadwell in hi»
Mae-Fleckno, in these lines :
" Others to somQ faint meaning make pretence^
But Shadwell never deviates into sense )** ,
which certainly was unjust, for though as a poet Shadwell
is not to be mentioned with Dryden, as a writer of comedy
he had no superior in that ageu His comedies abound in
priginal characters, strongly marked and well sustained, and
the manners of the time are more faithfully and minutely
delineated than in any author we are acquainted with.
Shadwell is said to have written rapidly, and in the preface
to bis ^^ Psyche'' he tells us that that tragedy, by no means,
however, his best performance, was written by him in five
weeks.
Lord Rochester had such an opinion of his conversation
that be said *^ if Shadwell had burnt all he wrote, and
printed all he spoke, he would have ha4 more wit and hu-
mour than any other poet" Considering Rochester's cha-
racter, this, we are afraid, confirms the account of some
contemporary writers, that Shadwell, in conversation, was
often grossly indecent and profane. Shadwell waa a great
StiAllWteLl. S€9
JftiTOiirita witb Otway, and lived io intimacy with hlnftj
wiiich mighty perbapsi be the occasion of Dryden^s exf
pressing so much cpn tempt for Otway^ ,wbigh wa9 sorely
less excusable than bis hostility towards our author. Shad-
Well died Dee. 6, 16d2 ; and his death was occasioned, as
some say, by a too large dose of opium, given him by mis*
take. A white marble monument with his bust is erected
in Westminster abbey by his son sir John Shadwell, and
his funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Nicolas J^rady,^ the
translator of the Psalms, who tells us that^^ he was a n^an
of great honesty and integrity, and had a real love of truth
and sincerity, an inviolable fidelity and strictness to hi^
word, an unalterable friendship wheresoever be profetssed
it, and (however the world may be deceived in him) a
much deeper sense of religion than many others have, who
pretend to it more^ openly."
Besides bis dramatic writings, he was the author of ser
veral pieces of poetry, but none of any great merit : the
chief are his congratulatory poem on the prince of Orange's
coming to England ; another on queen Mary ; a translatiom
of the tenth satire of Juvenal, &c. The best edition of hi?
works was printed in 1720, 4 vols. 12pio.
Our author's son, Dr. John Shadwell, was physician to
queen Anne; George I. and George II. by the former of
whom he was knighted. In August 16#9, he attended the
eari of Manchester, who then went to Paris as ambassador
extraordinary to Louis XIV. and continued there with that
nobleiTian till his return to England in Sept. ITOh He
died Dec. 4, 1747.
There was a Charles Shadwell, a dramatic writer, who^
Jacob tells us, was nephew to the poet-laureat, but Ch^t**
wood, in his ** British Theatre," says he was his younger
son. He had served in Portugal, and enjoyed a post ia
the revenue in Dublin, in which city he died August IS^
lt26. He wrote seven dramatic pieces, all which, ex<»
eepting the *^ Fair Quaker of Deal," and the ^^ Humours
of the Army,'' made theifi appearance oa the Irish stag^
only, and are printed together in one volume, 1720, l2mQ,^
SHAFTESBURY. See COOPER.
SHAKSPEARE (William), the most illustrious nam#
iti the history of English dramatic poetry, was born at Strat-
i Biof. Brit.— Biog. Dr«iD.--.Maloae'8 Dry den. v\, I. p. S6, 165-^174, %0$
^80^« vol. in. p. 77, 106, U4»-^Cibber'i Lives.^Nichols't Po<mi.
Vol. XXVII. Bb
S70 SHAKSPEARE.
ford-upon-ATOti, in WarwicksHire, on the 23d day of Aprif^
1564. Of the rank of his family it is not easy to form an
opinion; Mr. Rowe says, that by the register and certaia
publid writings relating to Stratford, it appears that his ao-
destbrs were *^ of good figure and fashion" in that town, and
are mentioned as '^ gentlemen,'' an epithet which was cer-
iainly mofe determinate then than at present, when it has be«
come an unlimited phrase of courtesy. His father, Joim
Shakspeare, was a considerable dealer in wool, and bad
been an officef and bailiiF (probably high-bailiflF or mayor)
of the body corporate of Stratford. He held also the office
of justice of the peace, and at one time, it is said, possessed
lands and tenements to the amount of 500/. the reward of
his grandfather's faithful and approved services to king
Hetiry VII. This, however^ has been asserted upon very
doubtful authority. Mr, Malone thinks ^* it is highly pro-
bable that he distinguished himself in Bosworth field on the
aide of king Henry, and that he was rewarded for his mili-
tary services by the bounty of that parsimonious prince,
though not with a grant of lands. No such grant appears
in the chapel of the Rolls, from the beginning to the end
of Henry's reign."— But whatever may have been his for*-
iher wealth, it appears to have been greatly reduced in the
latter part of his life, as we find, from the books of the
colporatioit^ that in 1579 he was excused the trifling we^k«-
ly tax of four-pence levied on all the aldermen ; and that
in 1586 another alderman was appointed in his room, in
consequence of his declining to attend on the business of
that office. It is even said by Aubrey, a man sufficiently
accurate in facts, although credulous in superstitious narra-
tives and traditions, that he followed for some time the oc-
cupation of a butcher, which Mr. Malone thinks not in-
consistent with probability. It must have been, however,
at this time, no inconsiderable addition to his difficulties
that he had a family of ten children. His wife was the
daughter &nd heiress of Robert Arden, of Wellingeote, in
the county of Warwick, who is styled <' a gentleman of
worship'." The family of Arden is very ancient, Robert
Arden of Brct^iich, esq. being in the list of the gentry of
this county returned by the commissionecs in the twelfth
year of king Henry VI. A. 0. 1.4}33.. E^J^^ard Arden was
sheriff of the county in 1568. The woodland part of this
county was anciently called Ardem^ afterwards softened 'to
Arden ; and hence the uame.
S H A K S P £ A R E, 371
Our illustriaus poet was ihe eldest son, and received his
^arly education, whether narrow or liberal^ at a free school,
prpbably that founded at Stratford ; but from this he appears
to have been soon removed, and placed, according to Mr.
Malone*s opinion, in the office of some country attornex>
or the seneschal of some manor court,, where it is highly
probable he, picked up those technical law phrases that so
frequently occur in his plays, and could not have been in
common use unless among professional men. Mr. Capell
cpnjectures that his early marriage prevented his being sent
to some university. It appears, however, as Dr. Farmer
observes, that his early life was incompatible with a course
of education, and it is certain that ^^ his contemporaries
friends and JFoes, nay, and. himself likewise, agree in his
want of what is usually termed literature.^' It is, indeed,
a strong argument in favour of Sbakspeare's iliiterature^
that it was maintained by all his contemporaries, many of
whom have left upon record every merit they could bescovf
on hiii(i ; and by his successors, who lived nearest to bis
time, when ^< his memory was green ;'^ and that it has been
denied only by Gildon, Sewell, and others down to Upton^
who could have no means of ascertaining the truth.
In his eighteenth year, or perhaps a 4ittle sooner, he
married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years.older than
himself, the daughter of one Hathaway, who is said to
have been a substantial yeoman in the neighbourhood of
Stratford. Of bis domestic c&conomy, or proressional occu-
pation at this time, we have no information ; but it would
appear that both were in a considerable degree neglected
by his associating with a gang of deer-stealers. Being
detected with them in robbing the park of sir Thomas Lucy
of Charlecpte, near Stratford, he was so rigorously prose*
cuted by that gentleman as to be obliged to leave his family
and business, and take shelter in London. Sir Thomas, on
this oci:asion, it said to have been ^exasperated by a ballad
Shakspeare wrote, prpbably his first essay in poetry, of
which the following stanza was communicated to Mr. Oldys.
';A'parliementemember> a josfticeof peace.
At home a poor seare-cniwe, at I/mdon an asse^
If lowsie is Lucy> as some vdke miscalle it^
Then Lucnr is lowsie whatever beiall it :
He taiidcs himself greate.
Yet an asse in hb state
We illowe by his ears but with asses to mate.
^ , B B 2
i4.>
'S72 iSHAKSPEARE.
' If Lucy is lowsie, as some volke miacalle it.
Sing lowsie Luqr> whatever befiBiU it."
These lities, it must be confessed, do no greftt honour td
our ^oet, and probably were unjust, for although some of
his admirers have recorded sir Thomas- as a ^' vain^ weak,
and Tindictive magistrate," he was certainly exerting no
very violent act of oppression, in protecting his property
against a man who was degrading the commonest rank of
life, and had at this time bespoke no indulgence by superior
talents. The ballad, however, must have made some noise
at sir Thomas's expence, as the author took care it should
le affixed to his park-gates, and liberally circulated among
his neighbours.
On his arrival in London, which was probably in 158^^
when he was twenty -two years old, he is said to have made
his first acquaintance in the play-house, to which idleness
or taste may have directed him, and where his necessities,
if tradition may be credited, obliged him to accept the
office of call-boy, or prompter's attendant. This is a me-
nial, whose employment it is to give the performers notice
to be ready to enter, as often as the business of the play
requires their appearance on the stage. Pope, however,
relates a story, communicated to him by Rowe, but which
Rowe did not think deserving of a place in the life he wrote^
that must a little retard the advancement of our poet to the
office just mentioned. According to this story, Shakspeare's
first employment was to wait at the door of the play-house,
and hold the horses of those who had no servants, that they
might be ready after the performance. But " I cannot,"
says his acute commentator, Mr. Steeven's, '* dismiss this
anecdote without observing, that it seems to want every
hiark of probability. Though Shakspeare quitted Stratford
on account of a juvenile irregularity, we have no reason to
suppose that he had forfeited the protection of bis father,
who was engaged in a lucrative business, or the love of his
wife, who had already brought him two children, and was
herself the daughter of a substantial yeoman. It is unlike-
ly, therefore, when he was beyond the reach of bis prose<*
cutor, that he should conceal bis plan of life, or place of
residence, from those who, if he found himself distressed,
could not fail to affi}rd him such supplies as would have set
him above the necessity of holding horses for subsistence.
Mr. Malone has remarked in his ^ Attempt to ascertain the
order in which the plays gf Shakspeare were written,* that
S H A K S P E A R £. 373
I ^ •
})e might have fomid an easy introduction to the stage ; for
Thomas Green, a celebrated comedian of that period, was
bis tpwnsman, and perhaps his relation. The genius of our
author prompted him to write poetry ; his connexion with
H player might have given his pi[:oductions a dramatic turn ;
. pr his own sagacity might have taught him that fame was
not incompatible with profit, and that the. theatre was w
jivenue to both. That it was once the general custom to
ride on horse-back to the play, I am likewise yet to leanv
The most popular of the theatres were on the Bank*side ;
and we are told by the satirical pamphleteers of that tima»
that the usual mode of conveyance to these plages of amuse-^
inent was by water, but not a single writer so much as hints
at the custom of riding to them, or at the practice of hav**
ing horses held during the hours of exhibition. Some air
iusion to this usage (if it had existed) must, I think, have
been discovered in the course of our researches after con-
temporary fashions. Let it be remembered too, that we
receive this tale on no higher authority than that of Gibber's
Lives of the Poets, vol. I. p. 130. Sir Wm. Davenant told
it to Mr. Betterton, who communicated it to Mr, JElowe^
who, according to Dr. Johnson, related it to Mr. Pope.''
Mr. Malone concurs in opinion that this story stands on a
very slender foundation, while he differs from Mr* SteeveiUK
as to the fact of gentlemen going to the theatre on hor^e^
back. With respect likewise to Shakspeare's father being
^' engaged in a lucrative business," we may remark, that
this could not have been the case at the time our authcn:
came to London, if the preceding dates be correct. He is
said to have arrived in London in 1586, the year in which
his father resigned the office of alderman, unless, indeec^
we are permitted to conjecture that his resignation was not
the consequence of his necessities.
But in whatever situation he was fir^t employed at the
theatre, he appears to have soon discovered those talents
which afterwards made him
" Th* applause ! delight ! the wonder of our stage !"
Some distinction he probably first acquired as an actor,
although Mr. Howe has not been able to discover any
character in which he appeared to more advantage than
£bat of the ghost in Hamlet. The instructions given to
the player in that tragedy, and other passages of his works,
^faqw an intimate acquaintance with the skill of acting, and
such as is scarcely surpassed ia our own days. He appeal?
S74 S H A K S P E A tl t.
9
to have studied nature in acting as niuch as iii writing;
But all this might have been mere theory. Mr. Malone is
of opinion he was no great actor. The distinction, how-
ever, which he obtained as an actor, could only be in his
own plays, in which he would be assisted by the novel ^
appearance of author and actor combined. Before hii
time, it does not appear that any actor of genius could
appear to advantage in the wretched pieces represented
on the stage.
Mr. Rowe regrets that he cannot inform us which was
the first play he wrote. More skilful research has since
found that Romeo and Juliet, and Richard II. and III.
were printed in 1597, when he was thirty -three years old;
there is also some reason to think that he commenced a
dramatic writer in 1592, and Mr. Malone even places his
first play, •* First part of Henry VI.'* in 1589. His plays,
however, must have been not only popular, but approved
by persons of the higher order, as we are certain that he
enjoyed the gracious favour of Queen Elizabeth, who was
very fond of the stage, and the particular and affectionate
patronage of the earl of Southampton, to whom he dedi-
cated his poems of *^ Venus and Adonis," and his '* Rape of
Lucrece.** On sir William Davenant*s authority, it has
been* asserted that this nobleman at one time gave him a
thousand pounds to enable him to complete a purchase*.
At the conclusion of the advertisement prefixed to Lintot^s
edition of Shakspeare^s Poems, it is said, '' That most
learned prince and great patron of learning, king James the
first, was pleased with his own hand to write an ^amicable
letter to Mr. Shakspeare: which letter, though now lost,
remained long in the hands of sir William D*Avenant, as a
credible person now living can testify.'* Dr, Farmer with
great probability supposes, that this letter was written by
king James, in return for the compliment paid to him in
Macbeth. The relator of the anecdote was Sheffield,
duke of Buckingham. These brief notices, meagre as
they are, may show that our author enjoyed high favour in
bis day. Whatever we may think of king James as a 'Mearned
prince,** his patronage, as well as that of his predecessor,
was sufficient to give celebrity to the founder of a new
stage. It may be added, that Shakspeare*s uncommon
merit, his candour, and good-nature, are supposed to have
procured hioi the admiration and acquaintance of every
person distinguished for such qualities. It ifl| iiot difficuUi
S H A K S P £ A R £. 3741
]Ddee(J, to suppose that Shakspeare was a man of bomour^
and a social companion, and probably excelled in that
species of minor wit, not ill adapted to conversation, of
wbich it could have been wished he had been more sparing
in his writings.
How long be acted has not been discovered, but he con*-
tinued to write till the year 1614. During his dramatic
career be acquired a property in the theatre *, which he
must have disposed of when he retired, as no mention of
it occurs in his will. His connexion with Ben Jouson has
been variously related. It is said, that when Jonson was
unknoyvn to the world, he oflFered a play to the theatre,
which was rejected after a very careless perusal ; but that
Shakspeare having accidentally cast bis eye on it, conceived
a favourable opinion of it, and afterwards recommended
Jonson and his writings to the public. For this candour he
was repaid by Jonson, when the latter became a poet of
note, with an erwious disrespect. Jonson acquired reputa*
tion by the variety of his pieces, and endeavoured to arro-
gate the suprema(:y in dramatic genius. Like a French
critic, he insinuated Shakspeare*s incorrectness, his careless
luaqner of writing, and his want of judgment; and as he
was a remarkably slow writer himself, he could not endure
the praise frequently bestowed on Shakspeare, of seldom
altering or blotting out what he had written. Mr. Malone
says, that ^^ not long after the year 1600, a coolness arose
between Shakspeare and him, which, however he may talk
of his almost idolatrous affection, produced on his part,
from that time to the death of our author, and for many
years afterwards, much clumsy sarcasm, and many malevo-
lent reflections.'* But fronv^^^^^> which are the commonly
received opinions on this subject, Dr. Farmer is inclined
to depart, and to think Jonson's hostility to Shakspeare
absolutely groundless; so uncertain is every circumstance
we attempt to recpver of our great poet's life t* Jonson
had only one advantage over Shakspeare, that of superior
learning, which might in certain situations be of some im-
portance, but could n^ver promote his rivalship with a man
who attained the highest excellence without it. Nor will
* In 1603, Shakspeare and several f But since writing the abOTe» Mr.
0iheri obtained a license from king O. Gilchrist has piqbiisbed th<3 ▼indi-
Jamas io exhibit comediei, tragedies, cation of Jonson in a very al^le paooph-
histories, &c. at ^tb» Globe Theatre, let. See our account of JontODi vol.
liid eliewbere. XIX. p. 144*
SfB 6 H A K (S P E A K E.
Sbakfpaave suffer by ifes beiog known that all the ^dramatio
poet^^i before he appeared were scholars. Greene, I^dge,
Peele^ M^lowty Nashe, Lily, and Kyd, bad all, says Mr,
Malone, a regular uniyersity editcationi and, as scholars ia
our universities, frequently composed and acted plays oa
historical subjects *,
The latter part of Sbakspeare's life was spent in ease,
xetirement, and the coovecsation of his friends. He
liad accumulated considerable property, which Gildon (ia
bis <f Letters and £ssays," 1694,) stated to amount to
$00L p^ annum, a sum at least equal to 1000/. in our
0ays; but Mr. Malone doubts whether all bis property
amounted to much more than 200/. per annum, which yet
wsm a eonsiderable fortune in those times ; and it is sup^^^
posed that he might have derived 200/. per annum from the
theatre while he continued to act.
He retired, some years before his death, to a house ia
Stratford, of which it has been thought iipportaat to give
the history. It was built by sir Hugh Clopton, a younger
brother of an ancient family in that neighbourhood. Sir
Hugh was sheriff of London in the reign of Richard HI. and
lord mayor in the reign of Henry VIL By hia will ha
bequeathed to his elder brother's son his manor of Clop*
too, Sac, and his house, by the name of the GreiU Hotisei itl
Stratford. A good part of the estate was in possession of
Edward Clopton, esq , and sir Hugh Clopton, knight, in
1 733. The principal estate had been spld out of the*Clop-f
ton family for above a century, at the time when Sbak-r
^peane became the purchaser, who having repaired and mo<«
delled it to his own mind, changed the name to New Phce^
which the mansion-rhouse afterwards erected, in the room
of the poet's bouse, retained for many years. The house
and lands belonging to it continued in the possession of
Shakspeare's descendants to the time of the Restoration^
when they were re-purchased by the Clopton family. Here^
in May 1742, when Mr. Garrick, Mr. Macklin, and Mr.
Delane, visited Stratford, they were hospitably entertained
under Shakspeare's mulberry^tree, by sir Hugh Clopton,
He was a barrister at law, was knighted by king George I.
and died in th^ eightieth yea» .of his age, in December
* Thii wai the practice in Milton's derg in the church were permitted to
days.- « Ooe of his objections to aca- act plays, ^c." Johnson's Life of
demical education, as it was then con- Milton,
ducted, 19, that mtn desisned for or-
SHAK8PSAKE.
tti
17St. His executor, about 1752, sold iVaz' Phee to the
Bev. Mr. Ga9trell, a m^n of large fortuoei who resided in
it but a few years, in consequence of a disagreement
with the inhabitants of Stratford. As be resided part of
the 3^ear at Lichfield, he thought be was assessed too highly
in the monthly rate towards the maintenance of the poor;
but, being very properly compelled by the magistrates of
Stratford to pay the whole of what was levied on him, on
the principle that his house was occupied by his servants in
his absence, he peevishly declared, that that house should
never be assessed again : and soon afterwards pulled it
down, sold the materials, and left the town. He had some
time before cut down Shakspeare^s mulberry-tree *, to save
himself the trouble of showing it to those whose admira-
tion of our &;reat poet led them to visit the classic ground
on which it stood. That Shakspeare planted this tree ap-
pears to be sufficiently authenticated. Where New Place
stood is now a garden. — Before concluding this history, it
may be necessary to mention, that the poet's house was
once honoured by the temporary residence of Henrietta
Maria, queen to Charles I. Theobald has given an inac-
curate account of this, as if she had been obliged to take
refuge in Stratford from the rebels, which was not the case^
She marched from Newark, June 16, 1643, and entered
Stratford triumphantly, about the 22nd of the same month,
at the head of 3000 foot and 1500 horse, with 150 wag-
gons, and a train of artillery. Here she was met by prince
Rupert, accompanied by a large body of troops. She
rested about three weeks at our poet's house, which w^
then possessed by bis grand-daughter Mrs. Nash, and her
husband.
During Shakspeare's abode in this house, his pleasure-*'
able wit and good-nature, says Mr. Rowe, engaged him the
acquaintance, and entitled him to the friendship of thc^
gentlemen of the neighbourhood. Among these Mr. Rowe
tells a traditional story of a miser, or usurer, named Combe,
. who,, in conversation with Shakspeare, said he fancied the
* ** At the curiosity of this house
>nd tree brought much fame, and more
company and profit to the town, a cer-
tain man, on 8ome disgust, has pulled
ttie bouse down, bo as not to leave one
•tone upon an'>ther, and cut down the
Upe, and piled it as a stack of fire-
W90d| to the great Te«ati90| lou, and
disappointment of the iohabitanti;
however, an honest siWer-smith bougbit
the whole stack of wood, and makes
many odd things of this wood for the
curious." Letter in Annual Register*
1760. Of Mr. Gastrell and his lady,
see Boswell's Life of Dr. JobniOi^ vol.
il. 490. lU, 443.
«78 « n A K S P E A R E.
poet intended to write bis epitaph if lie should survive bim^
and desired to know what he meant to say. On this Shaks*
peare gave him the following, probably extempore :
^' Ten in the hundred lies here ingrav'd^
Tis a hundred to ten his soul is not 8av*d.
If any man ask, who lies in this tombe ?
' Oh ! ho !' quoth the devil, ' 'tis my John-a-Combe\"
The sharpness of the satire is said to have stung the man
$o severely that be never forgave it. These lines, bow-?
ever, or some which nearly resemble them, appeared in va-
rious collections both before and after the time thej were
said to have been composed; and the inquiries of Mr. Stee-
vens and Mr. Malone satisfactorily prove that the 'whol^
itory is a fabrication. Betterton is said to have heard it
when he visited Warwickshire, on purpose to collect anec*
dotes of our poet, and probably thought it of too much
importance to be nicely examined. We know not whether
it be'worth adding of a story which we have rejected, that
^ usurer in Shakspeare's time did not meati one who took
exorbitant, but anj/ interest or usance for money, and that
ien in the hundred, or ten per cent, was then the ordinary
* interest of money. It is of more consequence, however, to
record the opinion of Mr. Malone, that Shakspeare, during
bis retirement, wrote the play of " Twelfth Night."
He died on his birth-day, Tuesday April 23, 1616, when
he had exactly completed his fifty-sepond y^ar*, and was
buried on the north side of the chancel, in the great church
at Stratfoird, where a monument is placed in the wall, on
which he is represented under an arch, in a sitting posture,
a cushion spread before him, with a pen in his right hand,
and his left rested on a scroll of paper., The following
Latin distich is engraved under the cushion :
*' Judicio Pylium> genio Socratem, arte Maronem^
Terra tegitj, pppulus mceret^ Qlympus habet."
** The first syllable in Socratem," says Mr. Steevens, "is
berie made short, which cannot be allowed. Perhaps we
should read Sophoplem. Shakspeare is then appositely
compared with a xiramatick author among the ancients;
but still it should, be remembered that the elogium is les-
sened while the inetre is reformed ; and it is well known
that some of our early writers of Lsitin poetry were uncom-?
inonly negligent in their prosody, especially in proper
' # The only notiec w« have of his ^od adds *' Terie good comptay, and
person is from Aiihrey, who says, « he of a very ready, and ple^iiuit, BxA
frai a haodiomt welli-thsped maD." imooth wilt"
S( H A K S P E A R E.
t7>
tifttnes. The thought of this distich, as Mr. Toilet obseires,
ffiight have been taken from * The Fa^ry Qtieene* of Spen«
fer, B. II. c. ix. st 48, and c. x. st. S.
** To this Latin inscription on Shaktpeare may be added
the lines which are found underneath it on bis monument :
' Stay> passenger, why dost thou go so fast ?
Read, if thou canst^ whom envious death hath plac'd
Within this monument ; Shakspeare, with whom
Quick nature dy*d -, whose name doth deck the tomb
Far more than cost ; since all that he hath writ
|.ieaves living art but page to serve his wit.
Obiit Ano. Dni. 1616.
set. 53, die 23 Apri/ ♦
^* It appears from the verses of Leonard Digges, that our
liutbor^s monument was erected before the year 162S. It
has been engraved by Vertue, and done in mezzotinto by
Miller."
We have no account of the malady which, at no' very ad-
vanced age, closed the life and labours of this unrivalled
and incoipparable genius.
His family consisted of two daughters, and a son named
Hamnet,whodiedinl596, inthe 12th year of his age. Susan*
nab, the eldest daughter, and her father's favourite, was mar->
Tied to Dr John Hall, a physician, who died Nov. 1635^
{iged 60. Mrs. Hall died July 1 1, 1649, aged 66. They left
only one child, 'Elizabeth, born 1607-8, and married April
22, 1626, to Thomas Nashe, esq. who died in 1647, and af-
terwards to sir John Barnard of Abington, in Northampton*
shire, but died without issue by either husband. Judith,
Shakspeare's youngest daughter, was married to aMr.Tho*
mas Quiney, and died Feb. 1661-62, in her 77th year. By
Mr. Q,uiney she had three sons, Shakspeare, Richard, and
Thomas, who all died unmarried. Sir Hugh Clopton^ who
was born two years after the death of lady Barnard, which .
happened in l6b9-70, related to Mr. Macklin, in 1742, ai|
old tradition, that she had carried away with her from
Btratford many of her grandfather's papers. On the death
of sir John Barnard, Mr. Malone thinks these must have
fallen into the hands of Mr. Edward Bagley, lady Bariiard*s
It is uncertain whetbtT this reqnctl
aod imprecatioR were written by Sbaks.
peare, or by one of hit friends. They
tirobably allude to the custom of re^
moving skeletons after a, certain time»
and depositing them in charneUbousesi'
and' similar execratiQi^^ aw fQimd-ul
many apcieat L^tin epitaphs.
* On bis graTf -stone untjerneath,
mre these' lme«, in an uncouth mixture
of small and capital letters:
¥Qood Freod for lesus SAKE for-
beare
To diao T.EDutr EncloAsed HERe
Blese be T-E Man J spares T-Es
Stones
4Bd cunt be Ht J movst my Bones.''
««• SHAKSPBARE.
ezecutdr, and if My descendant of that gentleman be now
living, in hisciMtody tbey probably remain. To this accooAt
. of Sbakspeare's family., we have now to add that among
Oldyt's papersi is another traditional story of bi< having
l>een the Camber of sir. William Davenant. Oldy^^s relatioa
is thus given :
^^ If tradition may be trusted, Sbakspeare often baited at
the Crown inn or tavern in Oxford, in his journey to and
from London. The landlady was a woman of great beauty
and sprightly wit, and her husband, Mr. John Davenant,
(afterwards mayor of that city) a grave melancholy man ;
who, as well as his wife, used much to delight in Shaks*
jpeare's pleasant company. Their son, young Will. Davenant,
^(afterwards sir William) was tlien a little school-boy in the
town, of about seven or eight years old, and so fond also of
Sbakspeare, that whenever he beard of his arrival, he would
fly from school to see him. One day an old townsman ob-
serving the boy runuing homeward almost out of breath,
asked him whither he was posting in that heat and hurry.
He answered to see his god-father Sbakspeare. ^ There's a
good boy,' said the other, * but have a care that you don't
take Gcd*s name in vain/ This story Mr.Pope told me at the
earl of Oxford's table, upon occasion of some discourse
which arosie about Sbakspeare's monument then newly
erected in Westminster abbey."
This story appears to have originated with Anthony
Wood, and it has been thought a presumption of its being
true that, after careful examination, Mr. Thomas Warton
was inclined to believe it. Mr. Steevens, however, treats it
with the utmost contempt, but does not perhaps argue with
bis usual attention to experience when he brings sir Wil-
liam Davenant's *^ heavy, vulgar, unmeaning face/' as a
proof that he could not be Sbakspeare's son.
, In the year 1741, a monument was erected to our poet
in Westminster Abbey, by the direction of the earl of Bur-
lington, Dr. Mead, Mr. Pope, and Mr. Martyn. It was the
work of Scheemaker (who received 30o/. for.it), after a
design of Kent, and was opened in January of that year.
The performers of each of the London theatres gave a be-
nefit to defray the e:^pences, and the Dean and Chapter of
Westminster took nothing for the ground. The money re<r
eeived by the performers at Drury-Iane theatre amounted
to above 200/, but the receipts at Covent-^^arden did not
exceed 100/.
SHAKSPEARK. sn
* From these imperfect notices, which are all we have tieen
able to collect from the labours of his biographers and
commentators, our readers will perceive that less is knoiirii
of Shakspeare than of almost any writer who haa been con*-
sidered as an object of laudable curiosity. Nothing o^uld
be more highly gratifying than an account of the early
studies of this wonderful man, the progress of his pen, his
moral and social qualities, his friendships, his failings, and
whatever else constitutes personal history. But on all these
topics his contemporaries and his immediate successors
have been equally silent, and if aught can hereafter be dis-
covered, it must be by exploring sources which have hi>-
therto escaped the anxious researches of those who bavede^
voted their whole lives, and their most vigorous talents, to
revive his memory and illustrate his writings; In the sketch
we have given, if the d^tes of his birth and death be ex<-
cepted, what is there on whidi the reader can depend, or
for which, if he contend eagerly, he may not be involved in
controversy, and perplexed with contradictory opinions and
authorities ?
It is usually said that the life of an author can be little
else than a history of his works ; but this opinion is liaUe
to many exceptions. If an author, indeed, has passed his
days in retirement, his life can afford little more varie^
than that of any other man who has lived iii retirement ;
but if^ as is generally the case with writers of gre^ cele^
brity, he has acquired a pre-eminence over his contempo«>
raries, if he has excited rival contentions, and defeated the
attacks of criticism or of malignity, or if he has plunged,
into the controversies of his age, and performed tlie pavt
either of a tyrant or a hero in literature, his history may he
rendered as interesting as that of any other public charac**
ter. But whatever weight may be allowed to this remark^
the decision will not be of much consequence iu the case
of Shakspeare. Unfortunately , we know as little of the
progress of bis writings, as of his personal history. The
industry of his illustrators for the last thirty years has been
such as probably never was surpassed in the annals of lite*
rary investigation, yet so far are we from information of the
lk)nclusive or satisfactory kind, that even the order in which
his plays were written^ rests principally on conjecture, and
of some plays usually printed among his works, it is not yet
determined whether he wrote the whole, or any part.
313 S H A k S P E A K E.
Much of our ignorance of every thing which it would bd
flesirabie to know respecting Shakspeare*s works, roust b^
imfHited to the author himself. If we look merely at the
state itn which he left his productions, we should be apt to
C0iiclu4e, either that he was insensible of their value, or
that while he was the greatest^ he was at the same time the
humUest writer the world ever produced ; ** that he thought
bis works unworthy of posterity, that he levied no ideal
tribute upon fdture times, nor had any further prospect,
than that of present popularity and present profit*** And
Mich an opinion, although it apparently partakes of the
ease and looseness of conjecture, may not be far from pro«
bability. But before we allow it any higher merit, or at-
tempt to decide upon the affection or neglect with which
he reviewed his labours, it mky be necessary to consider
their precise nature, and certain circumstances in his situa*>
tlon which affected them ; and, above all, we must take
into our account the character and predominant occupations
of the times in which he lived, and of those which followed
bis decease.
With respect to himself, it does not appear that he printed
any one of his plays, and only eleven of them were printed
in bis life- time. The reason assigned for this is, that he
wrote them for a particular theatre, sold them to the ma*
jiagers when only an actor, reserved them in manuscript
when himself a manager, and when he disposed of his pro*
perty in the theatre, they were still preserved in manuscript
to prevent their bei^g acted by the rival houses. Copies of
some of them appear to have been surreptitiously obtained,
and published in a very incorre&t state, bbt we may sup-
pose that it was wiser in the author or managers to overlook
this fraud, than to publish a correct edition, and so destroy
the exclusive property they enjoyed. It is clear, there-
fore, that any publication of his plays by himself would
liave interfered, at first with his own interest, and after-
wards with the interest of those to whom he bad made over
bis share in them. But even had this obstacle been removed,
we are not sure that he would have gained much by publi-
cation. If he had no other copies but those belonging to
the. theatre, the business of correction for the press must
have been a toil which we are afraid the taste of the public
at that time would have poorly rewarded. We know not
the exact portion of fame he enjoyed ; it was probably the
bighe!»t which dramatic genius could confer, but dramatic
\
S H A K S P E A R Bl SBS
genibswas a^nevir expellence, and not well undenitoiNl* Its
claims were probably not heard out of the jurisdiction df
the master of the revels, certainly not beyond the oietiro*
polis. Yet such was Shakspeare's reputation^.tbat we are
told his name was put to pieces which he never wrote, and
that he felt himself top confident in popular ffivour to.UQi-
deceive the public. This was singular resolution in a man
who wrote so unequally, that at this day the test of inters
nal evidence must be applied to his doubtful productions
with the greatest caution. But still, how far his character
would have been elevated by an examination of his plays in
the closet, in an age when the refinements of criticism were
not understood, and the sympathies of taste ;were seldom
felt, may admit of a question* " His language," saysDtr*
Johnson, " not being designed for the reader's desk^ was aH
that he desired it to be, if it conveyed his meaning to the
audience.''
Shakspeare died in 1616, and seven years afterwards ap*-
peared the first edition of his plays, published at tlie charges
of four booksellers, a circumstance from which Mr..Malone
infers, '^ that no single publisher was at that time willing to
risk his money on a complete collection of our author's
plays." This edition was printed from the copies in the
hands of his fellow-managers, Heminge and Condell, whick
had been in a series of years frequently ^altered through
convenience, caprice, or ignorance. Hemiqge and Con-
dell had now retired from the stage, and, we may suppose^
virere guilty of no injury to their successors, in printinp
what their own interest only had formerly withheld* Of
this, although we have no documents amaunting to demon**
stration, we may be convinced, by adverting to a circum-
stance wliich will, in our days, appear very extraordinary^
namely, the declension of Sbakspeare's popularity. We
have seen that the publication of his works was accounted a
d64ibtful speculation, and it is yet more certain that so much
bad the public taste turned from him in quest of variety^
that for several years after his death the plays of Fletcher
vvere more frequently acted than his, and during' the wbol^
of the seventeenth century, they were made to give place
to performances, the greater part of which cannot now be
endured. During the same period only, four editipns of
his works were published, all in folio ; and perhaps thia
unwieldy size of volume may be an additional proof that
they were not popular ^ nor is it thought that the impret*
sions were numerous.
S84 SttARs!>EAlte.
Tbese circutnstanciss which attach to our author and Vb
bis works, must be allowed a plausible weight in accounting
for car deficiencies in his biography and literary career';
btit there were circumstances enough in the history of the
times to suspend the progress of that more regular drama^
of' which be had set the example, and may be considered
a& the foonder. If we wonder why we know so much less
of Shakspeare than of his contempbraries, let us recollect
that hia genius^ however highly and justly we now rate it^
tock a direction which was not calculated for permanent
admiration, either in the age in which he livedo or in that
ifhich followed. Shakspeare was a writer of plays, a pro-
moter of an amusiement just emerging from barbarism ; and
ftti amusement which, although it has been classed dmohg
the. schools of morality, has ever had such a strong ten-
defncy to deviate from moral purposes, that the force of law
bas in all ages been called in to preserve it within th^
bounds of common decency. The church has ever been
unfriendly to the stage. A part of the injunctions of queen
~£liisabeth is particularly directed against the printing of
plays ^ and, according to an entry in the books of the Sta-
tioners* Company, in the 4l8t year of her reign, it is ordered
that no plays be printed^ except allowed by persons in au-
thority. Dr. Farmer also remarks^ that in that age, poetry
and novels were destroyed publicly by the bishops, and
privately by the puritans. The main transactions^ indeed^
of that period could not admit of much attention to (hatters
of amusement. The reformation required afH the circum-
spection and policy of a long reign to render it so firmly
-established in popular favour as to brave the caprice of any
succeeding sovereign. This was effected in a great mea-
* Aure by the diffusion of religious controversy, which wai
encouraged by the church, and especially by the puritans^
who were the immediate teachers of the lower classes, were
listened to with veneration, and usually inveighed against
all public amusements, as inconsistent with the Christian
profession. These controversies continued during the reign
of James I. and were in a considerable degree promoted by
him, although he, like Elizabeth, was a favourer of the
stage as an appendage to the grandeur and pleasures of the
court. But the commotions which followed in the unhappy
reign of Charles I. when the stage was totally abolished, are
sufficient to account for the oblivion thtowti on the history
and works of our great bard. From this time no in(](iTiry
S H A K S P E A Rt E. 3SA
vat made, uptil it was too late to obtain any iaforoiation
more satisfactory thaii the few hearsay scraps and contested
traditions above detailed. ^^ How little,*- says Mr. Steevenff,
** Sbakspeare was once read, may be understood from Tate,
wbo, in bis dedication to the altered play of king Lear,
speaks of the original' as an obscure piece, recommended
to bis notice by a friend ; and the author of the Tatier hav-
ing occasion to quote a few lines out of Macbeth, was con^^
tent to receive them from D'Avenant's alteration of that
celebrated drama, in which almost every original beauty is
either aukwardly disguised, or arbitrarily omitted/'
Jn Bfty years after his death, Dryden mentions that be
was then become ^' a little obsolete." In the beginning of
the last century, Lord Shaftesbury complains of his ^* rude
unpolished style, and his antiquated phrase and wit." . Itis
certain that for nearly an hundred years after his death,
partly owing to the immediate revolution and rebellion, and
partly to the licentious taste encouraged in Charles II.'s time,
and perhaps partly to the incorrect state of his works, he
was. almost entirely neglected. Mr. Maione has justly re^
marked, that *^ if be had beisn read, acimired, studied, and
imitated, in the same degree as he is now, the enthusiasm
of some one or other of his admirers in the last age would
have induced him to make some inquiries concerning the .
history of his theatrical career, and the. anecdotes of his
private life."
His admirers, however, if he had admirers in that age,
possessed no portion of such enthusiasm. That curiosity
which in our days has raised biography to the ran^ of an
independent study, was scarcely known, and where kinown,
confined principally to the public transactions of eminent
characters. And if, in addition to the circumstances aU
ready stated, we consider how little is known of the persov
nal history of Shakspeare's contemporaries, we may easily
resolve the question why, of all men who have ever claimed
admiration by genius, wisdom, or valour, who have emi-
nently contributed to enlarge the taste, or increase the re-^
putation of their country, we know the least of Sbakspeare;
and why, of the few particulars which seem entitled to ere-
dityAvhen simply related, and in which there is no manifest
TiG^ation of probability, or promise of importance, there is
scarcely one which has not. swelled into a controversy. After
a direful examination of aU that modera .research has dis«
covered, we kpow not how to trust our /curiosity beyond
Vol. XXVIL C c
386 8 H A K S P E A R E.
the limits of those barren dates which afford no personal
history. The nature of Shakspeare's writings prevents that
appesd to internal evidence which in other cases has been
found to throw light on character. The purity of his mo-
rals/ for example, if sought in his plays, must be measured
against the licentiousness of his language, and the question
•will then be, how much did he write from conviction, and
how much to gratify the taste of his hearers ? How much
did he add to the age, and how much did he borrow from
it ? Pope says, ^^ he was obliged to please the lowest of the
people, and to keep the worst of company;" and Pope
might have said more, for although we hope it was not
true, we have no means of proving.tbat it was false.
The only life which has been prefixed to all the editions
of Sh^kspeare of the eighteenth century is tliat drawn up
by Mr. Rowe, and which he modestly calk ^^ Some Ac-
count, &c/' In this we have what Rowe could collect
when every legitimate source of information was closed, a
few traditions that were floating nearly a century after the
author^s death. Some inaccuracies in his account have
been detected in the valuablts notes of Mr. Steevens and
Mr. Malone, who, in other parts of their respective editions,
. have scattered a few brief notices which are incorporated
in the present sketch. The whole, however, is unsatis-
factory. Shakspeare in his private character, in his friend-
ships, in his amusements, in his closet, in his family, is
, ^o where before us ; and such was the nature of the writ-
ings on which his fame depends, and of that employment
in which he was engaged, that being in no important re-
spect connected with the history of his age, it is in vain to
look into the latter for any information concerning him.
Mr. Capeil is of opinion that he wrote some prose works,
because '^ it can hardly be supposed that he, who had so
considerable a shaire in the confidence of the earls of Essex
and Southampton, could be a mute spectator only of con-
troversies in which they were so much interested.*' This
editor, however, appears to have taken for graiHed a de-
gree of confidence with these two statesmen, which be
ought first to have proved. Shakspeare might have en«
joyed the confidence of their social hours, but it is mere
conjecture that they admitted faim into the confidence of
their state afFairs. Mr. Malone, whose opinions are en«
titled to a higher degree of credit, thinks that his prose
compositions, if they diionid hn dbcovered^ 'woald exhikil
S H A K S P E A R E. 347
the flaoie perspicuity, the same cadence, the same ele-
gance and vigour, which we find in his plays. It is unfor-
tiiuate, however, for all wishes and ail conjeetures, tha;t
not a line of Shakspeare's manuscript is known to exist,
and his prose writings are nowhere hinted at. We have
pnly printed copies of his plays and poems, and those so
depraved by carelessness or ignorance, that all the labour
of all his commentators has not yet been able to restore
tbena to a probable purity. Many of the greatest difficul-
ties attending the perusal of them yet remain, and will
require, what it is scarcely possible to expect, greater sa-
gacity and more happy conjecture than have hitherto been
employed.
Of his poems, it is perhaps necessary that some notice
should be taken, although they have never been favourites
with the public, and have seldom been reprinted with his
plays. Sliortly after, his death, Mr. Malone informs us, a
very incorrect impression of them was issued out, which in
every subsequent edition was implicitly followed, until he
published a correct edition in 1780, with illustrations, &c.
But the peremptory decision of Mr. Steevens on the merits
of \hese poems must not be omitted. ^^ We have not re-
printed the Sonnets, &c. of Sbakspeare, because the
strongest act of parliament that could be framed would fail
to compel readers into their service. Had Sbakspeare
produced no other works than these, his name would have
reached us with as little celebrity as time has conferred on
that of Thomfis Watson, an older and much more elegant
sonneteer.*' Severe as this may appear, it only amounts to
the general conclusion which- modern critics have formed.
Still it cannot be denied that there are many scattered
beauties among his Sonnets, and although they are now
lost in the blaze of ttis dramatic genius, Mr. Malone re-
marks that they seem co have gained him more reputation
than his plays; at least, they are oftener mentioned or
alluded to.
The elegant preface of Dr. Johnson gives an account of
the attempts made in the early part of the last century, to
revive the memory and reputation of our poet, by Rovve,
Pope, Theobald, Hasmer, and Warburton, whose respee*
tive merits he has characterized with candour, and with
singular felicity of expression. Shakspeare's works may
be overloaded with qriticism, for what writer has excited
90 much curiosity, and so many opinions ? but Johnson's
CC 2
S8§ S H A. K S P E A R E, '
preface is an accompaniment worthy of the genius it cele-
brates. His own edition followed in 1765, and-a second^
in conjunction with Mr. Steevens, in 1773. The third
edition of the joint editors appeared in 1785, the fourth in
1793, the fifth in 1S03, in 2t volumes octavo, which 'has
since been reprinted. Mr. Malone's edition was published
in 1790 in 10 volumes, crown octavo, and is now become
exceedingly scarce. His original notes and improvements,
however, are incorporated in the editions of 1793 and 1803
by Mr. Steevens. Mr. Malone says, that from 1716 to
the date of his edition in 1790, that is, in seventy-four
years, ^' above 30,000 . copies of Shakspeare have been
dispersed through England.'* To this we may add with
confidence, thatsince 1790 that number has been tnore than
doubled. During 1803 no fewer than nine, editions were
in the press, belonging to the booksellers of London ; and
if we add the editions printed by others, and those pub-
lished in Scotland, Ireland, and America, we may surely
fix the present as the highest sera of Sbakspeare*s popu-
larity. Nor among the honours paid to his genius, ought
we to forget the very magnificent edition undertaken by
Messrs. Boy dell. Still less ought it to be forgotten how
much the reputation of Shakspeare was revived by the
unrivalled excellence of Garrick's performance. His share
in directing the public taste towards the study of Shak-
speare was perhaps greater than that of any individual in
his time; and such was his zeal, and such his success in.
this laudable attempt, that he may readily be forgiven the
foolish mummery of the Stratford Jubilee.
When public opinion had begun to assign to Shakspeare
the very high rank he was destined to hold, he became the
promising object of fraud and imposture. This, we have
already observed, he did not wholly escape in bis own
time', and he had the spirit or policy to despise it *. It
was reserved for modern impostors, however,, to avail
themselves of the obscurity in which his history is involved;
In 1751 a booh was published, entitled ** A Compendious
, or briefe examination of certayne ordinary Complaints of
di«ers of our Councrymen in those our days ; which, al-*
though they are in some parte unjust and frivolous, yet
* Mr. Maloae has given a list of 14 logoes. Of these << Peridos" has found
ffUys ascribed to Shakspeare, either advocates for its admisstoB ista hjs
by Uie editors of the iw9 later folios, works.
ur by the compilers of aoci^t cata->
SHAKSPEARE. S89
are they all by way of dialogue, throughly debated and
discussed by William Shakspeare, gentleman." This had
been originally published in 1581, but Dr. Farmer has
clearly proved that W. S. gent, the only authority for at*
tributing it to Shakspeare in the reprinted edition^ meant
William Stafford^ gent. Theobald, the same accurate cri-
tic informs us, was desirous of palming upon the world a
play called *^ Double Falsehood," for a posthumous one of
Shakspeare. In 1770 was reprinted at Feversham, an old
play,- called "The Tragedy of j^rden of Feversham and
Black Will," with a preface attributing it to Shakspeare,
without the smallest foundation. But these were trifles
compared to the atrocious attempt made in 1795-6, when^
besides a vast mass of prose and verse, letters, &c. pre«-
tendedly in the hand-writing of Shakspeare and his cor«
respondents, an entire play, entitled *' Vortigern," was
not only brought forward for the astonishment of the ad-
mirers of Shakspeare, but actually performed on Drury-
lane stage. It would be unnecessary to expatiate on the
merits of this play, which Mr. Steevens has very happily
characterized as " the performance of a madman without a
lucid interval," or to enter more at large into the nature of
a fraud so recent, and so soon acknowledged by the au«
thors of it. It produced, however, an interesting. contro-
versy between Mr. Malone and Mr. George Chalmers,
which, although mixed with some unpleasant asperities,
was extended to inquiries into the history and antiquities
of the stage, from which future critics and historians may
derive considerable information *.
SHARP (Abraham), an eminent mathematician, me-
chanist, and astronomer, was descended from an ancient
family at Little- Horton, near Bradford, in the West Riding
of Yorkshire, where he was born about 1651. He was at
first apprenticed to a merchant at Manchester, but his in-
clination and genius being decidedly for mathematics, he
obtained a release from his master, and removed to Liver*
pool, where he gave himself up wholly to the study of ma»
thematics, astronomy, &c. ; and for a subsistence, opened
a school, and taught writing and accounts^ &c. Before
he had been long at Liverpool, he accidentally met with a
* This sketch of Shakspeare?! Life haTing since been thrown on Shak-
ivas drawn up by the present writer for speare's history, it it here roprioted
a variorum edition of his works, pub- with very few alterations*
lisbed in 1804, and no additional light
990 SHARP.
Soerchani 6i^ tradesman visiting that town from Loudoti, m
whose bouse the astronomer Mr. Flamsteed then lodged }
aofd such was Sharp's enthusiasm for his farourite studies,
lliat with the view of befbonoing acquainted with this emi->
pnent man, he engaged himself to the merchant as a book*
keeper* Having been thus introduced, he acquired the
friendship of Mr. FLamsteed,. who obtained for him a pro-;*
fitable employment in the dock*-yard at Chatham. In this
he continued till his friend- and patron, knowing his great
merit in astroiomy and mecba&kcs, called him to his as**
wtance, in completing the astronomical apparatus in the
royal observatory at Greenwich, which bad been built about
the year 1676.
In this situation h^ continued to assist Mr. Flamsteed ia
makiag observaitions (with the mural arch, of 80 inches ra-
dius, and 140 degrees on the limb, contrived and gradu-
ated by Mr. 8barp) o*i the meridional zenith distances of
the fixed stars^ sun, moon, and planets, with the times of
their transits over the meridian ; also tbe diameters of the
frun and raoen, and their eclipses, with those of Jupiter'^
satellites, the variation of the compass, &c. He assisted
him also in making a catalogue of near SOOO fixed stars, as
to tl>eir longitudes and magnitudes, their right ascensions
and polar distances, with the variations of the same while
they change their longitude by one degree. But from the
fatigue of cootinually observing tbe stars at night, in a cold
tinn air, joined to a weakly constitution, he was reduced
to a bad state of heahb ; for tbe recovery of which he de-
sired leave to retire to his house at Horton ; where, as soon
as be began to recorer, be fitted up an observatory of his
own ; having first made an elegant and curious engine for
turning all kinds of work in wood or brass, with a maundril
for turning irregular figures, as ovals, roses, wreathed pil-
lars, &c. Beside these, he made himself most of the tools
used by joiners, clockmakers, opticians, mathematical in-
strument-makers, '&c. The limbs or arcs of bis large equa-
torial instrument, sextant, quadrant, &c. h^ graduated with
the nicest accuracy, by diagonal divisions into degrees and
minutes. Tbe telescopes he made use of were all of bis
own making, and the lenses ground, figured, and adjusted
with his own bands.
It was at this time that he assisted Mr. Flamsteed in cal-
culating most of the tables in the second volume of his
<* Historia Coelestis,'* as appears by their letters, in tbe
SHARP. 391
hands of Mr. Sharp's friends at Horton. Likewise the cu«
rious drawings of the charts of all the constellations visible
in owe hemisphere, with the still more excellent drawings
of the planispheres both of the northern and southern con-*
stellations. And though these drawings of the constella-
lions were sent to be engraved at Amsterdam by a masterly
^andy.yet the originals fair exceeded the engravings in point
ef beauty and elegance : these were published bv Mr. Flam*
steed, and both copies may be seen at Horton *,
The mathematician meets with something extraordinary
in Sbarp*s elaborate treatise of ** Geometry Improved/*
(1717, 4to, signed A. S^ Philomath.) 1st, by a large and
accurate table of segments of circles, its construction and
various uses in the solution of several difficult problems,
with compendious tables for finding a true proportional
part ; and their use in these or any other tables exempli-
fied in making logarithms, or their naturaf numbers, to 60
places of figures ; there being a table of them for all primes
to 1100, true to 61 figures. 2d. His concise treatise of
Polyedra, ^^or solid bodies of many bases, both the regular
ones and others : to which are added twelve new ones, with
various methods of forming thenf^, and their exact dimen-
sions in surds, or species, and in numbers : illustrated with
a variety of copper-plates, neatly engraved with his own ^
hands. Also the models of these polyedra he cut out in
box-wood with amazing neatness and accuracy. Indeed
few or none of the mathematical instrument-makers could
. exceed him in exactly graduating or neatly engraving any
mathematical or astronomical instrument, as may be seen
in the equatorial instrument above mentioned, or in bis
sextant, quadrants and dhils of various ^orts ; also in a cu-
rious armillary sphere, which, beside the common proper-
ties, has moveable circles, &c. for exhibiting and resolving
ail spherical triangles ; also his double sector, with many
other instruments, all contrived, graduated, and finished,
in a most elegatit manner, by himself. In short, he pos-
sessed at once a remarkably clear head for contriving, and
l^n extraordinary hand for executing, any thing, not only in
mechanics, but likewise in drawing, writing, and making
the most exact and beautiful schemes or figures in all his
calculations and geometrical constructions.
* Suph if the language of his hiographer, who wrote in 1781. (Gent. Mag. for
that year.) Whether these cariositiei are still to be lean at Horton we know not.
^92: SHARP.
The quadrature of the circle was undertaken by hioi foi^
bis own private amusement, in 1699, deduced from two dif-
ferent series, by which the truth of it was proved to 7^
places of figures ; as may be seen in the iDtroduotion to
Sberwin's tables of logarithms ; and in Sherwin may also
be seen his ingenious improvements on the making of lo-
garithms, and the constructing of the natural sines, tan-
gents, and secants. He calculated the natural and lo-
garithmic sines,, tangents, and secants, to every second in
the first minute of the quadrant: the laborious investiga-
tion of which may probably be seen in the archives of the
Royal Society, as they were presented to Mr. Patrick. Mtir-
doch for that purpose ; ecKhibiting his very neat and accu-
rate manner of writing and arranging his figures, not to be
equalled perhaps by the best penman now living.
The late ingenious Mr. Smeaton says (Philos. Trans, an.
jl78a, p. 5, &c). ** In the year 1689, Mr. Flamstced com-
pleted bis mural arc at Greenwich; and, in the prolego-
mena to his ^' Historia iCoelestis," he makes an ample ac-
knowledgment of the particular assistance, care, and indus-
try of Mr. Abraham Sharp ; whom, in the month of Aug.
1688, he brought into the observatory as his amanuensis,
and being, as Mr. Flamsteed tells us, not only a very skilful
mathematician, but exceedingly expert in me^chanlcal ope«<
rations, he was principally employed in « the construction
of the mural arc ; which in the compass of fourteen months
be. finished, so greatly to the satisfaction of Mr. Fianisteed,
tl)at he speaks of him in the highest terms of praise.
'^ This celebrated instrument, of which he a}so gives the
figure at the end of the prolegomena, was of the radios of
6 .feet 7| incites ; and, in like manner as the sextant, was
furnished both with screw and diagonal divisions, all per-
formed by the accurate hand of Mr. Sharp. But yet, who-*
ever compares the different parts of the table for convert
sioB of the revpljutions and parts of the screw belonging to
the mural arc into degrees, minutes, and seconds, with
each other, at the same distance from the zenith on diffe^
rent sides; and with their halves, quarters, &c. will find as
notable a disagreement of the screw- work from the hand
divisions, as had appeared before in the work of Mr. Tom-
pion : and hence we may conclude, that the method of Dn
Hook, being executed by two such masterly hands as Tom-
pion and Sharp, and found defective, is in reality not to
be depended upon in nice matters.
SHARP. 2n
^^'From the account of Mr. Flamsteed it appears a1so>
that Mr« Sharp obtained the zenith point of the instrument,
or line of coliimation, by observation of the zenith stars^
with the face of the instrument on the east and on the west
side of the wall : and that having made the index stronger
(to prevent flexure) than that of the sextant, and thereby
heavier, he. contrived, by means of polleys and balancing
weights, to relieve the hand that was to liiove it from a<
great part of its gravity. Mr. Sharp continued in strict
(:orre$pondence with Mr. Flamsteed as long as he lived, as
appeared by letters of Mr. Flamsteed's found after Mr.
Sharp's death ; many of which I have seen.
. ^' I have been the more particular relating to Mr. Sharp,
in the busiuess of conatructing this mural arc ; not only
because we may suppose it the first good and valid instru-^
ment of the kind, but because I look upon Mr. Sharp to
have been the first person that cut accurate and delicate
divisions upon astronomical instruments; of which, inde*
pendent of Mr. Flamsteed's testimony, there still remain
considerable proofs: for, after leaving Mr. Flamsteed, and
quitting the department above mentioned, he retired into
Yorkshire, to the village of Little Horton, near Bradford,
where he ended his days about the year 1743 (should be,
in 1742) ; and where I have seen not only a large and very
6ne collection of mechanical tools, the principal ones be«
ing made with his own hands, but also a great variety of
scales and instruments made with them, both in wood and
|>rass, the divisions of which were so exquisite, as would
Hot discredit the first artists of the present times : and I
Ixel ley e; there is. now remaining a quadrant, of 4 or 5 feet
radiate, framed of wood, but the limb covered with a brass
plate ; the subdivisions being done by diagonals, the lines
of which are as finely cut as those upon the quadrants at
Greenwich. The delicacy of Mr. Sharp's hand will indeed
permanently appear froto the copper-plates in a quarto
hook, published in the year 1718, entitled ^ Geometry Im-
proved' by A. Sharp, Philomath, (or rather 1717, by A. S;
Philomath.) whereof not only the geometrical lines upon
the plates, but the whole of the engraving of letters and
6gure8, were done by himself, as I was told by a person in
the mathematical line, who very frequently attended Mr.
Sharp in the latter part of his life. I therefore look upon
Mr. Sharp as the first person that brought the affair of hand,
division to any degree of perfection.''
SHARP.
Mr. Sharp kept up a correspondence by lettens with most
of the eminent mathematicians and astronomers of his time/
fis Mr. Fiamsteed, sir Isaac Newton, Dr. Halley, Dn Wal«
Us, Mr. Hodgson, Mr. Sherwin, &c. ; the answers to which
letters are all written upon the backs, or empty spaces, of
the letters be received, in a short«hand of his own contriv-*
ance. From a great variety of letters (of which a large
cbest-fuU remain with his friends) from these and many
other celebrated mathematicians, it is evident that Mr.
Sharp spared neither pains nor time to promote real science.
Indeed, being one 6f the most accurate and indefatigable
computers that . ever existed, he was for many years 'the
common resbarcefor Mr. Flamsteed, sir Jonas Moore, Dr.
HaUey, and others, in all sorts of troublesome and delicate
ealcubtioQs.
Mr. Sharp continued all his life a bachelor, and spent
hb time as recluse as a hermit. He was of a middle stature,
but very thin, being of a>weakly constitution ; he was re-'
markably feeble the last three or four years before he died,
which was on the 18th of July, 1742, in the 4unety-first year
of bis age.
. In his retirement at Little Horton, he employed four or
five rooms or apartments in his house for different purposes,
into which none of his family could possibly enter at any
time without his permission. He was seldom visited by
any persons, except two gentlemen of Bradford, the one a
mathematician, and the other an ingenious apothecary:
these were admitted, when he chose to be seen by them,
by the signal of rubbing a stone against a certain part of
the outside wall of the house. He duly attended the dis«
•enting chapel at Bradford, of which he was a member,
every Snnday ; at which time he took care to be provided
with plenty of halfpence, which he very charitably suffered
to be taken singly out of his hand, held behind him during
bis walk to the chapel, by a number of poor people who
followed him, without his overlooking back, or asking a
liingle question.
Mr. Sharp was very irregular as to his meals, and remark-
ably sparing in his diet, which he frequently took in the
following manner : A. little square hole, something like a
4vindow, made a communication between" the room where
he was usually employed in calculations, and another cham-
ber or room in the house where a servant could enter ; and
J
SHARP. 89S
fxfore this hole he hsd contrived a slidiii? board : the *9t-
vant always placed his victuals in this holey ^wiihoot speak*
ing or making any the least noise ; and when )ie bad a little
leisure he visiied his cupboard to see what it afforded to
satisfy bis hunger or thirst. But it often happened, that
the breakfast, dinner, and supper, have remained untouch-
ed by him, when the servant has gone to remove what was
left — so deeply engaged had he been in calculations. C»«
vities might easily be perceived in an old English oak table
where he sat to write, by the' frequent rubbing and wear-
ing of his elbows. By his epitaph it appears that he waa
related to archbishop Sharp, but in what degree is not men-
tioned. It is certain he was bom in the same place. One
of his nephews was the father of Mr. Ramsden the cele«
brated instrument-maker, who said that this bis grand^
uncle was for some time in his younger days an exciseman,
but quitted that occupation on coming to a patrimonial es-
tate of about 200/. a year. Mr. Thoresby, who often men-
tions him, had a declining dial for his library window, made
by Sharp.'
SHARP (James), archbishop of St. Andrew's, and the
third prelate of that see who suffered from popular or pri-
vate revenge, was born of a good family in BanflGihire in
1618. In his youth he displayed such a capacity as deter-
mined his father to dedicate him to the church, and to send
bim to the university of Aberdeen, whence, on account of
the Scottish covenant, made in 1638, he retired into Eng-
land, and was in a fair way of obtaining promotion from bis
acquaintance with doctors Sander3on, Hammond, Taylor,
und bther of our most eminent divines, when be was ob-
liged to return to his native country on account of the re-
bellion, and a bad state of health. Happening by the way
to fall into company with lord Oxenford, that noUeman
was pleased with his conversation, and carried him to his
own house in the country. Here he became kndwn to se-
veral of the nobility, particularly to John Lesley, earl of
Rothes, who patronized bim on account of his merit, and
procured him a professorship in St. Andrew's. After some
stay here with growing reputation, through the friendship
of the earl of Crauford, he was appointed minister of CraiL
In this town he acquitted himself of his ministry in an exem-
1 fSent Mag; vol. LL— Hutton'ii Di^t-^TboresbyU Leedi.
ZM SHARP.
plary and acceptable manner ; only some of the mdre rigid
sort would sometimes intimate their- fears that he was not
sound ; and it is very certain that he was not sincere.
About this time the covenanting presbyterians in Scot-
land split into two parties. The spirit raged with great
violence; and the privy-council established in that country
cpuld not restrain it, and therefore referred them to Crom*
V9.e]k himself, then protector. These parties were called
public resolutioners, and protestators or remonstratorsv
They sent deputies up to London ; the former, Mr. Sharp,
knowing his activity, address, and penetration ; the latter,
Mr. Guthrie, a noted adherent to the covenant. A day.
being appointed for hearing the two agents, Guthrie spoke
first,, and spoke so long that, when he ended, the protector
told Sharp, he would hear him another time ; for bis hour
fur other business was approaching. But Sharp begged to
be heard, promising to be short ; and, being permitted to
speak, in a few words urged his cause so well as to incline
Oliver to his party. Having succeeded in this impotunt
affair, he returned to the exercise of his function ; and
always kept a good understanding with the chief of the op-
posite party that were most eminent for worth and learning.*
When general Monk advanced to London, the chief of the
kirk sent Sharp to attend him, to acquaint him with the
st^te of things, and to put him in mind of what was neces*
sary ;< instructing him to use his utmost endeavours to se-
cure the freedom and privileges of their established judica-
tures ; and to represent the sinfulness and offensiveness of
the late established toleratiariy by which a door was opened
to many gross errors and loose practices in their church.
The earl of Lauderdale and he had a meeting with ten of
the chief presbyterian ministers in London, who all agreed
upon the necessity of bringing in the king upon covenant
terms. At the earnest desire of Monk and the leading pres-
byterians of Scotland, Sharp was sent over to king Charles
to Breda, to solicit him to own the cause of presbytery.
He returned to London, and acquainted his friends, ** that
he found the king very affectionate to^ Scotland, and re-
solved not to wrong the settled government of their church :"'
at last he came to Scotland, aCnd delivered to some of the
ministers of Edinburgh a letter from the king, in which his
majesty promised to protect and preserve the government
of the church of Scotland, "as it is settled by law.'* The
<^l^i'gy> understanding this declaration in its obvious mean-
SHARP. 3DT
ing, felt all the satisfaction which such a communication
oouid not fail to impart; but Sharp, wha had composed*
the letter, took this very step to hasten the subversion of
the presbyterian church government, and nothing could ap-
pear more flagitious than the manner in which he had con-
trived It should operate. When the earl of Middleton,
who was appointed to open the parliament in Scotland as
his majesty^s commissioner, first read this extraordinary
letter, hq was amazed, and reproached Sharp for having
abandoned the cause of episcopacy, to which he had pre-
viously agreed. But Sharp pleaded that, while this letter
would serve to keep the presbyterians quiet, it laid his ma«
jesty under no obligation, because, as he bound himself to
support the ecclesiastical government *^ settled by law,**
parliament had only thus to settle episcopacy, to transfer
to it the pledge of the monarch. Even Middieton, a man
of I00S& morals, was shocked with such disingenuity, and
honestly answered, that the thing might be done, but that
for his share, he did not love the way, which made his
majesty^s first appearance in Scotland to be in a cheat. The
presbyteriaii government being overturned by the parlia-
ment, and the bishops restored, Sharp was appointed aVch-
bishop of St Andrew's; and still, inconsistence with his
treacherous character, endeavoured to persuade his old
friends, that he had accepted this high office, to prevent
its being filled with one who might act with violence against
the presbyterians.
All this conduct rendered him very odious in Scotland,
and he was accused of treachery and perfidy, and reproach-
ed by his old friends as a traitor and a renegado. The ab-
surd and wanton cruelties which were afterwards committed,
ami which were imputed in a great measure, to the arch-
bishop, rendered him still more detested. Nor were these
accusations without foundation, for when after the defeat
of the presbyterians at Pentland-hills, he received an' order
from the king to stop the executions, he kept it for some
time before he produced it in council.
Sharp had a servant, one Carmichael, who by his cruel-
ties bad r^endered himself particularly odious to the presby^
terians. Nine men formed the resolution, in 1679, of way-
laying, him in Magus^moor, about three miles from St.
Andrew's. . While they were watting for this man, the pri-*
mate himself appeared, in a coach with his daughter, and
the assassins immediately considered this as a fit opportu-
398 SHARP.
nity to rid the world of such a monster of per&dy and
^cruelty, and accorjdingly dispatched him with their swords,
with every aggravation of barbarity, regardless of the tears
and intreaties of his daughter. Such is the account given
by all historians of the murder of Sharp ; and that be fell
by the hands of fanatics whom he persecuted, is certain. A
tradition, however, has been preserved in different fami^
lies descended from him,^ which may here be mentioned.
The primate had, in the plenitude of his archiepiscopal
authority, taken notice of a criminal amour carried on be-
tween a nobleman high in office and a lady of some fashion
who lived within his diocese. This interfeareoce wa» in that
licentious age deemed very impertinent; and the arch-
bishop's descendants believe that the proud peer instigated
the deluded rabble to murder their ancestor. Such a tra«
dition, however, is contrary to all historical testimony, and
all historians have been particularly desirous to prove that
the meeting with the assassins was purely accidental.^
SHARP (John), a- learned and worthy prelate, was
descended frpm the Sharps of Little Horton near Bradford,
in the county of York, a family of great antiquity. He was
son of Mr. T{}omas Sharp, an eminent tradesman, and was
born at Br^ford, in Feb. 1644. la April 1660, <he was
admitted a paember of Christ college, Cambridge^ where
be pursue^ bis studies with unwearied diligence, and ob-
tained the degree of B. A. in Dec. 1663, with considerable
reputation^ Yet most of the time he had been afflicted
with a quartan ague, the long continuance of which bad also
brought on hypochondriac melancholy. • The favourite stu-
dies of his youth are said to have been those of botany and
chemistry. About 1664, be was desirous to obtain a fel-
lowship in his college, but the fellowships beloogiug to the
county of York being then full, he was excluded by the
statutes. At a future vacancy, however, the whole society
were unanimous in their offer of it to him ; but he had then
better views.
In 1667, he took the degree of M. A. and was ordained
both deacon and priest. In the same year, be was recom-
mended by, the celebrated Dr. Henry More, as domestic
chaplain to sir Heneage Finch, then attor ney-geneml :
to four of whose sons he was tutor : two of whom,' having
afterw«irds entered into orders, he successively collated^
1 Encycl. Brit an .—Cook's Hist, of the Church of Soctlandk— V^odrow*s Hist.
'^L»Hi^sHitt«ofScotiaiid. '
SHARP. i99
wben'archbbhop of York, to the rich prdiend of Wetwang
in his cathedral. At the opening of the Sheldonian theatre
in July 1669, he was incorporated M. A. with several other
Cambridge gentlemen, whom the fame of t*hat intended
solemnity had brought to Oxford. In 1672, sir Heneage
Finch obtained for him from the king, the archdeaconry of -
Berkshire, vacant by the promotion of Dr. Mews to the see
of Bath and Wells. In the same year, sir Heneage was
appointed lord keeper of the great seal, when he gave an
eminent proof of the confidence which l^ie placed in the
jiidgment and integrity of his chaplain. Attached to the
interests of the church of England, he had considered the
necessity of inquiring into the characters of those who might
be candidates for benefices in the' disposal of the seal. But
the many avocations of his high office prevented his per*
sonal attention to this point: be therefore addressed hts
(Chaplain to this effect : '^ The greatest difficulty I appre-
hend in the execution of my office, is the patronage of
ecclesiastical preferments. God is my witness, that I
^ould not knowingly prefer an unworthy person ; but as
xny course of life and studies has lain another way, I cannot
think myself so good a judge of the merits of such suitor*
as you are. I therefore charge it upon your conscience,
as you will answer it to Almighty God, that upon every such
" occasion, you make the best inquiry, and give me the best
advice you can, that I may never bestow any favour upon
an undeserving man ; which, if you neglect to do, the guilt
will be entirely yours, and I shall deliver my soul.** This
trust, so solemnly committed to his care. Dr. Sharp faith-
fully discharged ; and his advice was no less faithfully fol-
lowed by his patron, so long as he continued in office ;
and never was a conscientious disposal of church prefer-
ment of more importance than in the dissolute reign of
Charles II.
In 1674, he preached a sermon, the first in the collec-
tion of his printed works, which occasioned a controversy {^
and to that controversy we are indebted for his excellent
** Discourses on Conscience." In 1675, he was preferred
by the kindness of the lord keeper to a prebend of Nor-*
wich, as also to the valuable rectory of St. Bartholomew
Exchange, London ; and not long afterwards, to the rectory
of St. Giles's in the Fields. At this time, there were resi-
dent in London, some of the most eminent divines of our
nation, with whom he had the h«ippiness to be well ac«
400 SHARP.
quainted. Tillotson and Clag<ett were his more particotsf
friends : bis connection with Tillotson had commenced
early in life, and to Clagett be was attached by a similarity
of manners, of study, and of inclination. On the death of
Clagett, he published a volume of bis sermons, to which he
prefixed an account of his worthy friend. (See William
ClaG£TT.) In 1679, he took the degree of D.p. in which
year he had accepted the lectureship at St. Laurence Jury;
which he resigned in 1683. In 1681, be was promoted by
the interest of bis former patron, now lord high chancellor,
to the deanery of Norwich. Upon the death of Charles II.
he drew up the address of the grand jury for the city of
London. He had been chaplain to that monarch, as he
was also to bis infatuated successor.
In the reign of James, he was one of those distinguished
preachers, who vindicated with boldness the reformed
f^ligion, and exposed with success the errors of popery.
On AJay 2, 1686, he delivered in his church of St. Giles's^
a memorable discourse, in which he expressed a contempt
of those who conld be converted by any arguments in favour
of the Romish faith. It was therefore considered as a re«
flection not only upon those couttiers who had conformed
to that religion, but ei^en upon the king himself; and he
accordingly experienced the resentment of James and his
party. On June 17 following, a mandate was issued to
Compton, bishop of London, to suspend the obnoxious
preacher ; but Compton was too firm to the protestant in«
terest to obey so tyrannical a command. He "" wrote a
letter to lord Sunderlaud, which he requested might be
communicated to the king. In this letter, he said '* that
the only power he had over Sharp, was as his judge; and,
that be could not in that capacity condemn him, without
the forms of law.!' He added, *^ Sharp was so willing to
give his majesty all reasonable satisfaction, that he made
him the bearer of the letter." But to this no answer was
returned, nor was Sharp admitted. The bishop therefore
recommended. Sharp to desist from the exercise of hit
function : and prevailed on him to write a petition to the
king, in which he expressed his sorrow for constructions
that were offensive, and promised to be more guarded for
the future. But the petition was not admitted to be read*
It had been resolved indeed to humiliate Compton, as well
as to punish Sharp. For, because the mild prelate refused
to condemo him uncited^ unheard, undefended, untried^ be
SHARP. 401
w«s himself 8Qf^|>«nded by that ecclesiastical commission,
which suapended also Sharp ; and was another example of
the vengeance which arbitrary power determined to ^xe»
cute on those who had the courage to oppose it.
Dr« Sharp, during his suspension, reside^! at his deanerj
at Norwich. He there amused his leisure hours in collect*
ing coins, of which, as well British, Saxon, and English, as
Greek and Roman, he then and afterwards amassed suifi-
cient to furnish a choice and valuable cabinet. To his re-
searches, of this kind, the learned and the curious are in*
debtedfor his ingenious and accurate " Remarks on the
English, Scots, and Irish money,'* which he communicated
in 1.698-9 to Mr. Ralph Thoresby ; in an introductory letter
to whom he acknowledges his partiality to the study of
antiquity, but modestly fears that he fQade that a business,
which should be only a recreation. Part of these " Re*
marks" were published by Mr. Ives in his ^' Select Papers,**
but the whole. by Mr. Nichols, in 17J55, in his <' Bibliotheca
Toppgrapbica Britannica," vol. VI. They were commii*
nicated to him by Mr. Gough, who purchased them in MS.
at the sale of Mr. Ralph Thoresby's Museum, in 1764i
Dr, Sharp did not remain long in disgrace. In January
1686-7, he received iuformation from lord Sunderland
that he was restored,, and might return to his parochial
charge. From the time of bis suspension, till this welcome
news arrived^ a guard or sentinel is said to h^ve attended
bis lodgings. In Aitg. 1688, he was summoned with the
otiier archdeacons, before the ecclesiastical commission,
for disobeyihg the king's orders in respect to the/' Decla-
ration for liberty of conscience." But they agreed not to
appear before that court, and Dr. Sharp drew up the rea-
sons of their refusal.
On Jan. 27 following, he preiached before the prince of
Orange, and on the 30th, before the convention. On both
occasions be prayed. for king James. The first time it gave
no offence, because the abdication of the monarch had not
then been voted. But the throne being declared vacant
on the 28th, the prayer of Dr. Sharp for the king, as well
as some passages in his sermon on the 30th, were heard not
without surprise, nor without disgust. The vote of thanks
to him for his discourse was long debated. The compli-
ment at length was paid, with a request to print it : which,
however,. he thought proper to decline^
Vol. XXVI I. D d
402 SHARP.
Unfavourable as this affair might seem to bis promotion
on the accession of William, yet he explained himself in
such a manner to that prince, as to become an object of his
regard. Accordingly, on the promotion of Dr. Tillotson to
the deanery of St. Paul's, he was promoted to the deanery
of Canterbury, and installed Nov. 25, 1689 : and was suc-
ceeded in the deanery of Norwich by Dr. Henry Fairfax.
About this time, he was appointed one of the commissioners
for " revising the Liturgy ;*' an employment in which he
assisted with particular attention, but the spirit of opposi-
tion prevailing, the labours of these commissioners were
gendered useles3«
The merit of dean Sharp, was now in the highest estima*
tion, and upon the deprivation of those bishops who re*
fused the oaths to William and Mary, he was considered
as a proper person to succeed to one of the vacant sees.
But neither the favour of his majesty, nor the persuasion
of his friends, could prevail on him to accept the offer.
He declined the promotion, not from any scruple of con-
science, but from a delicacy of feeling ; for he entertained
a particular esteem for the prelates who were deprived.
This refusal, however, which reflects equal honour on his
disinterestedness and on his seusibility^ displeased the king.
But his friend, Dr. Tillotson, the day after bis nomination
tp the see of Canterbury, waited on him, and proposed an
expedient, by which he might accede, without violating his
resolution, to the kind intention of his majesty. This was,
that he should promise to accept the see of York, when it
should become vacant, and that he should ground his pre-
sent refusal on his wish to be preferred to his native
county. To this be agreed, and Dr. Tillotson acquainted
the king with what had passed ; when his majesty signified
his approbation of Dr. Sharp's intention. In a few days
afterwards, Lamplugh, the archbishop of York, died, and
Sharp was consecrated in his room, July 5, 1691. His
elevation to this dignity, says Thoresby, the historiaD of
Leeds, was not only to the comfort and honour of his na-
tive county and family, but to the universal satisfaction and
joy of the whole nation.
In 1693, he visited his diocese, when he found the col-
legiate church of Southwell in the greatest confusion, its
government neglected, and its members in distraction and
animosity. By the wisdom and moderation of his excellent
si H A R p. 403
•
^ InjiHictions," he restored it to its former decency, order,
and hospitality. In 1697, as metropolitan he represented
to the king, that the see of Sodor and Man had coTitinued
vacant four years, with which his majesty perhaps might
not be acquainted ; that, of necessity, it ought to be filled ;
and that the patron of the bishopric should be reminded,
that any further delay would preclude his nomination.
The isle of Man was greatly indebted to the archbishop for
this remonstrance, as it occasioned the earl of Derby, the
patron of the see, to insist on the primitive Wilson's ac-
ceptance of it: whose modesty had before declined the
honour, and who could not even now receive it, without
saying, •^ he was forced into the bishopric."
On the accession of queen Anne, the archbishop was
sworn one of her privy council, and was appointed lord
almoner. In 1705, he concurred with those who appre-
hended the church to be in danger; but their opinions,
however zealously defended, when they became the subject
of parliamentary debate, were discountenanced by a great
majority ; and the church was declared to be " in a most
«afe and flourishing condition." In 1706, he was nomi-.
nated one of the commissioners for treating of the union
between England and Scotland. He is said to have been
^appointed merely out of respect to his dignity ; but would
not be present, even once, at the treaty. In the affair of
Sacheverell, on which the opinions of men. were so much
divided, in 1709, he joined with those peers, who expressed
the most contemptuous opinion of the sermon, but did not
think the preacher guilty of a misdemeanour ; and who
entered their protest against the sentence of the majority.
He afterwards opposed the intended promotion of Swift to
an English mitre, in this remarkable caution to the queen,
** that her majesty should be sure that the man whom she
'was going to make a bishop, was at least a Christian." To
this, it is said, he was induced by the solicitation of Swift's
implacable enemy, the duchess of Somerset : to whose
earnest intreaties, rather th^n to the interposition of Sharp,
Swift owed his disappointment. The archbishop, we are
told, was more reconciled to Swift afterwards, and even
asked his forgiveness; yet, although his grace might be led
to an unjust insinuation of Swift's not being a Christian,
and might, as all do, respect his uncommon talents, it does
not appear, from a review of the whole of his character,
j> D 2 *
404 SHARP.
that be would have done much honour to the episcopal
bench *.
In 1712, archbishop Sharp perceived his health to de«
cline, and was recommended to try the benefit of the Bath
waters, but his recovery soon appeared hopeless. Not long
before his death, he procured sir William Dawes to be
appointed his successor, merely from his good opinion of
him, *^ that he would be diligent in executing the duties
of his office." In the reign of queen Anne, the greatest
attention was always paid to his recommendation, and in
that of William, also, he had been joined with several other
disinterested prelates, in a commission from his majesty,
^* to recommend deserving clergymen for the crown-pre*
ferments.'* Among the many distinguished divines who,
on various occasions, had been indebted to his interest,
were his particular friend Tillotson, the bishops Bull, Beve*
ridge, Wilson, Potter, and Gibson ; Dr. Prideaux, though
he himself thought otherwise, and Dr. Mills.
He died at Bath, Feb. 2, 1713-14, in the sixty-ninth
year of his age. His remains ^ere removed to York, and
interred privately in the cathedral on the 16th following,
where a marble monument of the Corinthian order, was
afterwards placed to his memory, with an elegant Latin
inscription by bishop Smalridge, one of his intimate
friends. Archbishop Sharp had married, in 1676, Eliza-
beth, the youngest daughter of William Palmer; of Win-
thorp, in the county of Lincoln, esq. by whom he had
issue. His eldest son, John Sharp, esq. a learned and in-
genious gentleman, is said to have been member of parlia-
ment for Rippoii, in the county of York, but this must
have been before the union, as we find no such name in
the list of members for Rippon since that event. His sod
Thomas we shall soon have occasion to notice.
The character of Sharp, says Mr. Todd, whose accurate
and well-arranged memoir we have followed, affords one of
the best examples that can challenge imitation, whether he
is considered as a man, as a scholar, as a divine, or as a
diocesan. His amiable disposition and unshaken integrity,
his distinguished learning and extensive charity, will trans-
♦' Archbishop Sharp took offence at geoinus fetter appeared in the Gent
the very unbecoming way in which Mag. for 1814, p. SO, by which it weakl
many grave points of doctrine and dis- appear that a passage in a tract of <tur
ciplioe are handled in Swift^s '*Tale of prelate against popery sug^zesietl to
a Tub.^' ConcerniDg this, a very in- Swift the ptab or outline of tLai satire.
SHARP. 405
mil his name to latest ages, as one of thegreatest ornaments
of this country. He was that faithful and vigilant gover-
nor, who promoted the diligent clergy of his own diocese to
the dignities in his cathedral : who conferred, indeed, on
the deserving whatever was in his own gift, without the
least regard to political opinions and party interest ; who
enforced the laudable injunction of residence to the pre-
bendaries of York, Southwell, and Rippon : who, in all re-
spects, promoted by true discipline the decency of the
^church, as ** by sound doctrine he exhorted and convinced
tbe gainsayers."
His ^^ Sermons," which are collected into 7 vols. 8vo,
have always been admired, as written with clearness, and
they were delivered with grace and justness. It was ob-
served of Tiilotson and Sharp, that the two metropolitical
sees were filled by the two best preachers of their time.
In the management of controversy be was calm and candid,
and scorned to Calumniate or misrepresent the subjects of
dispute. He was wont to say of himself, *' That in his
sermons against the papists he had always dealt honestly
and fairly with them, charging them with tiothing but what
their church openly avowed in her creed, and councils,
and public offices.^' ^ ^
SHARP (Thomas), a younger son of the preceding,
was born about 1693. He was admitted of Trinity college,
Cambridge, in 1708, and took his degrees of B. A. in 1712,
and M. A. 1716. He was ^Iso a fellow of his college, and
took the degree of D. D. in 1729. He was chaplain to
archbishop Dawes; and in July 1720, was collated to the
rectory of Rothbury, in the county of Northumberland.
He held the prebend of Southwell, and afterwards that of
Wistow, in York cathedral. In 1722, he was collated to
the archdeaconry of Northumberland ; and in 1755, suc-
ceeded Dr. Mangey in the officially of the dean and chap-
ter. He died March 6, 1758, and was interred in Durham
cathedral, of which also he had held tbe tenth prebend
from .the year 1732. He published a <^ Concio ad Cle-
rum,'* when be took his doctor's degree; and in 1753,
'^ The Rubric in tbe book of Common Prayer, and the
Canons of the church of £ngland, so far as they relate to
the Parochial Clergy, considered in a course of visitation
* Todd's Deans of Canterbury. — Biog. Brit — BarneV's Owa Times. —BiPch*!
Life of Tiilotson.— Le Neve.
40« S H A R Pi
sermons,*' 8vo< A tolume of his ^* Sermons on several oc«.
casions'' was published in 1763, 8vo. Dr. Sharp also en*
gaged, but, as Mr. Jones says, much against his will, in the
Hutcbinsonian controversy, and published two dissertations
concerning the etymology of the Hebrew words Elohim
and Beritb, and *^ Discourses on the antiquity of the
Hebrew tongue and character*"
Dr. Thomas Sharp left three sons, John, who after various
promotions became also archdeacon of Northumberland,
and a' prebendary of Durham, and died in 1792. He had
the merit of arranging and establishing lord Crew's noble
charity for sick and Ume seamen at Bamborough, and con*
ducted the institution with the greatest care and humanity.
Dr. Sharp's other sons were William, many years an emi-^
nent surgeon in London, who died in IS 10, aged eighty*-
one, and Granville, the subject of the next article. ^
SHARP (Granville), eminent as a Christian, a scholar,
and a gentleman, one of the sons of Dr. Thomas Sharp,
and grandson to the archbishop, was born in 1734. He
was educated for the bar, but did not practise at it. When
he quitted the legal profession, he obtained a place in the
ordnance office, which he resigned at the commencement
of the American war ; of the principles of which he did
not approve. He now took chambers in the Temple, and
devoted himself to a life of study ; at the saoie time, laying
himself out for public utility. He first became known to
the public in the case of a poor and friendless negro, of
the name of Somerset. This person had been brought
from, the West Indies to England, and falling into bad
health, was abandoned by his master, and turned into the
streets, either to die, or to gain a miserable support by
precarious charity. In this destitute state, almost, it is
said, on the point of expiring on the pavement of one of
the public streets of London, Mr. Sharp chanced to see
him. He instantly bad him removed to St. Bartholomew's
hospital, attended personally to his wants, and in a short
tkne had the happiness to see him restored to4iealth. Mr.
Sharp now clothed him, and procured him comfortable em*
ployment in the service of a lady. Two years had elapsed,
and the circumstance almost, and the name of the poor
negro, had escaped the menftory of his benefactor, when'
^ Hutchinson's Durham.^NichoIs's Bowyer.-«-Jon€S)S Life of Bishop Horoe^
p. 81 et seqq.
S H A R P.. 407
Mr. Sharp received a letter from a person, signing himself
Somerset, con6ned in the Poultry Compter^ stating no
cause for his commitment, but iotreatiog his interference to
save him from a greater calamity even than the death from
which be had before rescued him. Mr. Sharp instantly
wefit to the prison, and found the negro, who in sickness.
and misery had been discarded by his master, sent to.
prison as a runaway slave. Mr. Sharp went immediately to
the lord mayor, William Nash^ es^. who caused the parties
to be brought before him ; when, after a long hearing, th^
upright magistrate decided that the master had no property
in the person of the negro, in this country, and gave the
negro bis liberty. The master instantly collared him, in
the presence of Mr. Sharp and the lord mayor, and insisted
on his right to keep him as bis property. Mr. Sharp now
claimed the protection of the English. law, caused the mas«
ter to be taken into custody, and exhibited articles of peace
agsinst him for an assault and battery. After various legal
proceedings, supported by bim with most undaunted spirit,*
the twelve judges unanimously, concurred in an opinion that
the master had acted criminally. Thus did Mr. Sharp,
emancipate for ever the race of blacks from a state of
slavery^ while on British ground, and in fact banished slavery
from Great Britain.. Such an incident could not fail deeply
to impress a benevolent mind ; and slavery, in every shape
and country, became the object of his unceasing hostility.
Id If 69, he published a work, entitled ^^ A Representation
of the injustice and dangerous tendency > of tolerating
Slavery, or of admitting the least claim of private property
in the persons of men in England." Having succeeded in
the case of an individual negro, he interested himself in the
condition of the many others who were seen wandering
about the streets of London, and at bis own expence cok^
lected a number of them, whom be sent back to Africa,
where they formed a colony on the river Sierra Leone* He
performed a still more essential service to humanity, by be*
coming the institutor of the ^^ Society for the abolition of
the Slave trade ;'^ which, after contending against a .vast
mass of opposition, at length succeeded, ,as far as this
country was concerned, and it is hoped will soon be univer-
sal. Similar principles led Mr. Sharp to use his endeavours
to restrain the practice of marine impressment; and a
citizen of London having been carried off by a press-war*
lant, Mr. Sharp obtained a habeas corpus from the court of
408 S H A R P.
king's bench, to bring faim back from a vessel nt tbe Nore*;
and by his arguments obliged the court to liberate him.
His political principles led him to become the warm advo-
cate of ** parliamentary reform,'^ and be published " A
Declaration of the people's natural right to a share in the
legislature, which is the fundamental principle of the British
constitution of state." In this he proposed to restore the
ancient tithings, hundreds^ &c. ; and the whole body of the
people were to form a national militia, each thoasand to
constitute a regiment, tbe alderman or magistrate to be tbe
colonel ; and each hundred to constitute a company, the
constable of each for the time being to be their captain.
So many of the thousands to be summoned once in every
year, by their magistrate, as would have a right to vote in
their respective hundreds, before the cotistable, in the
choice of their part of the representative legislature.
After stating that the division of this kingdom into tithings
and hundreds was instituted by the immortal Alfred, he
endeavours to prove that such a division is consistent with
the most perfect sutte of liberty that man is capable of en*
ioying, and yet fully competent to answer all the pur*
poses of mutual defence, tp secure the due execution of
the laws, and maintain public peace. Mr. Sharp was
educated in the principles of the established church, and
through life shewed a warm attachment to them. This led
him to recommend an episcopal church in America; and
he introduced the first bishops from that country to the
archbishop of Canterbury for consecration.
Mr. Sharp died July 6, 1813, and like Cato, though ad-
vanced to the age of 79, he pursued his studies with all tbe
ardour of youth. He was an able linguist, deeply read in
theology, and was well acquainted with tbe scriptures in
the original tongues* He was pious and devout, without
gloom, strictly moral and temperate, a great lover of music,
and cheerful in conversation. His services to humanity
were very distinguished, and few persons in private life
have deserved a higher or more honourable commemora-
tion. He possessed a very extensive 4ibrary, in which
the theologian, lawyer, classical scholar, politician, anti-
quary, aod orientalist, might find almost every thing of
which they could stand in need; and his collection of
bibles was esteemed the best in the kingdom ; some of
these last he gave to the library of tbe British and Foreign
Bible society, of which he was a zealous promoter. The
S H A K p. 409
feit, and remaining part of his library, were sold by. auction
by Messrs. Leigh and Sotbeby*
Mr. Sharp wrote, besides the works already mentioned :
1. ** Remarks on several very important Prophecies ; in
five Parts. L Remarks on the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th
Verses in the seventh Chapter of Isaiah ; -in answer to Dr.
Williams's Critical Dissertation on the same subject ; IL
A Dissertation on the nature and style of Prophetical
Writings, intended to illustrate the foregoing Remarks ;
III. A Dissertation on Isaiah vii. 8 ; IV. On Gen. xiix. 10 ;
V. Answer to some of the principal Arguments used by Dr.
Williams in Defence of his Critical Dissertation," 1768,
Svo. '2. ^VA Representation of the injustice and danger-
ous tendency of tolerating Slavery, &c." with some other
tracts in support of his opinions. 3. ** Remarks on the
Encroachments on the River Thames, near Durham Yard,*'
1771, Svo. 4. ^^ Remarks on the Opinions of some of
the most celebrated writers on Crown Law, respecting
the due distinction between Manslaughter and Murder ;
being Hn attempt to shew that the plea of sudden anger
cannot remove the imputation and guilt of murder, when a
mortal wound is wilfully given with a weapon : that the
indulgence allowed by the courts to voluntary manslaughter
in rencoaoters, and in sudden affrays and duels, is indis-
criminate^ and without foundation in law : and that impu-
nity iu such cases of voluntary manslaughter is one of the
principal causes of the continuance and present increase of
the base and disgraceful practice of duelling. To which
are added, some thoughts on the particular, case of the
gentlemen of the army, when involved in such disagreeable
private differences. With a prefatory address to thtie reader,
concerning the depravity and folly of modern men of
honour, falsely so called ; including a short account of the
principles and designs of the work,'' 1773, Svo. 5: *' Re-
marks on the Uses of the Definitive Articfe in the Greek
of the New Testament ; containing* many new proofs of
the Divinity of Christ, from passages which are wrongly
translated in the common English Version. To which is
added a plain matter-of-fact argument for the Divinity of
.Christ, by the Editor," Durham, 1798, Svo. The first
twenty pages of this important, critical, and theological
work, appeared in 1797, in the second fasciculus of the
** Museum Oxoniense,'* published by Dr» Burgess, the
present very excellent bishop of St, David^s. A Supple-
410 SHARP.
ment to the Remarks was, at the same time, promised in
the third fasciculus of the Museum. '^ But/' says Dr.
Burgess, << as many learned friends concurred with the
editor in thinking that the Remarks contain a very valuable
accession to the evidences of Christ^s divinity, be was. un-
willing to detain the Supplement, which exemplifies the
rules of the Remarks, any longer from the public ; and has,
therefore, prevailed on Mr. Sharp to permit him to publish
' it with the Remarks. He earnestly recommends them both
to Mr. Wakefield's most deliberate consideration. To Mc*
Sharp's Remarks and Supplement be has subjoined a plain
historical proof of the divinity of Christ, founded on Christ's
own testimony of himself, attested and interpreted by bis
living witnesses and enemies, the Jews ; on the evidence of
his trial and crucifixion ; and on the most explicit declara-
tions of the apostles after the resurrection of Christ. What
appeared to him on a former occasion (in a sermon on the
divinity of Christ, 1792, s^econd edition), to be a substan-
tial and unanswerable argument, he has, in this litde ex-
ercise on the subject, endeavoured to render an easy and
popular proof of our Saviour's divinity. It was printed se-
parately for the use of the unlearned part of his parishioners;
and is subjoined to this treatise for the convenience of
other unlearned readers, and such as have not much con-
sidered the subject." A second edition of the *^ Remarks"
was published in 1804, with the following letter to Mr.
Sharp prefixed : *^ Dear sir, I have great pleasure in pre-
senting you with a new edition of your valuable tract. That
you have very happily and decisively applied your rule of
tonstroction to the correction of the common English ver-
sion of the New Testament, and to the perfect establish-
ment of the great doctrine in question, the divinity of Christ,
no impartial reader, I think, can doubt, who is at all ac*
quainted with the original language of the New Testaipent.
I say decisively applied, because I suppose, in all remote
and written testimony, the weight of evidence must ulti-
mately depend on the grammatical analogy of the language
in which it is recorded. I call the rule yours ; for, though
it was acknowledged and applied by Bege and others to
some of the texts alluded to by you, yet never so promi-
nently, because singly, or so effectually, as in your remarks.
In the addition to the former edition, I wished to excite
the attention of a learned and declared enemy to the doc-
trine of our Saviour's divinity ; but he is no more ; and I
SHARP. 411
do not know that be even expressed, or has left behind
him, any opinion on the subject, or that any other Soci«
nian has undertaken to canvass the principles of your Re-
marks. The public has, however, lately seen an ample
and learned confirmation of your rule, drawn from a very
minate, laborious, and candid examination of the Greek
and Latin fathers, in ^ Six Letters addressed to Granville
Sharp, Esq. respecting his Remarks on the Uses of the
Definitive Article in the Greek Text of the New Testa-
ment. London, 1802.' I have taken some pains to im-v
prove the plaiu argument for Christ's divinity, which I
before subjoined to your Remarks. In this edition I have
prefi:(ed to it a table of evidences by Dr. Whitby, which I
hope the younger part of your readers will find useful to
them in pursuing the different branches of this most impor*
tant subject; and you, I think, will not disapprove, be*
cause it is conducive to the principal purpose of your
tract." Bishop Burgess afterwards adverted, in a note on
his primary charge, to a weak attack on Mr. Granville
Sharp, in a publication entiled '^ Six more Letters, &c.
by Gregory Blunt, esq." 1803. Of this Dr. Burgess says
with great truth, '^ These letters are very well calculated to
mislead the unlearned reader, by abstract questions, gra-
tuitous assertions, and hypothetical examples, but commu*
nicate nothing on the score of authority, which bears any
comparison with the unanimous consent of the Greek
fathers; and nothing at all which has any pretence to
grammatical observation." In the latter part of 1812,
Mr. Sharp demonstrated that his faculties retained their
full vigour, by an elaborate illustration of the LXVIIIth
Psalm, relative to the Hill of Bashan, and the calling to-
gether of the Jews.*
SHARP (Samuel), not related, as we have been told,
to the preceding family, was an able and distinguished
surgeon in the middle of the last century. He was a pupil
of the celebrated Cheselden, and afterwards studied his
profession with great zeal at the hospitals of Paris. He is
said to have commenced his profession rather late in life ;
yet after settling in London, and obtaining an appoint-
ment as surgeon of Guy's hospital, his genius and assiduity
soon. obtained for him a high degree of celebrity, and ex-
tensive practice. He speaks of having known Voltaire
i Nicholi'i Boiry«r-*Gent. Mag. toI. LXXXIV.--»Rees'f Cyclop«dia.
414 S H A R P E.
at the Asylum/* 1770. These publications are ioeontest^
able evidences of the abilities and application of the learn-
ed author, who also carried on an extensive literary cor-
respondence with many eminent scholars both of his own
and other countries, particularly Dr. Sykes and Dr. Hunt.
Two volumes of bis original letters are now before us, the
one entitled '* From the time I went abroad," which ap-
pears to have been in 1752 ; the other " Concerning the
Latin and Hebrew Dissertations." There are few particu-
lars of a biographical kind in them, but abundant proof of
the facility with which he could enter upon learned discus-
sions without apps^rent preparation. After his death a
volume of his ^' Sermons" was published by the Rev. Joseph
Robertson in 1772.'
8HARROGH (Robert), a clergyman^s son, born at
Adstock, in Buckinghamshire, in the seventeenth century,
was sent from Winchester school to New college, Oxford,
where he was admitted perpetual fellow in 1649. In 16IK)
he took the degree of doctor of civil law, was prebendary
and archdeacon of Winchester, and rector of Bishop's
Waltham, in Hampshire. He died July 11, 1 684, having
the character of a good, divine, civilian, and lawyer, and
well skilled in the nature and philosophy of plants. His
works are : " The History of the Propagating and Improve-
ment of Vegetables, by the concurrence of Art and Nature,
&c." Oxon. 1666, and 1672, 8vo. <* Hypothesis de Officiis
secundum Humane Rationis Dictata, sen Naturae jus, unde
Casus omnes Conscientiae quatenus Notiones a Natura su-
persunt dijudicari possint,'' &c. ibid. 1660, 8vo, and 1682.
This book was written against Hobbes. '^Judicia (seu
Legum.Censuree) de variis Incontinentia^ speciebus.^' ibid.
1662* 8vo. ^^ De finibus virtutis Christianse,'' or the ends
of the Christian religion, in ten sermons, 4to.'
SHAW (Cuthbert), an ingenious poet, was born at Ra-
veiis worth, near Richmond in Yorkshire, about the year
1^738 or 1739. His father was a person in low circum-
stances, and followed the occupation of a shoemaker. Our
author was first put to school at Kirkbyhill, in his father's
neighbourhood ; but be was soon removed to Scorton, five
miles from Richmond, where, after having gone through a
common course of education, be was appointed usher. Some
A Preceding edit, of tbii Diet. — Cole's MS Atbeo* ia Brit. Hui. 9lc,^
Nichols's Bowyer.
. * AUi. Ox. voU 11.
SHAW. 415
time after he became usher to the grammar-school at Dar-
lington under Mr. Metcalf, and while there published hi»
first poem, in 1756, called " Liberty. Humbly inscribed to
the Right Hon. the Earl of Darlington," 4to. During his
residence at this place he began to shew that negligence of
the dictates of prudence, and the rules of economy, which
marked his future life, insomuch that he was obliged to
quit his post and the couoitry ; and with nothing but his
talents came in quest of fortune to the metropolis.
In London his first employment was as a writer for the
newspapers. In the spring of 1760 he was at St. Edmond*s
Bury, probably a member of the Norwich company of co-
medians, and published under the name of W. Seymour,
** Odes on the Four Seasons," 4to, a performance which
bad been one of his youthful productions. In the summer
of that year he joined the hasty raised troop with which
Mr. Foote opened the Haymarket with the " Minor," in
which Shaw performed the part of Sir George Wealthy.
The winter of that year he passed either in Ireland or in
acme country company, and afterwards performed on both
the London theatres ; but about 1762 abandoned a pursuit
from which he was likely to derive neither profit nor credit.
In the same year he resumed the pen, and the poetical
war kindled up by Churchill raging at that juncture with
great violence, he wrote a satire, called ** The Four Farthing
Candles," 4to. in which he attacked Messrs. Lloyd,
Churchill, Colman, and Shirley. This performance was
executed with some spirit and success, and obtained so
much notice, as to encourage him to proceed as an author.
In 1766, he published "The Race, a poem," 4t6, in
which he characterized the chief poets of that period, and
some of theto with great severity. This poem was re-pub-
li^hed and enlarged in the next year. It appears from it,
that he had, by this time, no want of confidence in his
powers. He had learnt to deal bis satire about with no
unsparing hand ; and if it was not felt by the parties against
whom it was directed, it was owing to no lenity or forbear-
ance in the satirist.
About this time he wrote an account of the virtues of a
then popular medicine; called " The Beaume de Vie," and
was admitted as a partner to a proportion of the profits
arising from it. He had hitherto led a dissipated life, but
becoming sensible of it married, and for a short time had
the care of the last earl of Chesterfield, then an infant,
416 S HAW.
to, instruct him in the first rudiments of literature. He algo
issued proposals for publishing his poems by subscription ;
but this was never executed, and be returned the money
he had received. In 1768, he lost his wife in child bed, of
her first child, and on this occasion wrote his best perform-
ance, entitled "A Monody to the merpory of ayoung Lady,
by an afflicted Hpsband," 4to. The child, which was a
daughter, lived but a short tiiue after its mother, and Mr.
Shaw again lamentecl his second loss in strains not. inferior
to the former, inserted in vol. III. of Pearch's Poems. The
publication of these introduced him to the notice of the first
lord L^ttelton, but it does nbt appear that he derived any
advantage from his lordship's ^Acquaintance.
In the foregoing poems are many allusions to the misery
of their author, independent of the circumstances which
gave rise to them. He was at this period afflicted with dis-
ease, which put on its most disgraceful form, and rendered
him an object almost offensive to sight. He had possessed
no small portion of vanity about his person, and this alter-
ation added pungency to his afflictions. He however still
continued to write, and in 1769 published "Corruption, a
Satire, inscribed to the Right Hon. Richard Grenville,
Earl Temple," 4to. He afterwards is supposed to have
written many political as well as poetical performances, and
is recollected to have been a contributor, if not the editor
of "The Freeholder's Magazine." One of his last pieces
was an Elegy on the death of Charles Yorke, the Lord
Chancellor, which was generally suspected to have been
suppressed on the family's paying a sum of money to the
author: it even has been insinuated that it was written with
that view, and it is to be feared that the morals of the au- *
thor would not discountenance the opinion. At length,
overwhelmed with complicated distress, he died at his house
in Titchfield-street, Oxford-market, Sept 1, 1771, having
exhibited to the world a miserable example of genius, ex-
travagance, vanitj", and imprudence ; genius to be com-
mended, vices to be avoided, and follies to be despised.'
SHAW (George), an eminent naturalist, the younger of
two sons of the rev. Timothy Shaw, was born Dec. 10, 1751,
at Bterton in Buckinghamshire, of which place his father
was vicar. His propensity for the studies which rendered
» Enrop. Mag. for 1786. — Pearch's Poems, toI. III. p. 321, — ^Dilly'i Rtpo-
•itory.'wl. II. 229.
SHAW. 4i»
Uim distioguishedy discovered itself at the early Bge of four
years ; vrhen, entering into no sjuch amusements as those
with which children are generally delighted, he entertained
himself with hpoks, or wandered by the sides of ditche9»
catching insects, apd taking them home with hitOi where
he would spend all his leisure time in watching their mot-
tions and examining their structure* He was educated enr
tirely by his father ^ and as the precocity of his intellect
gave him an aptitude for acquiring whatever it was wished
that he should acquire^ he was, to the credit of the precepr
tor as well as the pupil^ abundantly qualified at the age of ^
little more than thirteen, to enter upon a course of acade-
mical studies. In 1765 be was entered at Magdalen-hallt
Oxford, wheire he wa;^ no less distinguished by the regur
Jarity of his conduct than by an unconimouly diligent ap«-
plication to his studies. On May 24, 1769^ he was admits
ted to the degree of bachelor of ^rts ; and on May Id*
.1779, to that of master of arts. That he nijght assist his
father in his clerical duties, he took orders, and was orr
dained deacon in 1774, at Buckden, by Green, bishop of
Lincoln, and perfornaed regularly the duty at Stoke and
Buck^and, two chapels, each three miles apart from Bic^rton^
the mother-church. As his predilection for natural scieo^^e
never forsook him, and feeling a stronger inclination for
studies more connected with it than parochial duties and
theological acquirements, he laid aside the clerical habit>
and went to Edinburgh, where he engaged in a course (af
reading, and qualiBecl himself for a profession more coqi-
genial with his favourite pursuit. Having directed bis view#
to mcidicine, he attended for three years the lectures of
Black and CuUen, and other eminent pro/essors, and then
returned to Oxford, vvhere he obtained an appointment by
which )ie acquired ixiuch celebrity, viz. deputy botanicdi
Jecturer. To this office he wa^ appointed by Dr. Sibthorp,
the botanical professor, who was then upon the eve of set-
ting o^t upon his travels iq Greece, &c. Upon the death of
Pr. Sibthorp, Dr. Shaw was a candidate for the vacant chair
of the professor of botany ; ^nd so high did the votes of the
zneoibers of the university run in his favour, that he would
have succeeded in his wishes, had it not. been discovered
that the statute relating to tfaiit pfofeasorsbip enacted that
^o persAp in orders should be deemed eligible. On Octo-
l>er 17, 1737, he w^s admitted to the degrees of bachelor
a^nd doctor of medicine^ It appears from the oatalog«e of
Vol. XXVII. Ee
^18 SHAW.
of Oxford graduates that when he took these degrees he
bad removed his name froiii Magdalen-hail to Magdalene-
college. In this year Dr. Shaw removed to London, where
be practised as a physician. In 17S8 some gentlemen^
distinguished for their attachment to the study of, and emi«
nent K)r their acquirements in natural history, established a
society for the advancement of this science, under the name of
the Linneean Society. Dr. (now sir James) Smith was elevated
to the chair of president of this society, and Dr. Shaw was
appointed one of the vice-presidents. Among the Linnsean
transactions appear the following articles, contributed by
Dr. Shaw : " Description of the Stylephorus cordatus, a
new fish.'* '' Description of the Cancer stagnalis of Lin-
noBus.'' ** Remarks on Scolopendra electrica, and Scolo-
pendra subterranea.'* ** A.Note to Mr. Kirby's Descrip-
tion of the new species of Hirudo.'* " Account of a minute
Ichneumon.** " Description of a species of Mycteria.*'
'^ Description of the Mus Bursarius, and Tubularla mag-
nifica.**
Dr. Shaw*8 fame, which had already beamed forth iii
Oxford, now began to shine with effulgence in Lon-
don; for about this time he .was becoming popular as a
lecturer, and admired as an author. His lectures at the
Leverian Museum, both before and after that rich and in-
comparable collection was removed from Leicester-house,
never failed to attract a numerous and scientific audience.
An elegant production, entitled "The Naturalist's Miscel-
lany,'* made its appearance in 1789: this work Was
published mQUthly, in numbers, and had extended at the
time of the decease of Dr. Shaw as far as No. 286. A post-
humous number, with an index, closed this beautiful and
extensive production, which Comprises, in one thousand and
sixty-four^ptates, figures of the more curious and remark-
able productions of the three kingdoms of Nature, more
particularly of t()e animal kingdom, with descriptions in
English and Latin. In this year also Dr. Shaw was elected
a Fellow of the Royal Society, an honour which few among
its members have better deserved, and none ever more juistly
prized. A periodical work appears to have been projected
by him in 1790, entitled ** Speculum Linnaeum, or Lin-
naean Zoology," 4to : one number only appeared. A va-
cancy happening in the British Museum in 1791, ]Qur. Shaw
became a candidate for the oiaSice of a librarian upon that
^eat national establishment y and his eminent qualificatiooi
SHAW. 419
procured him the appointment of assistant keeper of the*
Natural History. The melancholy scenes and the dis-'
agreeable effluvia of a sick chamber, had given him a dis-
gust for the practice of a profession (vhose studies he had
pursued with considerable ardour and delight. Upon this
appointment, therefore, he resigned with cheerfulness what-
ever prospects he might have had as a physician, for the
narrow income of an office which afforded him the most en-
larged opportunities of prosecuting his researches into that
science to which he was most devoted. Between the years
1792 and 1796 appeared " Musei Leveriani expUcatio An-
glica et Latina, opera et studio Georgii Shaw, M.D. R.S.S.
Adduntur figurai eleganter sculptse et coloratae. Impensi;^
Jacobi Parkinson." In 1794 a splendid publication was
undertaken by Dr. Shaw, in conjunction with sir James
Smith aiid Mr. Sowerby, illustrative of the accessions which
had been made to natural science by the discoveries of
those who had attempted to explore the undefined shores
of New Holland. The animais peculiar to that country
viere described by Dr. Shavv, in a work published in one
volume 4to, entitled " The Zoology of New Holland ;'*
the beautiful and accurate figures which adorned it were
delineated by Mr. Sowerby : the botanical parr, which
formed another portion of this work, was written by
sir James Smith, and published uhder the title of ^^ The
Botany of New Holland." Sixty large and beautiful
prints, published by J. Miller, the celebrated editor of the
'Garden^*U Dictionary, under the title of" Various subjects
in Natural History, wherein are delineated Birds, Animals,
and many curious Plants," not meeting with a quick sale,
from want of letter-press containing descriptions of. the
plates, Dr. Shaw was applied to, to supply the deficiency.
This work was published in 1796, under the following title:
** Cimelia Physica : Figures of rare and curious Quadru-
peds, Birds, &c. together with several most elegant Plants,
engraved and coloured from the subjects themselves : with
descriptions by Geo. Shaw, M. D. F. R. S." This, and the
Museum Leverianum, are amongst the most magnificent
publications England has produced.
From the extended state of natural history, the objects
of which had become exceedingly numerous by the disco-
'veries of those, who through love of ienterprize, or stimu-
lated by commerce, ventured to traverse the globe in search-
EE2
420 S H A.W.
of new regions, it became desirabje that a work should be
accomplished which should give, in a systematic, yet a po-
pular form, the description and history pf those numerous
beings, among which man holds so elevated a place, and
which, equally with himself, have proceeded from the grand
source of creative power and. goodness. The verbosity and
the reveries of BufTon. rendered his, otherwise valuable^
work uselessly extensive ; and the systematic brevity of
Linnseus was too dry for any but philosophers. To give a
systematic history of the animal kingdom, free from the
redundancies of the one, and more inviting to the general
reader than^tbe philosophic prodacti90 of the other, vyas a
comprehensive and arduous undertaking,^ which Dr. Shaw
ventured to attempt, and had, with an ability which will
for ever render him illustrious amongst his countrymen,
nearly completed. This work was entitled ** General Zoo-
logy, or Natural History, with plates fron) the best autho-
rities,' and most select specimens.'* Of this celebrated
work, Parts 1 and 2 of the first volume were published in
1800, and from time to time seven more volumes in the
life-time of the author. Among bis papers was found 4
jQinth volume prepared for the press, which is intended for
publication.
A course of Zoological lectures was read by Dr. Shaw at
the Royal Institution in the years I4SO6 and 1807 ; and the
§ame course, with little alteration, was delivered ia 1809
'%t the Surrey Institution. These were published in 1809,
in two volumes 8vo. In the first nine lectures the author
compresses the substunce of what he had already published
in his General Zoology. The last three lectures have novf
become more particularly Taluable, as they not only con-
tain materials^ which have hitherto been almost untouched,
hut may be further considered as a sketch of what he in-
tended to accomplish in completing his General Zoology.
In 1807, upon the death of Dr. Gray, keeper of the natural
history in the British Museum, Dr. Shaw was propioted tp
tha( office. An Abridgment of the Pbilo^ophical Transac-
tions, in 18 vols. 4to, by Dr. Charles Huttpn, Dr. George
Shaw, and Dr. R. Pear9on, made its appearance in iSO^.
All the papers relating to natural history, and these
amounted to near, fifteen hundred, were abridged l^ Q^
Shaw, and were rendered more interesting than ^ey ap-
)ieared in their original form, by the insertion of the Liji-
naean generic and specific n^inesj^ and still further so b/
SHAW, 421
• » <
occasionar annotations, pointing out where the subject has
been more fully investigated in some of the subsequent
volumes of the Transactions, or in other works. After this,
no new undertaking engaged his pen. His time was alto-
gether employed upon his two progressive works, his Na-
turalist^s Miscellany, and his General Zoology, whea
death, upon a short warning, terminated his useful labours
on July 22, 1813, in the sixty-second year of his age. His
illness, which was but of a few days* continuance, origi-
nated in a constipation of the bowels. In this he hstd re-
lief, arid confident hopes of his recovery were beginning to
be entertained, when an abscess fbrmed on a portion of the
intestines, and brought on speedy dissolution. His senses
and his recollection only forsook him with his breath. He
died as he had lived, with a philosophic composure and se-
renity of mind, which neither the acute pains which he. en-
dured, nbr the awful change which he was about to experi-
ence, could in any visible degree disturb.
As few men have left behind them a character more esti-
mable in every quality that regards personal merit, or pub-
lic service, his name will be transmitted to posterity among
those who give lustre to their a'ge and country, who do,
honour to human nature by their virtues, and who contri-
bute to the advancement of science and the interests of
literature by their superior talents. Endued by nature
\Vith considerable intellectual parts, and those improved
hf assiduous cultivation, he acquired a vast stock of general
knowledge. His extensive information was treslsured up
without confusion, applied in his works with discernment,
and communicated to every inquirer with cheerfulness and
^ freedom. At an early period of life he became s^n excel-
lent scholar. He wrote Latin with facility, with elegance,
and with great purity. Upon most subjects of polite lite-
r rature he manifested in his conversations a critical taste,
and a high relish for the productions of genius. Among
the relaxations from graver studies, poetical compositions
occasionally employed his talents, and the productiotis of
this kind, which are dispersed in his General Zoology, and
in Dr. Thornton^s "Temple of Flora,*' are equally credit-
able to his taste s^nd his imagination. He had a prodigious
and a most tenacious memory : to such a perfection did he
enjoy this faculty, that he could refer persons correctly to
almost every author he had read, for any fact that they
lieeded. In trials that have been made upon binoi in the
422 S H A W,
earUer part of his life, he could repeat the preoeding or
following line 'of any one recited from Milton's Paradise
Lost, or the works of Horace. Dr. Shaw's reputation was .
g^reat in botany, but still greater in Zoology. Herein pos-
terity will be ever indebted for the services he has rendered
this branch of natural history^ especially that portion of it
which relates to arrangement and. description. A clear and
correct account of the generic and specific character of
animals, the essentials of this science, is the remarkable
feature and meritorious character of all his works. Having
in the first place strictly attended to these, he then pro-*
qeeded to give his subjects all the suitable embellishments
that extensive erudition, good taste, and a correct memory
coiild bestow. His descriptions, if they were minute, yet
they were never trifling; if enlivened by anecdote, and
rreh in information, it was done with propriety, and without
being tedious; they were too, always popular, and at the
same- time possessing all that the dignity of science required.
His hours of amusement were frequently employed upon
mechanical contrivances, connected with his philosophical
pursuits^ or his domestic comforts, in which he shewed
^eat ingenuity in invention, aird a delicate neatness in
execution. His behaviour was remarkably polite. In his
person he was neat, gentlemanlike in his dress,^ metho-
dical in his habits, in the disposition of his library, bis
papers, and in the order of every thing that belonged to
bim. His natural temper was lively, good-humoured, so<^
c^iable. His conversation was precise, full of information,
akvays amusing, frequently smart and witty. He Avas um*
versally esteemed by men of science, beloved by a large
circle of his friends, add had it not been for a few sarcastic
expressions which be had, without any malicious intention,
suffered to escape bim, he had lived without an ^nemy.
None of those passions which produce so much disquietude
and misery amongst mankind, seem ever to have found 4
place in his bo«)m. He was frugal in his expences, mode-
rate in his wishes, temperate to an uncommon degree in
eating and drinking, -and so chaste in his desires, that no
one could reproach bim with the commission of an indecent
action, or the yse of an immodest word ; nay, such was the
delicacy and purity of his mind, that the writer of this me*
moir has repeatedly heard him assert, thnt he bad scrupu-
lously endeavoured to avoid in his writings every eicpres-
Mon which a woman would bkisb to read. Sincerity of heart.
SHAW. 42S
ifi^oeence of mind, and simplicity of malinerSy •miflently
and umformly marked. his- whole character. Of his religious
sentiments little is known, as he was remarkably reserved,
upon all subjects connected with. his personal conduct and
opinions. He however sufficiently shewed in bis conversa-
tion^ land by performing the public duties of religion in hjs
attendance upon the service of the Church of England,,,
that his notions, were, in this respect^ serious and pious. '
SHAW (P£T£R), a physician of the last century, was
the author of several works which enjoyed a considerable*
reputation in their day. His first professional publication
was entitled ^* New Practice of Physic,!' in two volumes,
and first printed in 1726 : it contained a brief description-
of diseases and the methods of treating .them,, and watt
often reprinted^ the 7th* edition in 1763. His next work«
was an *^ Enquiry into the Virtues, of Scarborough Spaw
Waters/' which he visited during the season ; it was^ printed:
in 1734. In the same year he published also ^^Ghymioa^
Lectures publicly read in London 1731, 1732, and Scar^
borough 1733." This was deemed a scientific and valuable
work, and was translated into French. He published some
minor works:. "A Portable Laboratory," 1731.;. "Oiit
Scurvy," 1736 ;^* Essay* on Artificial Philosophy,*' 1731 1.
'^ On the Juice of the Grape,*' 172^4; and he edited tbet
** Dispensatory of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh,**!
in 1727. Dr. Shaw was elected F. K S.*in 1755, an ho-r
nour which he seems to have n»erited by his *^ Abridgmenii
pf Boyle's Philosophical works," 3 vols. 4to. and of ^< Lord
Bacon's" in the same form : be translated also Hoffman oa
Mineral Waters, Strahl's Chemistry, and Boerbaave's Ele-^
menta Cbemica, in conjunction with Chambers. Notwith**
standing these multifarious labours, he had an extensive
share of practice, and was physician in ordinary to his pre*
aent majesty, but resigned in favour of his son-in-law, Df.
Richard Warren, some time before his death, which hap^
pened March 15, 1763. He also left Dr. Warren hit
fortune.'
, SHAW (Samuel), a learned. non-conformist, was born
at Repton in the county of Derby, in 1635, and educated
at the free •school there. At the age of fourteen he waif
^ent to Cambridge, and became a member of St John'9
1 6«Dt. Mag. vol. LXXXni. by a gentlemaD well qualified to appreciate Dr.
Shaw^f talents and character,
, * Eloy, Diet. Hift. da Madeeine^^NkliDlfe** Boifyeo te.
€24 S< It A-\f.
ooUcge. * AVben ka hild «otftpl6t^d )A% sWdbi^ lie #tfiM^
to Tamworth, id Warmeki^biris^ niid was iwtier.of fbe flr^«i'
school tfaer« id }656i From Tattiwotth be reddot^d tcr
Blocely^ a smaii place on the borders of WercefktetsIlM^^
and on bis arriyal was ordained by the elaflSical presbytety'
of Wirksworth in Det4>ysbire^ and in 165S obtained & pi«^
s^ntation from Cromweil to the rectory of Loiifg Wfaatton^
v«^b}cb was in tbe gift of the cro#n. in June the satne year
he had. full pos^essiod of tbis livings ifi which be continued
until the Restoratioti ifi 1660. At that juncture^ appre^-'
bending some dtstntbance, he^ in September, obtained a
fresb presentatioh under the great seal of Englaiid ; but
iiotwithstaiiding bis title was thnscdrr6borated> interest wai
nade with the lord eba^cellor, and 6u# author was turned
out of bis preferment about a year before the act bf utii«
fbrmity took place. He was affei'^iirds bffered his living
dgaitiy wilbotife any other cohditioO than re- Ordination^
lidifoh he rdftt^ed, as be itrouM ik>l declare bis p^sbyteriati
ofditiatioii iilvalid. •
* I'rotn Whaitod be removed ^ Goteii> a small viHage near
Loughbotougb, tthd ddriflg his stay there both himself and
bis family virere afflicted with the plague, beit>g infettdd by*
aoine relations from London, who caitie from ^enee to ateid
tX* He buried tfro friends, ti^ti children, arid a se^¥artt, of
thai distemper, duHng the progress of Which he aiid his
wife attended each other, and he himftetf was fbrced to bury
fire dead in his own garden. Tointrda the latter eftd of
the year 1666, he removed to Ashby de la Zoucb^ and wair
ebosen in 1668 to be sole. school-master of the free^scbool
there, the ^ revenue of which he procured to be increased
for himself and his su<:cessors, arid by his interest wi& the
gentlem^ in the tieighbourhodd, was enabled to te*build
the $chobl aiQd school* bous'e : he also obtained a licence
frohi archbishop Sheldon to teach school in any part of
bi$ province ; and Dr. fuller, bishop of Lincoln, in Whose
diOce^e the school was situated, granted him the same upon
auch terms as to subscription as^Mr. Shaw chose. Tbia
school^ his piety, learning;, aild temper^ soon raised into
a]Ucb reputation, thkt the number of his schdlars increased
iii so great a degree, that fie^ had often 160 boys or more
under his cai^. Many ef these afterwards became distin-
guished characters in the three professions of law» physic,
<and divinity.
He died Jan. 9Sj ]696, in^lhe S9th year of his agOi leav-*
ff»f b^bhid him the cb^rkct^r of «n t]]irtghf) mod^t^ H^n^i'^
bltf, and moderate ttiati, an ornaihe^t to bis professioti,
Mtd a benefactor td hi^tyountty. Besides bishop Failerabove*
llietititKied^ who said that he was glild^o have so wotthy a
itian in his' dibcese oport arty terms, he appears tb hav6 beeii
fai^faly respected by Dr. Barlow, the subsequent bishop of Lltl-
doTfi, and lived likewise oti friendly tefttis with the ticar of
Asbby de la Zoucb. When t6lferation was granted ib the
dissenter^, he licensed hts school for a place of worship, but
contrived that the th^etings srhodld be between chdrch
boars^ and attended the church at the usual periods with
bis wbdle school add many of his congregation. He Wrote
several religious tracts, particularly ** Immaniiel f* -** The
True Christian's Test,'* " Thp voice of one crying itt thfe
wilderness, &c;^* and a Latin grammar, and an epitome
of the same ; with, what may seei^ very odd in one of his
dfalii-actbr, two comedies^ the one called ** Words made vi-
sible, or Grammar and Rhetoric j" 1079, 8vo; the 6thet^
"The different Humours of Men," 1692, 12mo, which
lArere a<^ted by his scholars for their amusement before the
neigbboiird at Christmas. *'
SHAW (Stebbino), the historian of Staffordshire, wa$
fon of the rev. Stebbing Shaw, rector of Hartshoni,
0n the borders, of Derbyshire, neiir Asbby de la Zoucb.
He was born« in 1762, at or nedr Stone^ in Staffordshire ;
in the neighbourhood of which town, his Mother inhig-
rit^d a sfcnall landed estate, which descesnded to this hbr
only child. He was educated at tl^e school of Reptbn,
liear Hartshorn, first under the rev. Dr. Prior, and df-
terwards trnder his successor, the rev. William Bagshaw
Stevens, aningetiious poet and scholaf, who died in 1^00,
Fh)m this accomplished man, for whom he retained an un-^
abated firietidship till death, he edrly imbibed a Warm love'
of literature. At the close of the mbnth of October, 1780,
be became a resident tneitibet of Queen's- college, in Cam*
bridge. At this period, his first literafy predilections were
filed on English poetry, bf which he had caught an en-
ttiusiastic fondness from his last master. But even this
partiality yielded to his propensity for music ; in which his
performance on the violin occupied a large portion of his
riiile^ and he had already attained considerable excellence.
In due time he took bis degree of B. A. was elected to a
42« SHAW.
I
^fdilowsbip/and went into orders. Not long aft^rWatxls, tb6
iptimacy which, for almost half a Century, had . subsisted
between his father and bis neighbour, sir Robert Burdett,
of Foremark, in which hospitable mansion the son had
passed many of his early days, induced hinii to undertake
the superintending care of the present sir Francis, then
lately released from Westnunsier school, at his father's
villa at Ealing. With this pupil, be made, a tour to the
Highlands of Scotland, in the autumn of 1787, of which be
kept a diavy. This diary, originally composed merely for
private amusement, he afterwards inconsiderately published ;
and thus, it must be confessed, made his first appearance
as an author with ^ome disadvantage; luckily, however,
the publication was anonymous. In the following year,'
be made a, tour to the West of England, of which he pub*
Jiished a more laboured account, with his name. The book
was well received ; and, though the style is not simple and
' easy {an attainment which indeed the author never reach-
ed), yet it discovered a dawning attention to the history of
families and property, to which his industrious researches-
wer6 afterwards directed with considerable success. In.
17S9, about the time, of the publication of his tour, he
obtained admission to the reading-room of the British Ma*
seum. His account of the vast stores of topographical and
genealogical materials deposited there, fired the imagina-^
lion of one of his learned friends, who resided in LondoD|
and with whom he passed much of his time. To this con-
nection may be ascribed the origin of a periodical publica-
tion, entitled " The Topographer,'' which commenced iii
the spring of 1789, and was carried on for more than two
yeai(^, during which many useful materials towards the
Topographical History of the Kingdom were communi-
cated. Amongst other researches, Mr. Shaw spent part
of the summer of 1790 in Sussex, and visited very many
parishes, and collected a large 6tore of church notes, of
which only a. small number was exhausted when the work
closed. In. these perambulations, his. own faithful and
constantly exer<!ised pencil, enabled him to be doubly
useful.
In (he Summer of 1791, Mr. Shaw retired to bis father'^
house at Hartshorn. Here still amusing himself with to-
pographical researches, he soon afterwards^ during his fre-
quent visits into Staffordshire, conceived the idea of un-
dertaking the history of that county. The scheme at first
SHAW.. 427
a|ipear9d bold -even to tbe partiality, of bU friends; but he
persevered, and his tnild and inoflTenslve manners procured
attention to t|ie assistance he asked ; his acquaintance every
d^y entiirged, and hin materials accumulated. Instead of
confining himself merely to the dry investigations of anti-
quarian lore, he conciliated by an attention awake to every
thing which the title of bis work could comprehend.
Natural history, agriculture, scenery, manufactories, and
^rt9, all excited his curiosity, and flattered the various turns
of those by whom the acquisition of his materials was fa-
cilitated.
At length, by his assiduous inquiries, he discovered and
obtained the vast treasure of MSS. written and collected by
Dr. Wilkes for a similar undertaking; which had long
been supposed to be lost, and of which some malicious^
attempts were made, by. the assertion of wilful falsehoods,
to stifle his pursuit. From the moment of this acquisition,
his success became certain ; the expectation of the county
rapidly increased ; and . he I'eceived countenance and
assistance from every quarter. He had already made a
great variety of drawings of mansions, churches, mo-
numents, and antiquiti.es; and many of these were now
engxaved at tbe expence of the owners, some. of which
have $inQe enriched the part already published ; and a
lacge proportion still remain with his unpublished materials.
He rK>\y employed four years in augmenting and digesting
his collections ; and about 1796 began to print the first
volume, which was laid before the public in August 1798,
and answered and exceeded the expectations it had raised.
It is in truth a rich and splendid volume in many respects*
Th^ typography, the number and variety of engravings,
the luminous apd well-laboured genealogical tables, tbe
inexhaustible notices of the past drawn from the buried
treasures of time, intermixed with modern facts and de-
scriptions of more general attraction, render the work
highly valuable^ and will secure the reputation of the com^
piler.
In 1801 he published the first part of bis second volume^
which was in ^all respects equal to the former. He bad
now succeeded his father, who died at the close of 1799,
in the living of Hartshorn, a village rendered remarkable
•as the birth-plade of the celebrated dean Stanhope, whose
/ather enjoyed this preferment , Here he spent the sum-
laer^ and found some relaxation from his severe studies, in.
428 S H A W.
improving bis hou&e and garden. But bis enjoyments were'
not uninterrupted. A bilious habit rendered him perpe-
tually subjedt to slow fevers. The fatigue of exercise in a
burning sun now brought on a more fierce attack. He re-
covered, however, and returned to London in the winter
of idOl, and went on with his' work. But it ivas soon per-'
ceived that his constitution had received ah alarming shock.
EarTy in the spring he found himself unfit for his. usual oc-
cupations. A new attack of a dreadful and lamentable' |
fever ensued ; but from this (oo he was at length restored. |
All application to books was now prohibited ; and in June
Or July it was deemed advisable for him to pay a visit to |
the Kentish coast, attended by his only relation, an aflPec-' |
tionate half-sister, the daughter of his father by a second
wife. They went first to Ram^gate, and thence reinoved
to the more quiet seclusion of Sandgate, near Hythe.
Here he passed the autumn, and was so well that he joined
some friends in a few days expedition to the opposite coast,
and visited Boulogne. Towards the end of October 1802
bis disorder suddenly returned with more violence than
before. After a struggle of ten days, it was deemed right
to remove him to London for better advice, where he died
on the 28th, aged forty-one, deeply lamented by all whd
knew him, and leaving a chasm in the department of lite-
rature which he had embraced, not easy to be supplied. '
SHAW (Thomas), a celebrated traveller, son of Mr,
Gabriel Shaw, was born at Kendal, in Westtnorland, about
1692. He received his education at the grammar-school
of that place ; was admitted of Queen's-colle'ge, Oxford,
Oct. 5, 1711, where he took the degree of B. A. July 5,
4716; M. A. Jan. 16, 1719; went into orders, and was
appointed chaplain to the English factory at Algiers. In
this station he continued several years, and thence took
opportunities of travelling into several parts. During his
absence he was chosen fellow of his college, March 16,
1727 ; and at his return in 1733 took the degree of doctor
in divinity, July 5, 1734, and in the same year was elected
F.K, S. He published the first edition of his ** Travels*'
at Oxford in 1738, and bestowed on the university some
tiatural curiosities, and soihe ancient coins and busts (three
of which are engraved among the "Marmora Oxoniensia**)
' 1 Gent. Mag. vol. LXXIH. by a Baronet well fcadwo m the leafned wokR
■And who is alluded to in the narrative. ^
SHAW. 429
wjiich be had collected in his travels. On the death of
Dr. FeltoD in 1740, he was nominated by his college
principal of St. i^dmund-h^ll, which he raised from a ruinr
ous condition by his munificence ; and was presented at
the same time to the vicarage oif Bramley \n Hants. ' He
was also regius professor of Gre.ek at Oxford till his death,
which happened Aug. 15, 1751. He was buried in Bram*
ley church, where a monument was erected to his memory,
with an inscription written by his friend Dr. Brdwne, pro*
vost of Queen's-coliege, Oxford. . His " Travels'* were
translated into French, and printed in 1743, 4td, with
several notes and emendations communicated by the author.
Dr. Richard Pocock, afterwards bishop of 0$sory, having
attacked those ^^ Travels'' in his ^^ Description of the East,"
our author published a supplement, by way of vindication^
in 1746. In the preface to thp " Siipplement',' be says,
the intent and design of it is partly to vindicate the Book
of Travels from some objections that have been raise4
against it by the author of ^^ The Description of the East,
&.c." He published *^ A farther vindication of the Book of
Travels, and the Supplement to it, in a Letter to the Righ^
reverend Robert Clayton, P. D. lord bishop of Clogber.'*
This letter consists of six folio pages, and bears date it|
i747« After the doctor's death, an improved edition of
his book came out in 1757, under the title of ^^ Travels or
Observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the
Levant, illustrated, with cuts. The second edition, wit^
great improvements. By Thomas Shaw, D. D. F. E. Su
regius professor of Greek, and principal of St. |]!dmund
Hall, in the university of Oxford." The contents of the
supplement are interwoven in this edition; and the im-
provements were made, and the edition prepared for the
press* by the author himself, who expressly presented the
work, with these additions, alterations, and improvements,
to the public, as an essay towards restoring the ancient
geography, and placing in a proper light the natural abd
sometimes civil history of those countries where he tra-
velled. The Shawior in botaqy received its name in honour
of i)r. Shaw, who has given a catalogue, in alphabetica
order, accompanied with rude plates, of the rarer plants
observed by him in Barbary, Egypt, and Arabia^ The
species amount to 632, and the catalogue is enriched with
several synonyms, as well as occasional descriptions and
remarks. His 'iti^d specimens are preserved at OxfQrd^
430 S HA W.
The orthography of the name is attended with difficulty to
foreigilers, our w being as unmanageable to them, as their
multiplied consonants are to us. Some of them blun'd^r
into Schamay ShxiaiAa^ or Shavia. Perhaps the tatter might
be tolerated, were it not for the ludicrous ambiguity of
Shwvvas \t&e\f^ applied by facetious Oxonians to the abote
famous traveller and his namesakes.'
SHEBBEARE (John), a notorious- political writer, was
born at fiiddeford in Devonshire in 1709. His father- was
an attorney, but having small practice and little fortune^
he carried on aUo the business t)f a torn-facfor. Of bis
children, John was the eldest, and was educated at the
free-school of Exeter, then conducted by the learned Mr,
Zacbary Mudge. Of hi« progr*e«s at school, it is recorded
that he had' a tenacious memory, much application, some
«Vit, and a temper quarrelsome, dissatisfied, and irritable.
In his fifteenth or sixteenth year lie wias bound apprentice
to a surgeon in his native town, and acquired* a consider-
able share of medical knowledge. To this situation he
brought the unamiable disposition of his earlier years ;
no one could give himUhe slightest offence *l^ith impunity^
and almost e^ery person avoided his acquaimance. When
out of his time he set up in trade for himself, and then
shewed a taste for chemistry ; but having little business, re*
moved in 1736 to Bristol. ' ». . .
In 1739 he attracted the attention of the public, we are
told, by an epitaph to the memory of Thomas Coster, esq.
member for Bristol ; in which it has been observed, ** that
he has contrived to raise emotions of phy, grief, add in*
dignation, to ^ very high degree.'* ' How far these lities are
calculated to produce such an effect the reader' may
judge*. The next year he published a pamphlet on the
Bristol waters ;' but from this period we hear ito mor4$ of
^ *' Cotter! adieu, to native. skies retura\].
By ev'ry patriot bosom lovM and tBourii'd.
K'eii party /'renjry, now no more his fpe,
Weepa into sen&e, Rn<l swells the general woe.
Friend to all virtue howsoever depressed.
Foe to all vice howe'er by courts caressM. ''
From cotnmerce rich, yet rich without a ptein,
Tlio* wealthy bumble, and tho' wjse not vain.
A breast no passion once could discompose,
Sav6 that which bade him mourn hi^ country's woes. *
This consolation yet be mine* he cryM,
3Sot to survive dear liberty^ and dyM."
Gent. Mag. Vol. IX^
li guppl^ant^o the first edit, of this Diei.^Rees's <;yclop< in art Shawia. *
S H E B B B A R K. 43t
. him until 1752, when be was at Paris, and there obtained
the title of Doctor, if he obtained it at all.. Until this
time he appears to have lived id oba(:urity, but at an age
when vigorous exertion usually subsides, he seems to, have
resolved to place himself in a conspicuous situation what*
ever hazard might attend it, and commenced a public
writer with a high degree of intrepidity and virulence. In
1754. he began this career with "The Marriage Act/' a
political novel, in which he treated the legislature with
auch freedom, that it occasioned his being taken into cus-
tody, from wbencet however, he was soon released. This
was followed by .'^ Letters on the English Nation, by Bat-
tista Angeloni, a Jesuit, who resided many years in Lon-
don. Translated from the original Italian by the author of
the Marriage Act,^' 1755; 2 vols. 8vo. It is perhaps un-
necessary to say that the author and translator were the
same person, and that the imposition was immediately de-
tected by the similarity of language, and virulent abuse ojf
the establishment in church and state to that which per-
vades the ^^ Marriage Act.*' But his most celebrated per-
formances were a series of '^ Letters to the People of Eng-
land,'' written in a style vigorous and energetic^ though
aloyenly and careless, yet well calculated to make an im-
pression on common readers ; and they were accordingly
read with avidity, and circulated with diligence. They
had a very considerable efFectx>n the minds of the people,
and galled the ministry, who seem to have been at Brst too
.eager to punish the author. On the publication of the
" Third Letter," we find warrants dated March 4th and
8th, 1756, issued by lord Holdernesse, to take up both
Scott the publisher and the author. This prosecution,
^however, seems fo have been dropped and the culprit pro-
ceeded for some time unmolested, *^ having declared (says
one of his answerers) that he would write himself into a
post or into the pi41ory, in the last of 'which he at length
succeeded." On Jan. 12, 1758, a general warrant was
signed by lord Holdernesse, to search for the author, prin-
ter, and publishers of a wicked, audacious, and treasonable
libel, entitled ^^ A sixth Letter to the People of England.'*
At this juncture government seems to have been effectually
roused: for having received information that a seventh
letter was printing, by virtue of another warrant dated
Jan, 23, all the copies were seized and entirely suppressed.
In Easter Term au infQrajation was filed against him by
432
SHBB BEARS.
Mr. Pratt, then attoroeyrgeneral, afterwards lord CfiCQ^tcn ^
and on June 17tb, tbe information was tried, and th<r au-
thor found guilty. On Nov« 28th foilowitigi be receiy^
sentence, by wbicb be was fined five pounds, ordered ^)
stand in tbe pillory Dec. 5, at Cbariog Cross, to be co^r
fined three years, and to ' give security for his good be;
haviour for seven years, hiaiself in 300/.. and two others ip
1 50/. each.
On tbe day appointed be w^s exhibited on the pillory;
but the under sheriff, a Mr. Beardmore, himself a politica,^
writer, and Shebbeare^s coadjutor in the '^ Monitor,^' ft
paper of the same tepdency yvith the ^* Letters,*' &c. perr
mitted him merely to stand on the platform of the pilforj^
unconfined and at bis ease, with a servant in livery (an Irish
chairman equipped for the occasion) holding an mnbrell^
over his head. Fqr this wilful perversion of i^he sentence
Mr. Beardmore was fined 50/, and suffered t\yo mouths im«>
prisonment. Some time before Sbebb^are was tried for the
publicatiou alrea(jy mentioned, the duchess of Queensbury
as heir of Lord Clarendon, obtained an injuDCtion to stop
ttm publication of the continuation of that noble^uan's his-
tory; a copy of which had got into tb^ hands of Francis
Gwyn, jesq. between whom and tbe doctor there had bee^
an agreemeut to publish it and equally divide the profits.
The care and e>;pences attending the publii^atipn were to
be wholly Dr. Sh^^bbeare's, who caused it tqbe hfmdsqtpielj
printed in 4tQ, with a Tory preface^ containing freouen^
reflections on, and allusions tp, recent events, and hving
cliaractej's, which gave it the appearance rather of a teiB*
porary pamphl^ than of a work calculated for p^i^terity^
On the injunction being obtained, Dr. Shebbearews^ under
the necessity of applying to the aid of l^w to r^cov^r the
inoney expended by him in printing, amounting to mor^
than 50Q/., of which more th^n half had been wasted oa
bis side in the courts of law and equity*.
* This 8tory bat h^en diff^reiUly
told. Mr. Gough, in a letter in the
Gent Mag. Vol< LXXIL says that
^ Shebbcare being engaged by Ih^
univenity to arrange or transcribe tbe
Cl.irenclon MSS. transmitted a copy to
u boQk4f44er in London to pttblishtindor
the aiisuaiecl name of Cooper. Tbe
university^ as soon as they discovered
.Ui« trick, obtained'ao injunctioa against
the publisher, and the edition «m atm*
pressed, so that the rarity of the quarto
copies/ more than any intrinsic merit,
has now enhanced iheir Talof .'! This
^ems probable, except what rejatea lo
Cooper being an assumed name. Blf.
or Mary Cooper was at tUai xiOm a
weilkiu)W|i bookseller in Patecaoatcf-
row, and was frequently Dodxlej'i ci^
publisher*
SHEBBEAR^. 4^3
' While (Sorifined in the King's Bench prisodi ;he;il0licit4^
Hobscriptidns for the first volume of a History of Er^land,
firom the revolution to the. then present time ; but this^ a,li
the persuasion of his friends, he altered to a first Volume of
the History of England and of the constitution from its ojri^ *
gin, and is said to have made some progress in the design,
\¥bicfa, however, after many excuses and promises, was.
never accomplished. At the expiration of his imprispn-
inent'a new reign had commejiced, and the king was nol
t>nly persuaded to entertain a favourable opinion ' of Dr«.
Sbebb^re, but to grant him a pension. From this time he
became an uniform defender of the measures of govern^
ment; but still his* character wits not such dsto conciliate,
the good opinion of all the friends of power. Smoliet in-
troduced him in no very respectful light, under the n'atne
pLFtrret; in the bovel of Sir Launcefot Greaves, and Ho-
garth, made him one of the groupe in the third Electioi:^
prtnt. Scarce a periodical publication was without somd
contemptuous notice of him, to which he in general paid
little attention; but in 1774 he published apamphlet in his
own defejtYce, coupled with such a virulent attack on the
chars^cter of king William, as roused the indignation Of
every Whi^ in the kingdom.
Early in life he appears to have written a comedy^ which
in .1766 he made an effort to get/represiented at Covent-* '
garden ; and as the manager, Mr. Beard, had not returned
it in what Shebbearecalled proper time; the latter published
^ pamphlet of correspondence on the subject. lii 176S hd
wrote the review of books in the " Pohtical Register*' for
threQ months, and wtis often engaged to write for pardculai^
persons, witii whom he frequently quarrelled when he came
tobe paid^ and sometimes prosecuted them in the courts.
His pen seems to have been constantly employed, and he
wrote with great rapidity^ what certainly can now be read
with little satisfaction, and must soon be forgotten. Though
pensioned by governipent, he added little to its support, .
and gave disgust to its friends from the virulence with which
he !att0Qked its adversaries, atid which defeated his owii
purpose. During the latter part of his life, he retired
more from public view. In defence,; however, of the
in easu res ' of administration, respecting the American war^
be wrote two^ pamphlets^ one agaitist-Mr. Burke, and ano^
ther against Dr. Price. ' ^ -
His publications^ satirical, political, and medical, amount,
Vol. XXVII. Fp
434 S H E B B £ A RE.
k 18 said, to thirty-four, besides a novel called ^' Lydia, or
Filial Piety/' in which also be has introduced liiring.cha*
racters. He died Aug. 1, 1788, leaving, we are txAAf
among those who knew him best, the character of a bene-
volent man, which, from the affectionate manner in which
be speaks of his relations, be probably deserved. His cha*
racter, in other respects, cannot be held up to admiration.*
SHEEPSHANKS (William), a learned i;nglish clergy,
nan, was born in the village of Linton in Craven, York*
shire, March 18, 1740. His father, who, having no trade
or profession, lived upon and farmed his own estate, was a
very sensible and intelligent man, so far superior to those
among whom he lived, and so disinterested in the applica-^
tion of his talents, that he was highly popular and useful
in his native village. His mother was a woman of very su-
perior understanding. H^ was educated at the grammar^',
school of the parish ; and in 1761 was admitted of St. John^s
college, Cambridge, where his singular facility in the ac«
quirement of philosophical knowledge quickly became so
conspicuous, that, at a time when other un^er-graduates
find sufficient employment in preparing for their own exer-^
eises and examinations, he had no less than six pupils. At
this tim^ also he laid the foundation of a lasting friendship
with two young men of great promise in the university, John
Law and William Paley, both of Christ's college ;• the bnOf
afterwards bishop of Elphin, the other the late celebrated
writer. In St. John's be lived upon terms of almost equal
intimacy with Mr. Amald, the senior wrangler of bis year,
whose genius, always eccentric, after a short career of court
iimbition, sunk in incurable lunacy. His acad^piiciil exer-
cises also connected him more or less with the late lord AU
vanley, the present Mr. baron Graham, and the learned
and pious Joseph Milner, afterwards of Hull ; all of whom,
as well as Law, took their first degrees at the same time
with himself. Such a constellation of talent has scarcely
been assembled in any single year from that time ta the
present
In January 1766, he took the degree. of A* B.; and io
1767 was elected fellow of his college, on the foundaitioa
of Mr. Piatt. In 1767, he took the degree of A. M. In
p&i^t of the years 1771 and 1772, he served the office of
moderator for the university with, distinguished applause.
1 Surop. Mag. for 1788.— Dr. Qleig*i Sttpplement to Uie fiocyoL Britanaica.
S H E E P S H A NKiSt* *S»
li^rin^ this pariod be niimbered. among his pu'ptts sev^ril
nrifom he lived td see adtaneed to high stations in their re*
apeetive profesaionsi particitlarly the present bishop of Lin-
eolii and tbe chief justiee of the King^s Bench. lii ITTS,
he accepted firotn tbe ilniTersity the rectory of Ovington in
Norfolk ; and) haying married an . highly respectable per^
ion^ the object of his early attachments settled at the i^il*
lage of Grassington, where he received into his house a
limited number of pupils, among. wbore^ in the yeains 1774
and 1775, was Dr. Thomas Dunham Wbitaker> tb^ learned
author of the " History of Craven.** In 1777, he removed
to Leeds ; and- in the same year, by the active friendship
of Dr. John Law, then one of the prebendaries of CarlisI^
he was presented by that chapter to the living of Sebefgbam
in Cumberland. In 1783 be was appointed- to die valuable
pure of St. John^s church in Leeds ; and in 17^2 be was
collated, by his former pupil Dr. Pretyman, bishop of Lin**
coln^ to a prebend in his cathedral, which, by this favout
of the present archbishop of York, he was enabled to ex^^
change, in 1794 or 1795, for a much more Yaluable stall at
(/arliste, vatci^ed by the promotion of Dr. Paley to the sob^
deanery of Lincoln. This was the last of his preferments^
and probably the height of his wishes; for he was in 'his
own nature very disinterested. After having been afflicted
for several years with calculous complaints^ tbe scourges of
indolent and literary men, he died at Leeds, July 26, iSlOy
and was interred in his own church.
. In vigour and clearness of understanding, Mn Sheep»
shanks was exceed by few. His spirits were lively, and
his conversation was inexhaustibly fertile in anecdote and
ireBeelion. Hb knowledge of common life, in all its modes^
was that of mn original and acute observer — his eyes wena
most penetrating and expressive. In short, nature had en*
dowedliim with faculties little> if at all, inferior to those
of. the two great men with whom be lived in habits of most
intimate friendship. His conversation had much of the
longinality and humouy which distinguished that of Dr. Pa-
Jey ;^ and, when .be -thought proper, it was equally profound
m%dr sagtfcious with that of Dr. Law. When he could be
{>reTailed upon to write at all, he wrote with the clearness
and force peculiar to his school; so that, if his industry
itad borne any proportion to his natural talents, and if these
had been sedulously applied to elucidate and expand those
hhincbes of science in which he so much excelled^ he would
r F 2
4S« S H B E PS HA N K »:
have wartted tio other memorial But a constit;uli6iid indoi
lenci^, adds his biographer^ ** robbed him of the fame which
he might have attained : the privation, however^ occasioned
neitbera struggle nor a pang ; :for his want of ambition was
at least eqiial to his hatred of exertion ; and^ as fat as could
be gathered from a conversation in the highest degree open
and uiidi^uised^ he was equally: careless of living and of
posthumous reputation. Had the same indiflPerence ex-
tended to his surviving friends, this short account would
not have bfeen written."*
i SHEFFIELD (John), duke of Buckinghsimshire,- a poet
and wit of the seventeei^th century,, was born in 1649, and
was the son of Edmund, earl of Mulgrave^^. At nine years
•f age he lost bis father,' and his mother marrying again
toon after, the care of his education was left entirely to the
conduct of a tutor, who, though himself a man of learnings
had not that happy manner of coinmunicating his knowledge
by which his pupil could reap any great improvement un«&
der him. In consequeuce of which, when he came to part
from' his governor, after having travelled with him into
France, he quickly discovered, in the course of his-con^
versation with men of genius, that though he had acquired
the politer accomplishments of a gentleman, yet that be
was still greatly deficient iu every part of literature, and
those higher excellencies, without which it is impossible tio
rise to any considerable degree of eminence. He therefore
resolved to educate himself, and dedicate for aome tinie a
certain, number of hours every day to study. Such a pur-
pose, says Dr. JcAnson, formed at such an age, and suc^
cessfully prosecuted, delights as h is strange, and instructs
as it is real. By this means he very soon acquired a degree
of learning which entitled him to the character of a scho^
lar ; and his literary acquisitions are the more wopderful, as
those years in which they are commonly made were spent
by him in the tumult of a military life, or the gaiety of a
court. When war was declared against the Dutch, he went
•at the age of seventeen on board the ship id which prince
IRupert and the duke of Albemarle sailed, with the: com*
saand of the fleet ; but by contrariety of winds they wera
anctttrained fi'om action* . His zeal, however^' for the kiDg*i
• Fof i)i« pedigree and descendantu ,of ibis noblemtii, nm Qent. jdaf « TSk
« Whitaker'8 riist. of CraT€n» p. 473. .
,S H E r F I E I^ ©. 437
isei^ce tva$ rfscompen^ed by tbe comoiand of* ooe of t\u^
^odependent troops of faorsei then raided to protect tbe
jBoast.;
* Next year be received a suoamons to parliament, whicb,
as he wasi then but eighteen years old, the earl of Nortbumr
i>erla»d censured as at least indecent, and his objection wa^
Allowed. When the second Dutch war broke put. in 1672,
he went, again a volunteer in the ship which the celebrated
•lord Ossory commanded, and who represented his boha*
viour so favourably, that he was advanced to the coiiit
.mand of the Catharine, the best second-rate ship in the
navy. He afterwards raised a regiment of foot, and
commanded it as colonel. The land forces were sent
ashore by prince Rupert : and he lived in the camp very
familiarly with Schomberg. He was then appointed cor
lonel of the old Holland regiment, together with bis
own, aijid had the promise of a garter, which he. obtain^eg
in his twenty-fifth year. He was likewise made gentler
man of the bed-chamber. He afterwards, went into the
French service, to learn the art of war under Turenne,
but staid only a short time. Being by the duke of Mon-
mouth opposed in his pretensions to the first troop of horaer
guards, be, in return, made Monmouth suspected by the
duke of York, He was not long after, when Monmouth
fell into disgrace, recompensed with the lieutenancy of
Yorkshire, and the government of Hull. ] ■.. ,
Thus rapidly did he make his way both to military and
civil honours and employments; yet, busy as he was, he
did not neglect his studies, .but at least cultivated poetry;
in which he must have been early considered as upcom-
xnonly skilful, if, says Dr. Johnsoi], it be trCie, which is re-
ported, that, when he was not yet twenty years pld, his
recommendation advanceil Dryden to the laurel. But thi^
Malope says, happens not to be true, for Sheffield was not
lord chamberlain till fifteen years after Dryden's appoint*
ment.,
When in 1680, the Moors besieged Tangier, lord Mul-
grave was sent to its relief, with two thousand men. And
now, says Dr. Jol^nson, a strange story is told of the dan<^
ger to which he was intentionally exposed in a leaky ship^
to gratify some resentful jealousy of the king. For this jea-
lousy historians assign different causes. Some imagine that
the king had discovered an intrigue between lord Mulgrave
gnd one of his Rustresses^ and others attribute bis majesty's
43S «i It e p F I e t p,
teneniment to proposals of marriage, which his lordship wm
faio)d- enough to make to the princess Anne. It is added,
that *^ be the cause what it would, it is apparent it was in«*
tended that lord Mu^grave should be lost in the passage ; a
vessel being provided to carry him over, which had been
sent home as unserviceable, and was in so shattered a con^
dition, that the captain of her declared he was afraid to
make the voyage. On this his lordship applied, not only
to the lord high admiral, but to the king himself. These
remonstrances, however, were in vain ; no redress was t6
be b&d : and the earl, who saw the trap laid for him by bis
enemies, was compelled to throw himself into almost inevi-
table danger to avoid the imputation of cowardice, whicl)
of sU others he had the greatest detestation of. He, how-
ever, dissuaded several volunteers of quality from accom-
panying him in the expedition ; only the earl of Plymouthj^
the king's natural son, piqued himself on running the same
hazard with a man, who, in spite of the ill treatment he
met with from the ministry, could so valiantly brave every
danger in the service of his father.
** Providence, however, defeated this malicious scheme,
by giving them remarkably fine weather through the whole
voyage, which lasted three weeks ; at the termination of
which, by the assistance of pumping the whole time to
discbarge the water, which leaked in very fast, they ar-
rived safe at Tangier. And perhaps there cannot be a
more striking instance of innate firmness and magnanimity
than in the behaviour of this nobleman during the voyage.
For, though he was fully convinced of the hourly danger^
they Were in, yet was his mind so calm and undisturbed,
that be eveti indulge^ his passion for the Muses amidst the
tumults of the tempestuous elements, and during this
voyage composed a poem, which is to be met with among
his otjier works/^ Such is the story as compiled by Baker
from various authorities, and which those who are accus-
tomed to weigh evidence will probably not think very
credible in all its circumstances.
The consequence of this expedition was the retreat of
the Moors, and the blowing-up of Tangier. The poem
above alluded to was "The Vision," a licentious one, such
as was fashionable in those times, with little power of in-
vention or propriety of sentiment. At his return he found
the king kind, who, as Dr. Johnson says, perhaps had never
been angry, and he continued a wit and a courtier as
before.
S RE.E E I EL D. 4S»
At the succession of king James, to whom be was inti-
Qtietely known, and by whom he thought himself beloved,
he was admitted into the privy council, and made lord
iciiamberlain. He accepted a place in the high commission
without knowledge, as he declared after the Revolution^
of its illegality. Having few religious scruples, he at-
tended the king at mass, and kneeled with the rest; but
bad no disposition to receive the Romish faith, or to force
it upon others ; for when the priests, encouraged by his
appearances of compliance, attempted to convert him, he
told them, as Burnet has recorded, that he was willing to
receive instruction, and that he had taken much pains to
believe in God who had made the world and all men in it ; '
but that he should not be easily persuaded *^ that man was
quits, and made God again." A pointed sentence, says
Dn Johnson, is bestowed by successive transmission to the
last whom it will iit ; this censure of transubstantiation,
whatever be its value, was uttered long ago by Anne Askew,
one of the first sufferers for the Protestant religion, who,
in the time of Henry VIII. was tortured in the Tower;
concerning which there is reason to wonder that it was not •
known to the historian of the Reformation.
, In the revolution he acquiesced, though he did not pro-
mote it, ^nd when king James, in opposition to the advice
of his friends, did quit the kingdom, he appears to have
been one of the lords who wrote such letters to the fleet,
the army, and all the considerable garrisons in England,
as persuaded them to continue in proper order and sub-
jection. To his humanity, direction, and spirited beha-
viour in council also, his majesty stood indebted for the
protection he obtained from the lords in London, upon
his being seized and insulted by the populace at Fever-
sham in Kent. There was once a design of associating
him in the invitation of the prince of Orange ; but the earl
of Shrewsbury discouraged the attempt, by declaring^
that Mulgrave would never concur. This king William
afterwards told him ; and asked what he would have done
if the proposal had been made ? ** Sir," said he, " I
would have discovered it to the king whom I then
served.'* To which king William replied, "I cannot
blame you."
Finding king James irremediably excluded, he voted for.
the conjunctive sovereignty, upon this principle, that he
thought the title of the prince and his consort equal, and it
440 SHEFFIELD.
/
would p\ea«e the prince their protector to haveayharem
tl)e sovereignty. This vote gratified king. William ;. yet,-
either by. the kiqg-s. distruiit, or his own disconteot, be
lived some years without employment. He looked on the
kjng. with malevolence^ and, if his verses or his.prose may
be credited, with contempt. He was, .notwithstanding
this aversion or indifference, made. marquis of Normanby
in 1694, but still opposed tt^e court on some important
questions; yet at last he was received into the cabinet
council, with a pension of three thousand pounds.
< On the accession of queen Anne, that princess, who ever
had a great regard for him, loaded him with employments
apd dignities. In April 1702, he was sworn lord privy seal^
made lord lieutenant and custos rotulorum for the north
riding of Yorkshire, and dne of the governors, of theiCbar*
ter-house ; and the same year was appointed one of the
cpmmissioners to. treat of an union between England and
Scotland. On the 9th of March, 1703, he was created duke
of Normanby, and on the 19th of the same month duke of
l^uckinghamshire, there being suspected to be somewhere
a. latent claim to the title of duke of Buckingham. . .
In 1710, the whig . ministry beginning to give ground,
his grace, who^was strongly attached to tory. priociples,
joined, with Mr. Harley, afterwards earl of Oxford, in such
' measures as brought al^out a. change in the ministry, shook*
the.power of the duke and duchess of Marlborough, and
introduced Mr. Harley, the earl of Shrewsbury, lord Bq-
lingbroke, .&c..into the administration. Her majesty now
offered to make him chancellor, which he refused, but in
1711 was. appointed steward of her majesty's household, and
president of the cbuhcil, and on her decease, in 1713, was
nominated one of the lords justices in Great Britain, till
the arrival of king George I. from Hanover.
His grace died on the 24th of February, 1720, in thb
seventy-fifth year of his age, .and after lying in state for
some days at Buckingham house, was inteired with great
solemnity in Westminster-abbey, where a. handsome- mo-
nument has since been erected to his memory, with an epi-
taph written by himself, and .directed by bis will to be en-
graved on it^. He left only one legitimate son behind
* The principal part of ihit epitaph Hamanum est nescire Ic trrare.
is : — Christum adveneror, Deo cloinfido
** l^ubius, sed non improbus vixi. OmBipoteaii, beoevolentiKBimo.
lueertua morior> fed intarbalus. Ens £ntiuni, miserere iii^i,'* '
I »
ne
S HE F FIE L D:- *4t
Wnf, naoied Edmund, who died in the bloom of youth. It
is observable, that the duke's three wives were all widows.
The duchess died in 1742. She published a spieudid edi«
tion of bis works in 1723, 2 vols. 4to, which were afterw
wards reprinted in 1729 and 1740, 2 vols. dvo. The firet
oontains his poems upon various subjects : the second, bit
prose works, which consist of historical memoirs, speeches?
in parliament, characters, dialogues, critical observations^
essays, and letters; but the edition of 1729 is castrated,
some particukirs relating to the revolution in 1723 having
given offence. - *
His character, says Dr. Johnson, is not to be proposed
as worthy of imitatron. His religion he may be supposed
tq have learned from Hobbes ; and his morality was such,
as naturally proceeds from loose opinions. His sentiments
with respect to women he picked up in the court of Charles;
and his principles concernii^g property were such as a
gaming-table supplies. * He was censured as covetc^tis, and
has been defended by an instance of inattention to his af-
fairs, as if a 'man might not at once be corrupted by ava-
rice and idleness. He is said, however, to have had much
tenderness, and to have been very ready to apologize for
his violences of passion.
- As a poet, if we credit the testimony of his contempo-
raries, he was one of no vulgar rank; but modern criti-
cism represents him as a writer that sometimes glimmers^
biit rarely shines, feebly laborious, and at best but pretty.
His songs are upon common topics; he hopes, and grieves,
apd repents, and despairs, and rejoices, like any other
maker of little stanzas ; to be great, he hardly tries ; to be
gay, is hardly in his power.
. In the^^ Essay on Satire^' he was always supposed to
have had the help of Dryden, but, according to Mr. Ma^
lone's account, that did not amount to much. His *^ Essay
on Poetry*' is the great work for which he was praised by
Roscommon, Dryden, and Pope ; and doubtless by many
more, whose eulogies have perished. «
Upon this piece he appears to have set a high value ; for
he was all his life-time improving it by successive revisals.
The second liae of the epitaph stands verb " adveoeror" not full eooughy at
as follows on the duke's moDuinpnt : — applied to Christ. Some displeasure
*' lacertus naorior, uon perturbatus ^'^ having been expressed at this epitaph*
and the words " Chrisrum adveneror" it was defended in form by DrlFiddes^
tfrft omitted, at tht desire, as is said who did not understand it. See our
pf bUbop*Atterbury> who thought the account of ^iddes, toI. XIV. '
44% SHEFFIELD..
$0 that there is scarcely any poem to be found of which tlpa.
last edition differs more from the 6rst. ^* Tiie coldness aqc}
neglect/' says Warton, ^'witb which this writer, formed only
on the French critics, speaks of M>iton» qiust be considered
as proofs of bis want of critical discernment, or of critical
courage. I can ri^collect no performance of Buckinghami.
that stamps him a true genius ; his reputation was owing to
bis rank. In reading his poems^ one is apt to ei^claim w|tb
our author —
** What wofbl stuff this Madrigal would be
In some 8tafv*d hackney sonneteer^ or me I
Bat l^t a lord once own the happy lines.
How the wit brightens, how the style refines !"
Yet Dryden extolled this essay highly, and it may be justly
«aid that the precepts are judicious, sometimes new, and.
often happjLly expressed. Sheffield's memoirs also are lively
and agreeable ; he had the perspicuity and elegance of an
historian, but not the fire and fancy of a poet.'
SHELDON (Gilbert), archbishop of Canterbury, was.
youngest son of Roger Sheldon of Stanton in k>cafFordshiret|.
and was born jbere July 19; 1598. His Christian name
was given him at his baptism by Gilbert earl of Sbrewsr
bury, to whom his father was a menial servant, although,
descended from the ancient family of the Sheldons of Stafr
fordshire. In the latter end of 1613 be was admitted a
commoner of Trinity college, Oxford, and took the degree
of bachelor of arts Nov. 27, 1617, and that of master. May
20, 1630. In 1622 he was elected fellow of All Souls'
college, and about the same time entered into holy orders,
and afterwards became domestic chaplain to the lord keeper
Coventry, who gave him a prebend of Gloucester. The
lord keeper had a high esteem for him, and employed him
in various affairs relating bqth to church and state. Lord
Clarendon, who mentions this, adds^ that Sheldon was
very early looked upon as equal to any preferment the
church could yield ; and sir Francis Wenman would ofteu
say, when Sheldon visited at lord Falkland's house, that
** he was born and bred to be ai^chbishop of Canterbury."
Lord Coventry therefore recommended him to Charles L
as a person well versed in politipal affairs. He was some
time rtciot of Ickford in Bucks, and presented to the rec-
1 Gen. Diet. — Biog. Brit— Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors, by Park.—-
Bowles's edition of Pope. — Gibber's Lives.— Biog. Dram.— Johnson's Lifes*—!*
Nichols's Atterbury.— Malone's Dryden, &c. &c.
SHELDON, 44S
t
tdry of Newington by archbishop Laud. November 1 1|
16528^ he proceeded bachelor of divinity; and^ May 2, 1632,
he w;^ presented by the king to the vicarage of Hackney
in Middlesex, then void by th^ promotion of David DoU
ben to the bishopric of Bangor. On June 25, 1634, he
ccKDpounded for his degree of doctor of divinity ; and in
the middle of March 1635, was elected warden of Ail Souls^
college. About the same time he wrote some letters to
Mr. Cbillintrworth concerning subscription to the thirty*
nine articles, who had some scruples on that obligatioa
(see Chilungworth). Dr. Sheldon became chaplain in
ordinary to his majesty^ and was afterwards clerk of th#
closet, and was intended for master of the Savoy ; but the
commotions which ensued prevented those promotions.
During the rebellion he adhered to the royal cause, and in
Feb. 1 644 was one of the king*s chaplains sent by his ma*
Jesty to attend his commissioners at the treaty of Uxbridge)
where he argued so earnestly in favour of the church, as
to incur the resentment of the parliamentary commissioners^
ipvhich they afterwards made pirn feel. In April 1646 he
attended the king at Oxford, and was witness to a remark*
able vow^ which bis majesty made there, the purport of
which was, that when it should please God to re-establish
his throne, he would restore to the church all impropria*
tions, lands, &c. which were taken from any episcopal see^
cathedral, collegiate church, &c. This vow, which is in
the appendix to Echard's history, was preserved thirteen
years under ground by Dr. Sheldon. In August 1^47 there
passed some letters between Dr. Sheldon and several gen<*
ilemen, then prisoners in the Tower of London for the
royal cause, who had scruples about applying for their
liberty to the usurping powers, if in the king's opinion
such application should seem prejudicial to his majesty's
interest. On submitting this matter to the king, he gave
fhem permission to act as they should think fit.
During his majesty's being at Newmarket that year, and
afterwards in the Isle of Wight, Dr. Sheldon attended on
him as one of his cfiaplains. On March 30, 1647-8, he
was ejected from his wardensbip by the parliament^visttors^
and imprisoned with Dr. Hammond, in Oxford, and other
places, that they might not only be no hindrance to the
changes going on in the university, but be prevented from
attending the king at the Isle of Wight. Dr Sheldon re«
inained confined above six months, and then ihe reforming
Hi S H EL D O N.
«
f pommittee set him at liberty, Oct 24, 164B, on condmcAt
/ ^h^t h^ should never come within five miles of Oxford;
^ that he should not go to the king in the Isle of Wight, and
ibat he should give security to appear before .them at foui^
,teepi days' warning, whenever cited. Upon his release
he.retired to Snelston in Derbyshire, where, at! his owh
expence, and by contributions from his friends, be seril
IQOjney. constantly to the exiled king,: and followed bis stu^*
dies until the approach of the restoration. On March 4,
i} 659*60, Dr. John Palmer, who had been placed in the
yvardenship in his room, dyings and there being an imme-^
diate. prospect of his majesty's return, there was no elec-
ticHi made of a successor, but Dr. Sheldon was restored)
though he never took re^possession^ On the king's return
^e.qiet bis majesty at Canterbury, and was spon after mad6
d^an of the royal chapel ; and upon bishop J uxqu's trans^
latioa to the see of Canterbury, was made. bishop of Lon-f
4pn, tQ which be was . elected October 9, 1660, and con-
^crated the 28th of that month. He held the mastership
pf tb^ >S^VQy with that bishqpric ; and the famous confer^
eufie between the episcopal, and presbyterian clergy con-»
cisrpiug f^}terations tp be made in the liturgy, in 1661, wis
held at his lodgings in the Savoy, in the* course of which
\hG eicerted himself much against the presbyterjans. Upori
' firqbbishop Juxon'a death he was elected to. the seeof Can-^
^rbyry Aug. 11, 1663. In 1665, during, the time of the
plague? he continued at Lambeth, and exerted the utmost
benevolea.ee to those who would otherwise have perished
in their necessities; and. by his letters to all the bishops,*
procured considerable sums to be returned out of all parts
pf his province* On December 20, 1667, he was elected
chancellor of the university of Oxford,, but on the 31st of
Jqiy, 166d, resigne'd that office. He died. at Lambeth,
November, 9, 1677, in the eightieth year of- his agej and
was interred in Croydon church in Surrey, where a monu-^
l^ent.was. eriected to his memory by his heir, sir Joseph
$beldoo, then lately lord mayor of London^ sonof his. elder
l^rjotber Ralph. Sheldon of Stanton in Staffordshire. ,
.Dr. ^Sheldon's. character has been represented with the
discordance (hajt must be expected in the reports of con*"
tpnding parties.. It would appear on an impartial view of
cpptempw^iy, authorities, that, he; was more eminent as a
politician tetania divine; and that in the foitmer character,^
^^sf^lHtneot of pQc^pnal iujpries^ as well as.of the more e,i^
^'H E L D ON. *4*
i^iistyo evtb brbugblr'On the church by the abettors of thife
usurpation, led htm to take a very decided and severe part
111 the penal laws enacted against the nonconformists. Bur*
pety with due allowance for his talents and taaany good qua-
iltiesy speaks widi censure oh his conduct in this respect'.
The character given of him by Dr. Samuel Parker, bishop of
Oxfqrd, who had been his chaplain, seems in a great degree
to correspond with other authorities, and confirms: the ge^
neral opinion that Sheldon was not precise as adivine^
. Parker, in bis *^ Commentarii de rebus sui temporis,^
tells us, that archbishop Sheldon- ^* was a man of undolibt^
ed piety ; butthough he was very assiduous at prayers, yet
he did ,Qotset so great a value on them as others did, nor
regarded so much worship. as the use of worship, placing
the chief point of religion in the practice of a good life. In
bis daily: discourse he cautioned those about him not'tb'der
ceive themselves with an half religion, nor to think thi|t
divine worship was confined within the walls of the churchy
the principal part of it being without doors, and conisisting
in being conversant with mankind. If men led an upright^
sober, chaste life> then and not till then they- might look
upon themselves as religious ; otherwise it would signify
nothing what form of religion bad men followed, or to what
church they belonged. Therefiore having spoken to this
effect, be added with a kind of exultation and joy, 'Do
well, and rejoice.' — ^His advice to young noblemen and
gentlemen, who by their parents' commands resorted daiiy
to him, was always this ; < Let it be your principal care to
become honest men, and afterwards be as devout and'reli*
gious as you will. No piety will be of any advantage to
yourselves or any body else, unless you are honest and
moral men.' r He had a great aversion to all pretences to
extraordinary piety, which covered real dishonesty; but
jiad a sincere affection for those,* whose religion was'at-
, tended, with integrity of manners. His worthy notions of
religion meeting with an excellent temper in him, gave
bia^ that even tranquillity of mind, by which, he was stiU
faimself, and always tbe same, in adversity as well "as in
prosperity; and neither over rated nor despised life, nor
jfeaired nor wished for death, but lived agreeably to himself
|ind ptjiiers." %
It is .as a prelate of great munificence that Sheldon will
be handed down to posterity with tbe highest honours. On
accession of Charles II. when the members of tbe uni»
446 5 ft JE L b O N.
irersity who had been ejected by the murpiitg pcNreff^ be^
gan to restore the ancient establishments, a design m^sH
formed of erecting some building for the acts^ exercises^
Ac. which had formerly been performed in St. Mary's
church, with some inconvenience to the university , and
iome injury to the church. Certain houses were accord-
ingly purchased, which stood on the site of the present
^theatre; and in 1664, Sheldon, then archbishop of Canter^
bury, having contributed 1000/, the foundation-stone was
laid July 26, with great solemnity before the vice chan-^
bellor, heads of houses, &c. And when no other bene-
fiictors appeared to promote the work, archbishop Sheldon
munificently took upon himself the whole expence, which
amounted to 12,476/. lis. lid. and gave also 2000/. to be
laid out in estates for repairs, or the surplus to be applied
to the establishment of a printing-house. The architect
^employed was the celebrated sir Christopher Wren, and
the building was completed in about five years. It was
one of sir Christopher^s first works, and a happy presage
of the talents which he afterwards display^ in the. metro<»
Soils. Nor did the archbishop's liberality stop here. Mf.
[enry Wharton has enumerated the following sums he be*
stowed on other public purposes : To lord Petre for the
purchase of London House, the residence of the bishops of
London, 5200/. He abated in his fines for the augmenta-
tion of vicarages 1680/. He gave towards the repair of
St. PauPs before the fire 2169/. 17^. lOdf. and the repairs of
his houses at Fulbam, Lambeth, and Croydon, 4500/. To
A\\ Souis' chapel, Trinity coDege chapel, Christ cburdb^
Oxford, and Lichfield cathedral, 450/. When first made
bishop, the leases being all expired, he abated in bis fines
17,733/. including probably the article of l6S0l. above
aientioned.'
8H EN STONE (William), eldest son of a plain utiedd-
eated country gentlehian, of Hales-Owen, Shropshii^e, who
farmed his own estate, was born Nov. 18) 1714. He learii^
ed to read of an old dame, commemorated in bis po^ni 6i
the ** School-mistress ;'* and soon received sli^b deliglit
from books, that he was always calling for nevtf '^nte'rtaiif-
snent, and expected that, when any of the family 'went td
market, a new book should be brought him, which^ wkes
it came,' was in fondness carried to bed Md laid by hini. It
.» . , r ' .- '
> Biog. Biit.'^^U Ne7e.^Ath. Ox. y»1. H>*^yr»Qd'ST^lituto,> ■ ^Ai— fiPi 0«»
SHENStON*E* ^ 44t
19 said, tW/ tirhen his request bad been neglected, his mo-
ther wrapped up a piece of wood of. the same form, and
pacified him for the night. As he grew older, he went for
a while to the grammar-school in Hales-Owen, and was
placed afterwards with Mr. Crumpton, an eminent schobU
roaster at SoHhul, where he distinguished ^ bimselE by the
quickness of bis progress. When he was young (June 1724)
he was deprived of his father ; and soon after (August 1726)
of his grandfather; and was, witlt his brother, who died
afterwards unmarried, Teft to the care of his grandmother,
who managed the estate. From school he was sent in 1732
to Pembroke-college in Oxford, a society which for half a
century had been eminent for English poetry and elegant
literature. Here it appears that he found delight and ad-
vantage ; for he continued his name there ten years, though
he took no degriee. After the first four years he put on the
Civilian's gown, but without shewing any intention to en*
gage in the profession. About the time when he went to Ox^
ford, the death of his grandmother devolved his affairs to
the care of the reverend Mr. Dolman, of Brome in Stafford-
shire, whose attention he always mentioned with gratitude.
At Oxford he amused himself with EInglish poetry ; and in
1737^ printed at Oxford, for private circulation, a small
miscellany of juvenile verses, without his name* He then
for a time wandered about, to acquaint himself with life }
and was sometimes at London, sometimes at Bath, or any
Elace of public resort ; but be did not forget his poetry*
[e published in 1740 his ^' Judgment of Hercules,'* ad*
dressed to Mr. Lyttelton, whose interest he supported with
great warmth at an election : this was, two years afterwards,
followed by the ^* School-mistress." Mr. Dolman, to
whose care he was indebted for his ease and leisure, died in
174^, and the care of his own fortune now fell upon him*
He tried to escape it a while, and lived at his bouse with
his tenants, who were distantly related ; but, finding that
tmperStici possession inconvenient, he' took the whole estate
into his own hands,r more to the improvement of its beauty
than the increase of its produce. His delight in rural plea-
sure was now excited, and his ambition of rural elegance ;
l}e began from this time, says Johnson, ^ to point his
prospects, to divelvify his surface, to entangle his walks,
stod to windhb waters; Which be did with such judgment
mod such fancy, as made hitf little domain the envy of th€
fipeat, aadtkeAdfliiratioftof theskllfiili a place to be visited
44S S ft E N S T O N E!
by tra'^ellers, abd copied by ' designers." Of these etfiploy^
ments. Dr. Johnson has perhaps formed a harsh estimate^
yet Shenstbne's affectionate apologist,' Mr. Greaves, is oblig-
red to confess that he'speht his whole income in adorning the
Leasowes, and that it added little to his comfort, the only
faappineis he fdt being confined to the moment of im**
proviemcmt It is said, tbat^ if he had lived a little longer, he
would have been assisted by a pension : such bounty could
not have been ever more properly bestowed ; and overtures
appear to have been made for that purpose, but they eame
toojate: he died at the Leasowes, of a putrid fever, Feb.
11,M763 ; and was buried by the side ,pf his brother inthe
icburch-'yard of Hales-Owen. He wasx never married,
though it appears that be was twice in love, and Johnsoh
•says he, might have obtained the lady, whoever she was, to
4vhotti his ** Pastoral BaUad" was addressed^ He is repre-
sented by his friend Dodsley as a man of great tenderness
and generosity, kind to all that were within bis influence ;
.but^ if once offended, not easily appeased ; inattentive to
ceconomy, and careless of his expences; in his penon
larger than the 'middle size^ with soinething clumsy in his
form; very negligent of his cloaths, and remarkable for
wearing his grey hair in a particular manner; for he held
that the faahion was no rule of dress, and that every man was
to suit his ap[>earahce to his natural form. ' These, says
Mr. Gripaves, ' were not precisely his sentiments, though be
thought right enough, that every one should, in some de<*
gree> consult his particular shape and complexion -fai
adjusting his dress ; and that no fashion ought to sauctify
.what was ungraceful, absurd,' or really deformed,
f * His life ' w^s unstained by any crime, for the Elegy on
^' Jessy," which has been supposed to relate an unfortunate
And criminal amour of his own, wa's known by bis friends to
have« beeit suggested by the story of Miss Godfrey iff
iiichardsoh^s ** Pamela," :^ , ;
His " Works" were collected by Mr. Dodsley, in 3
vols. SvOy and still retain a good share of popularity. ^'.T!be
£rst consists of elegies (of which there are tweRtyr*ni;)if
odes, songsv and batlads, levities^ pr pieces of jhamottr^
and moral pieces; many of which ai'e distipguished bjr
elegance and simpjicity. The second contaios his prose
works,' and consists of several detached. ob$ervatioos oa
men, qa^vpers^ and; things,. tbrQwq. together in ^^iMlxhaps
ter9/ wjitb^t any .order or-) connection.: Ilis seotimep^
S H E N S T O N E. 44&
aod reflectioiis are for the most part natural and jast ; many
of tbem new, lively, and entertaining, a few of them rather
parad6xi<:al, and some that are false and ill- supported^
though, upon the whole, they seem to have been the genuine
fruits of a good understanding and an amiable disposition.
The third volume consists of '^ Letters to his Friends." On
bis general merits as a writer, Mr. Greaves says, that
Shenstone, *^ through indolence and ilUhealth, and perhaps
too great a fondness for amusement, lavished and ex-
hausted ihie talents given him by nature on a few topics
which presented themselves to bis imagination ; but in those
. few he generally excelled." *
SHEPREVE, or SHEPERY (John), a celebrated Latin
poet and linguist, was born at Sugworth, in the parish of
Radley, near Abington in Berks, about 1509. He was
educated in Corpus Christ! college, Oxford, of which he
wai admitted probationer fellow in 1528, and completed
bis degrees in arts in 1533. At that time he wa^ Greek
reader in his college, and succeeded Robert Wakefield in
the Hebrew professorship of the university of Oxford about
153S. Three years afterwards, by leave from the heads of
die university, he began to expound in the public schools
the book of Genesis in Hebrew, and would have proceeded
tbroifgb the other books of the Pentateuch, bad. he not
been prevented by death. He died at Agmondesham in
Buckifigbam&hire, in 1542. He was thought to have sur«
passed Origen for memory, and Ovid for expedition in
▼ersifying ; it hacving been but an ordinary matter with him
lo compose one hundred good verses every day, at vacant
hours. Leland celebrates him in his ^* Encomia," and in
his^^Cygnea Cantio," in which he calls him *' decus
utriusque linguae." He is praised likewise in White's
^ Diacostomartyrion,'* and by Pits. His works are, 1. Sum-
ma et synopsis Novi Test, distichis ducentis sexaginta com«
prebensa," Strasb. 1556, 8 vo, reprinted at London and Ox-
fbrd. 2. ** Hippolytus OvidiansB Pheedrae respondens.
Oxon. 1584. 3. " Vita et epicedton Joannis Claymundi,
a MS* in Corpus college library. He wrote also some
tsaoslatioqs from the Greek, and some poems and orations
wbioh remain in MS. He had a nephew William, who in
the beginning of queen Elizabeth's reign left England oni
1 L|fe by Johnson. — RecollcGtion of particular! in the life of^ bf tbe Key*
>f r. Greaires of Micklelon.-*»Hiill'« Sclo^ L«ttiefi.--«-Nmiii'f VlTtavsfUnbirt,
Vol. XXVIL G g
^c<HiDt of ^s adber^nqe tp pppery, find <y«d |it ]3^C[ in
l53Bj,. .,He, w4s.eflu^&ted;a|sQ at Corpiii^. and h^ ijbe riepvio
Wion of am^n of learning. H^ left sopne MS,& qp c3atb$H
lie subjectSi and ope 4to printed ^t .Bome in 15:96^ entitled
*\ The literal conneiUonof th^ P^alpss of our la^^s^offiqe,
^nd their confirmation^ from the Qreel^, Hebrews Syri9C>
Qt^aldaic, Arabic, ^tbiopic, SiifiJ*^ If ^qqsunted with M
tibese languages, be could, have been no comqion/sebpldr \u
|he six teep>th century « *
$H£RABO; or SHERWOOD (William),, a y^j
learned botanist,, was tbe soq of George Sberwood, of
Bushby, in Leicestershire. It does not appear at what timq
or for what reason t;be alteration in the na^e was made.
He was born in l6Ji9g educated first at» B^rchaot Taylors*
spbool, and then at 3^^ Jo^n^s college, Oxford> wberf^ be
crnt^red in 1677. He aubgfsquently beoaroe a fellow pf ibis
college, s^qd took the^d^gr^^ of bac^c^k^r of law, D^eoiber
11^ 1683. Beipg appointed tr^fellix^g til^or sucC9ftsi3?eJ,y,
to Charles, aftenirards. the. second viapQuntXQ^vnstiQndy a^dl
to WrioUieslcy, lo^d, Howlj^ndy son of tbex^qileibfated patri^
lord Ruasel, i^^o in I7p0,becfii»^ tbe second du|;a.of Bedt
ford, Sherard iQf^tJQ. twp;9UccesNuV^ tours tbrpiigbi jHolla^d,^
France,.I|tAly, ^c. returpijng from tb^iast, a^^ J^ SmUb
thinks, not much before tb^yeiar 17P0, vvben.bis.la^t-io^nr}
^oned pupil wa9tvi{^ntyyear$ old* Dr. l?u)|«a(ei|( si^pposcK
him to hav/e cpme bfK:k in 16 93, 1^ perhaps byt^ 4^tQ ol
]^ay*s " Syll^ge SUrpiMm EuropwJ^j^uw," pwted; in i6$4,
to which Sherard communica^.a catsdogue qf j>la£^ts ^^
thered.on mount Jura, 3aleiref aqd the aeigbbourbpod»ofi
Geneva. About this tim^ w^ find be wpis it) Ir)slatnd,.QQ.a:
^isit to his friend sir.Aftbuir Rawdoo, at AJ^oira. Long,
before either of his f6i;eign j^urpey^ he bad tmf eUed.ovc^.
varioifs partS; of. £nglaod> and proceeded U) Jersey^ for. tbe-
purpose of botanical inves|^ga,iJon ; apd the, fruits /of- biHt
dLs«9veries enriched tbe publications of |hft iUuatriouf R^4.
Bpt^ny w,sis e^v^r the prominent pursuit pf Sh^arditl
aril hi$ journeys. He, cultivated the friendidiiptaiid Q^mn^r
spoudeuce. of the. most able men on the cpnii&eiit, sueb-an.
Boerhaavei Hermann, Tourneforl, Vaillant». MichieU# Aipt^
H^ ifi^ ani>^r^ly believed to have been the, aiilbor: of.aN.
1 2mo^ volume, eqtitle4 ** Sdiola. BQtaQica>" published ^it
Amsterdam in 1^89, and reprinted in 1691 and 1699. This
1 Ath. (hi. Tol. h new edit.— >DMd^€bitrib Efist.
4» » E R A^ R B. 44fl
ll a systeniatib catalogue oPtlie Paris gardeti. Ttsr prefttcej^'
dated London^ Nw. j^S8, is signed S.Wi A;, whrcfe the
JVeneh writers have interpreted SgnjUel Wharttonj AngltiSj^
trnder whjeh name the tK>ok otstxit^ in H&Her's '^ Sibifo^
tfheca Botaiiica/* v, I. 64 J^. But as no otte ev^r beafrd'of
aufch a botanist as Wharton, and the preface in questlbnf
(displajs the objects tod acqaisitions of one of the first ranfc,
who could certainly not long remain in obscurity, the ab6v0
initials are presumed to mean WiHiam Sberard, to v^honi
^lone indeed, with or without a signature, that preface could
belong. Its writer is described as having attended threi^
courses of Tourttefort's botanical lectui^es, in 168*6, 8t,
aad 88, ail which years, he says, be spent at Paris> In the
summ^of 1688 he describes himself a^ having passed som§
time in Holland, collecting specimens of plants irom the^
j^ich gardens 'of that country, and getting them named by
professor Hermfann him^lf| who allowed him to peruse tb^
^antls6rtpf Vudiitients of his i^ para'disus Batav^s,^ to exr
arbine'bis herbarium, and td compose' a 1hrodromi§^ of that
ir^k, which is- subjoined tp the little volume n6w uKidei^
iour consideration*. All this can apply to Sbeirard pnly, wfad
beeam^e the editor of Hermann^s book itself^ andrwhb in its
pri&face, dated from Geneva iri |697, appe^s' under hij
€rwn name, and speaks of himself as having long enjoyed
Ib^- firien<hhrp and the conranimcations of that eminenlt
niah, wbbbe judgment and talents he ji^stly commemorates,'
Md of whose various literary performances, as well as of hi^
bc^tanical prinQiples, he gives 'an account; Dr. Pulteney
^Dceives this preface to hare been written during a third
t0ur of its author to the continent ; but we presume him td
have then been with the young lord Howlat^d^ and conscf^
quently oti his second tour only,
Sherard' cofnrounicated to the Jloyal' Society, in' 170d, a
paper relative to the making of Chinese or Japan varnishes^
Iii4iicb is printed in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. XXII.
The information whi^h it c6ntains was sent by the Jesuits
to the grand duke of Tuscany, and probably obtained by
eur author at Florence. He now entered on a more public
walk of life, becoming one of the commissioners for sick
and wouhded seamen at Portsmouth;) and about the^year
1702^, olr soon after> was sent out as British consu) to
Smyrna. * Here his botanical taste met with fresh gratifica-
tion; nor was he neglectful of other curiosities of science
or literatuire. He visited the seven churches of Asia;
G c 2 ^
w
452 S H E B. A R D.
copied ievffatfneient inscripMpns, and comoninictfeed to iIhs
Royal Society an account of tiie new Volcafiic island, near
Sautorini, whi^h rose out of the sea May \2, 1707.
Botany, however^ continued to be his leading object. He
liad a villa at Sedekio, near Smyrna, where be could with
the more ease resign hirpself to the contemplation of plants,
and where he began his great herbarium. Hasselquist visited
this spot, with the devotion of a pilgrim, in the spring.of
1750. He saw the house, with a small garden laid out by
Sherard, but not enriched at any great expence, nor storied
with extensive collections of exotics. Many of the latter
indeed might, in the course of thirty*two years, bave dis*
appeared. Whatever spi^cimens Sherard could obtain
fi^m Greece, and the neighbouring countries, he here
carefully preserved ; and being well aware of the insuffi-
ciency of Baubin^s ^^ Pinax,^' as a clue to .the botanical
knowledge then in the world, he is said tp bave here form^
the project of continuing it, and eve;i to bave^ made some
progress in that arduous undertaking, before be returned 'to
^is native country in 1713. Soon after bis return be re-
ceived at Oxford the degre^ of LL.D*
In 1721, Dr., Sherard revisited the continent Vaillant
waa^now in a declining state of health, and died in May
1722, Previous to his decease be concluded, tbrough.tbe
mediation of Sh^rard^ the sale of bis manuscripts and
drawings of Parisian plants, to Boerhaave, who published
jn 1727 the splendid *^ Botanicon Parisiense.*', This
^Kork, thotigh no): free from imperfections in the distri)>u-,
tion of its materials, would doubtless have been far less
correct, but for the superintendance of Sherard, who
passed a summer with Boerhaave in revising the manuscript.
Our great botanist bad alreajdy rendered a more important
service to his favourite science. By bringing with him from
Qermany, in Augiist 1721, the celebrated Dill£NIUs. (See
DILLENIUS.) By a comparison of dates, it appears that
3berard made several visits to the continent. He went
frpm Paris to Holland in 1721, and thence with Dillenius,
the same year,, to England. He stayed sonie time: with
Bqerbaave again in 1724, or perhaps 1725. We know not
precisely when or where it happened that he was^, like
Linhaeu^ in Norway, in danger of being shot for a wpifl.
What principally attached Sherard to Dillenius, was the
sin»ilarity of their tastes respecting those intricate tribe^ef
vegetables now termed eryptogamic. To these the atfea-
R E R A' R D. 453 •
lion of both had long been directed^ and Heiice orlgthatfid
the cultivation, which this line of botanical study has re^
ceived, from that period, iu England and Germany. TbU
taste, hovirfwr, was not exclusive ; for these friends aiid^
fellow labourers le(t no department of botany unimprov^.
James >herard, seven years younger than his brother, wh9>
had ac(]uired opulence by meJical practice, first as an apo-
thecary, and then as a physician, in London, bad a great
fondness for the same pursuit^ and reared at his coontj'y
seat at Eitham, a number of exotic plants, from eVerjr
climate. Hither the more learned subject of our present
article frequently resorted. He had acquired affluence hy
his public appointments, but his style ol living was simple,
and private Devoted to the cultivation of knowledge in
himself, and to the diffusion of that of others, he lent his
aid t<i ail who required it, without coming forward cohspi*
coously as an author. He assisted Catesby with informa-
tipn and with money, to bring out his natural histojTyof
Carolina, though neither that work, nor the *^ Hortus
Elthaikiensis'' of Diilenius, appeared till some time after his
decease, which happened &t Eitham Aug. 12, 172S, when
he was 69 years of age. He was buried at Eitham Aug.
Id, His brother died Feb. 12, 1738-9, aged 72, and is
buried in, Evington church, near Leicester, with his wife»
-whose maiden name was Lockwood, by whom he had no
children.
The most ostensible and splendid service to botany was
rendered by the will of Ur. William Sherard, who left
3000/. for the endowment of the botanical professorship at
Oxford, besides ^00/. which he gave in his life-time for the
improvement of the garden. He bequeathed to this esta*
blishment his choice botanical library, his ample herbarium,
and the manuscript of his ** Pinax,^' the completion of.
which he intended should, be one of the objects and duties
of the new professor. He bequeathed also his books
(with the exception of the botanical part) and many curio-
sities to St. John^s college, Oxford. In 1766, some of his
MS8. were presented by Mr. Ellis to the Royal Society. *
SHERBURNE (Sir Ed^vard), an English poet, was de-
scended from an antient family of the same name at Sta*ny<«
. hurst, in Lancashire. His grandfather, Henry, appears to
m
* Patteaey's Botany .-^ttees's Cyclop.— -Geut. Mig. ro!. LXVI. «rh«re are
. tome curipus particulats of both the Sherards. — Preface to Mtirtyn*s DUserta*
lion 00 the JEneid, p. xl.
454 S H £ A B tf R N e.
- . • .
havt^ ijetongied, but in wb«t vftpaeity is not M>it»i to tkfit*
pu Christt college, Oxford, and settled in tbftt dirf , wdiefd
Edward the fvtber of c^r podt was bom^ Tbis Edward
Weat afterwards te Lonaon^ and bcjcanne secretary to the
first East IndU tompany, established' by ^ueeti QH«ab«4i*s
charter, and in 1€1S, obtaifSed a reversioaary grant ef ti^e
office of clerk of the ordnance. He was afterwai'ds knighted
by. ^baiies Ii He married Frances, the' second daughMf
d^'Jofah Stanley of Iloydon Hall, in EsseXj e^^ apd resided
in Goldsmith's kents, near tledcross-sweet, ^ripplegatel'
liis son, the poet, was bom here Sepb 18, 1618^ and edo-^
c^od by the celebrated Thomas Farviaby, who t^n taught
a school in Ooldsmith^s rents. On his ¥€^moval to Se^Teti**
oaks in Kent, in 1636, yoong Sherburne was educated
privttelyi under the care of Mr. Charles Aleyn, the poetic
eal histbrian of the battles of Cressy and Pbictiers, who had
been one of FatnabyV ushers. On the death of Aley^ iii
1640, his pupil being intended for the army, ^assentto
eotajJCte his education ab4-oad, and bad travelled in Franc4i
und psrt (Of Ital}^ when his father's illness ob'Kged htm t6
return. After bis father^s death in 1641, be succeeded to
the clerkship of his majesty's ordnance, the reversion of
Which had been ptoeured for him in 1638, but the rebd^
lion pfetented his retaining it Iong» Being a }[loman ca«
thoKc, and £rmly attached to the king, he was ejected by i
Warrant of the hohse of Lords in Aptil ot May 1642, and
harassed by a long and expensive confinement in the cus-
tody oflhe usher of the black rod.
On his release he determined to follow the fortunes of
his royal miaster, who made him commissHryi^eneral Of the
artillety, in which post he witnessed the battle of £<}ge-hiH|
and afterwards attended the king at Oirford, where be was
eseftted master of arts, Ded. 20, 1^641^. Herei te& took such
^opportunities as his office permitted of pursuing his stU'diies'^
aiid xlid not leave Otford until Jnne 1646^ wfaeto itwas feur-
tendered to the parliamentary foroes. Ho then Weht ii
LonA)n^ and was entertained by a near relation, John
Povey, esq. at his chambers in the Middle TeMp!o> Behtg
piundered of all his propierty^ and what is ev^r most nl'ear
to a man of learning, his ample library, he would pi'obably
have sunk under his accumulated sufferings, iiad be not
met with his kinsman, Thomas Stanley, esq. father of tbti
learned Thomas Stanley, esq. who was a sufferer in the
same causef and secreted near the same fA$JCt. Bift iMtit
• g: H E R B U R N B. 451
degnse of tdlerMioii miM iuti^e lieen eKtenddd to Urn stfon
after, «s in 1648, he published his trcnsistiioti of S^necai'ff
'^ Medea/* and iu the saoiie yesjb Seneca's answer to
Liioilins's queation ^* Why good ^en au£fer misfortunesy' ^
seeing there is a 'divine providence ^'* In 1651, be pub-
Ikbed bis '^ Poems and Translations/' with a Latin dedica*-
tioR to Mr. Stanley; and when sir George Sa«iie, aftl^rw Jrds
marquis of Halifax, returned from his travels about tliat
ttnnie, he appointed Mr. Sherburne superintendant of biii
affairs; and by the recommendation of, his mother^ lady
Savile, he was afterwards m^de travelling ivnof to heir^
nephew, sir John Coventry. With this gentleman be visited
various parts of the continent, from March 1654 to October
1659. On the restoration, sir Anthony Ashley Cooper,
afterwards lord Shaftesbury, put another into bis place in
the ordnance, but on Mr. Sherburne's application to the
House of Peers, it was restored to him, altbougfa its emolu-
ments were soon greatly retrenched.
The peace of the country beirig now re«estabtished) he
appears to have applied himself to a studious life, artd re-^
plenished bis library, which, according to Wood, was estei^iii-*
ed one of the most conisiderable belonging to any gentle^
man in or near London. In 1675, he published ^^ The
Sphere of Marcus Manilius, made an English poem, with
Annotations, and an astronomical index,'' which was ho-
noured by the very particular and liberal approbation of
the Royal Society; and in 1679, he published a translatloi
of Seneca's " Troades, or the Royal Captives," and he (eft
in manascrif^t a translation of *^ Hyppolitus," which two.
With the << Medea" before mentioned, he endeavoured to
prove were all that Seneca wrote.
Dthring the commotions excited by the popish plot, at^
tempts were made to remote him from his place in the
ordnance, as a suspected papi^, but tbe^ were iDeffectuai;
and his majesty, who .appears to have been satisfied with
bis character and conduct, conferred on him the liouour
of knighthood, Jan. 6, 1682, As, however, he could not
t&ke the oaths oh the revolution, be quitted his public em-%
pioymeut, and by this step sacrificed bis prof>erty to bis
principles. For some time he lived a retired and probably
a <ioitff6rtaUe life, but poverty 'at length induced him to
seek relief, tn 1696, he presented a supplicatory memo^
rikl to tbe ^arl of Hdftitiey, then master fi^en^ral of the ord-
Mnee, atfd ^ootUer (o tbe kiftg. In boui, be represented.
*H SHERBURNE.
Ml very Ernest but modest language, hts long! and faiifafi^
s.ei:vic<es, bis total loss of fortune in tbe clause ofrojalty,
bis extreme indigenceji and bis advanced age' (he being
then upwards of.eigbty^two years old), s^nd concluded with
an bumble request that an annual stipend for bis suppod:
migbt be granted upon tbe quarter books of tbe offiile.
Tbe writer to wbom we are indebted for tbis account. has
not been able to discover tbat tbis request was ev^tr cam<-
piled wttb. He adds, that sir Edward was well acquainted
with tbe duties of bis station, to tbe discbarge of wbich.be.
dedicated a long life, and was the principal person con<*
cemed in drawing up the ^^ Rules, orders, and instructions*'
given to tbe office of ordnance in 1683, which with yeiy
few alterations, have been con firnied at the beginning of
every reign since, and are those by which the office is now
governed.
. To these scanty notices, may be added bis acquaintance
with Dr. Bentley, which was occasioned by that learned
critic's announcing an intention of publishing a new editbn
of Maniliua. - Sir Edward, who bad formerly translated tbe
first book of tbat poet into English verse^ took this oppor-
tunity of sending to Bentley bis collection of editions and
papers belonging to Gaspiar Gevanius, who had also in-
tended an edition of Manilius, but was prevented by death,
The writer of his life in tbe Biographia BritaiHiica, con-^
eludes it with lamenting the misfortune of Anthony Wood's
carrying on his history no longer than the year 1 700,. and
ihtts leaving it doubtful when sir Edward Sherburne diedf
but tbis is one of tbe many instances of carelessness which
occuf^in those . latter volumes of the Biographia tbat were
principally intrusted to Dn Nichols. Collier, whose Die-*
tionary is in less reputation than it deserves, and which
contains many curious facts not easily to be found elsewhere,
ascertains Sherburne's death from bis epitaph, partof whii^h
be wrote for himself. He died Nov. 4, 1702, and was in-*
terred on tbe. 8tb in the chapel belonging to the Tower of
London.
In Sherburne's poems considerable genius m^y be dis-
covered, but impeded by tbe prevailing ta;»te of bis age for
strained metaphors and allusions. Poetical lovers then
thought no qompliments too extravagant^ and ransacked the
remotest, and apparently most barren sources for what were
considered as striking thougbtSi bat which fippear to us un-
natural, if not ridicqlous* He s^pp^f^r^ tq h^vf^ derived
S H E R B U R N E. 457
moist of big^ reputation from his translations. ' He was tf man
of clftssi^pal. learning and a critic, and frequently conveys
the sefnse of his author with considerable spirit, although,
his versification is in general flat and inharmonious. In his
sacred ppems he seems to rise to a fervency and elegance
which indicate a superior inspiration.^
StiERIDAN (Thomas), D.D. the intimate friend. of
Deao Swift, is said by Shield, in Gibber's '' Lives of die
Poets,'' to have been born about 1684, in the county of
Cavan, where, according to the same authority, his parents '
lived in no very elevated state. They are described as be-
ing unable to aiFord their son the advantages of a liberal
education ; biit he, being observed to give early indications
of genius^ attracted the notice of a friend to his family,
who sent him to the college of Dublin, and contributed tOr
tvards Ijis support while he remained there. He afterwards
entered into orders, and set up a school in Dublin, which
long, maintained a very high degree of reputation, as well
for the attention bestowed on the morals of the scholars, at
for their proficiency in literature. So great was the estima-
tion in which this seminary was held, that it is asserted to
have produced in some years the sun^ of one thousand
pounds. It does not appear that he had any considerable
preferment; but his intimacy with Swift, in 1725, procured
for him a living in the south of Ireland, worth about 150/.
a year, which he went to take possession of, and, by an act
of inadvertence, destroyed all hi6 future expectations of
rising in the church ; for, being at Corke on the first of
August, the anniversary of king George's birth-^day, he
preached a sermon, which had for its text, . <> Sufficient for
the d^y is the evil thereof." On this being known, he was
struck out of the list of chaplains to the lord-lieutenant,
and forbiddenr the castle.
This living Dr. Sheridan afterwards changed for that of
Dunboyne, which, by the knavery of the farmers and power ,
of the gentlemen of the neighbourhood, fell as low as SOL
per. annum. He gave it up for the free school of Cavan,
where he might have lived well in so cheap a country on
SOL a year salary, besides his scholars; but the air being,
as he said, too moist and unwholesome, and being disgusted
with some persons who lived there, he sold the school for
.1 »
1 Biog. Brit— Dodd's Ch. Hist— €ent Mag. vol. LXVI.— Johnion and Clial*
mers's fiDglish poeU, ISlO.-^ent. Mag. LXVI.
«8 SHERIDAN*
•boat 400£ and baviiig toon spent the filotiigjr, b^cdttie tn^^'
firm in health, and died Sept. I0» 1738, in hid fifty-fifth
year.
Lord Corke has given the following character of hitt i
'^ Br. Sheridan was a schoolmaster^ and in many instances
' perfectly well adapted for that station. He was deejply
rer^ed in the Greek and Roman lanjgdages, atid in their
ctiitoms and antiquities. He had that kind of good nature
itrfaicii absence of .taiod, indolence of body^ and carel^*
ness of fortune, produced ; and although not ov^r-starict in
> bis ewD conduct^ yet he took care of the morality of his
tefaolairs, whoui be sent to the univeritty riemarkab^ well
feitnded ia all ktlids of cbrssical learnings and tfdt rll iil^
stirocted in the social duties of life. He Was 'Slovenly, in->
digcfnt, and cheerful. He knew books dineh better than
men ; and he knew the value of money least of all. In
tbia sttuatiooy and with this disposition, SWift fastened iipon
him as upon a prey with which he intended to regale him*
'^' self whenever his appetite shoald prompt him.** Hi^ lord-
ship then mentions the event of the nnlucky sermbh, and
liddsy '< this ill-starred) good-natured, improvident tnzn
ifetnnied to Dublin, tinhinged from all favour at court, and
even banished from the castle. Bui st(ll be remained a
punster^ a quibbler^ a fiddler, and a wit. Not a day passed
without a rebns^ an anagram, or a madrigal His pen and
his fiddlestick were in continual fnotioii, and yet to little or
Jio purpose,'* &a &c. This character is in a great mea-
sure confirmed by his son, in his Life of S^ift.
One of tb^ volumes of Swift^s Mhoellanii^s ednsists aU
most entirely 6f letters between biin and the dean. He
published a prose translation of Persiusv to whtelb he JK^ded
the best notes of former editCHrs, together ii$iih many jncli*
cious ones of his own. This work was ptintM at -London,
17Sd, in 12mo.^ . .
SIUBRIDAN (TfiOiiCAs), e^o<n to thl^ preceding, %jr fail
wife Miss Macpherson, daugb^^ of ^ Scotch gehUetean,
was borh at Quilca in Ireland, tbt^ y^sidenee offSwift) in
1 72 1; Swift was one of his sponsors, and tr^at^d Mnl #Tth
kindness as long as he lived. Th^'<^rty jpBxtxff his iidiica-
tion he received from his fatbe)*^ wlifo ih ITA kent %rtA A
W<estminster scho(4> at a ttftife wtien he eould i^rf1tVtS6iri
it. Our author was there immediately tdcen notice of upon
1 Biog. Draiiik«^NSherid«ii*s Life of S^Ift»«-aiid Swift's Works. ^Index^
S H E il I t) A N. 459
ektminatfoni and akfaough a totete stranger, was b^ pvire
Mlsrit elected a king's scholar. Sut tlws tuaintenahde 9teie-
tiittes falling shorty his father could not add fourteen poaitdii
to enable his son to finish the y^r, ^htch if he bad ^i^^
be would faai^e been removed to a higher eiass, and in an^
d^eryea(r would have been elec^d to Oxford or Cai^-
bridge. Being tbns obliged to return to Dnbltn, be was
sent to the university there^ and took bis inaster^s ^gtte
ih arts. In 1738 be lost his faUier, dnd at that time in»
tended to detote himself t^ the education of youths afffl
would immediately after taking hi^ degree bave ent^rdd
upon this office, blid he not now conceited that tii^ optniMi
of the art of oratory from which he neve^i^ afterwards ifie-
ceded^ and in the restoration of which art (for hecotfsidereS
it as lost) he laboured with an uncbmmon degree of enthix^
siasm. In order to qualify himself for this ondertaking, bt
fancied that be must himself lea^n the practice of oratory^
and that the stage was th« only school. With this laan:
' strange ndtion, he appeared on the theatr<e in Sn!ock-aney>
in January 114% in the character of Richard III, smti m^t
with the greatest encouragemeRt. flis career, however^
was soon interrupted by a petty scjuabble, the first of niariy
in', wbich it Was bis fate to be involved, with Cibbdr about
Cato^s Yobe. The abusive correspondence which passiefd on
, this inryportant oeealiofi was printed in-a pampMet entitled
«' Tbi Bu^in aild Sock, being eo'ntro<^ersial letters betwefen
-Mr. Thomas Sheridan^ tragedian, and Mr. Theophilus CH)-
foer, eondedian/' 12mo.
In Jan. 1744, Mr. Sheridan accepted^n ehgagemefit at
Oofent^afrden) and ^ame over to England accordingly.
Duriiig his resiidtetiee hei^, he published proposals, dateti
Oct; i6, 1744, forpKnting in 4to th^ Worls of Kis falther^
but from want of encduragement or some other reai^n, the
Volume never appeared ; and whefti, a few years before hia
tleatby be was asked where the M^Si. iirere, cobid not recol-
lect cbeir fatCw ' He played in 1744 at Covent-Gai*den, and
in 1745 at Drury^-tatiev During this latter season, sotne
fiijmlteioQs friends eh'dea^oured to set vtp a rival^bip be-^
tw^en Slieridan and Garridi, which occa^on^d a quarrel
between tlii0m> which was not made up when Sheridan left
Loodbn^, It Is euribus to observe how Sheridan treated
iSanribk en tfcis^dceiiistt^. His^gon bis rfetarn to Dublin
«mdeirta£k^. the maniig^ement df tbe theatre there, he wrote
toGtilrrielE^ mforioing bitb> ^Ubatbe was then sole manager
460 SHERIDAN.
of the Irish stage^ and should be very happy to see him in
Qublin : that he would give him all advantages and encou-
ragement which be could in reason expect. 'V He also madie
an offer to divide all the profits with him, from their united
repfeseiitatit'ii, after deilucting the incurred expences^but
told fiiin at the same time, that he must expect nothing
from his friendship, for he owed hi(n,noti,e : vet that .all the
best actor had a right to. command, he might be very cer-
jtain should be granted. Soou after the receipt of this let-
ter Garrick arrived in Dublin, and had a meeting with She-
ridan, who repeated the offer, and taking out his watch,
jwhich he laid on the table, said he would wstit a certain
jnumber of minutes for his determination ! Spcb was Gar-.
tick's situation at this time, that he accepted, the terms,
which, as well as his acquiescence in the arrogant manner
of proposing them, he probably did not recollect withaMich
pleasure, when his own merit and public favour had pUced
him on a vast height of superiority above his manager. . .
^ Mr. Sheridan appeared to much more advantage after*
wards as a reformer of the manners of the Dublin audience,
which he attempted with great spirit. The youiig -ai>d un-
ruly among the male part of the audience, had long claimed
a right of coming into, the greep-room, attending, re-
hearsals, and carrying on gallantries, in the most^open Apd
offensive manner, with such of the actresses as would adqiit
of them, ^hile thosQ who would not were perpeUiaUy* 4KX^
posed to insult and ill-treatment. .. Tbese grievances. 3be*
ridan detei*mined by degrees to remove,.and at last happily
effected, though not until he was involved, in con.te^ts.with
the most tumultuous audience?* botha^ the hazard of
losing his means of subsistence, and even of losing hi^life,
from the reseintment of a set of la\^less cioterfl!* who wfre
at length, through an exertion of justice in the Qi9;g^stnu:y
of Dublin in the support of public dec^noy, con^inaad,of
their error, or at least of the impract^ability of pursuing
it any farther with impunity. ; Durii}g the space; of .abput
eight years, Mn Sheridan possq;sse.d the office of man9ger
of the theatre royal of Dublin, with aj^l th^ ,suQces^^bdth
with respect to fame and fortune that .could well .b<» ex-
pected ; till at length he was driven from the stage. amjLits
conceriTs by another of those popular tumults 'by ,.H^^|ch
managers and performers are daily liabie.,to.sufff^r<r-.49 fbe
summer of the year 1754, in which the ra^fspiiriof {M^Jj^ipal
party arose to the greatest height that it bad aln^st drer
•
SHERIDAN. 461
been known to do in Dublin, Mr. Sheridan unfortunately
revived a tragedy, viz. Miller^s ** Mahomet." In this
play were many passages respecting liberty/ bribery, and
corruption, which pleased the anti-courtiers as expressive
of their own opinions in regar.d to certain persons at that
time in power, and therefore they insisted on those passages
being repeated, a demand which, on the first night of its
representation, the actor in whose part most of them oc-
curred, complied with. The absurdity, however, of such
repetitions, merely as destroying the effect of the tragedy,
having occurred to the manager, the same speeches, when
again called for by the audience on the succeeding night,
were refused by the actor, and he being obliged to hint
the cause of bis refusal, the manager became the object of
their resentment. On his not appearing to mollify theic
rage by some kind of apology, they flew out into the most
outrageous violence, cut the scenery to pieces with theic
swords, tore up the benches and boxes, and, in a word,
totally despoiled the theatre;, concluding with a resolu-
tion never more to permit Mr. Sheridan to appear on that
stage.
In consequence of this tumult he was obliged to place
the management of his ravaged playhouse in other hands
for the ensuing season, and come himself to England,
where be continued till the opening of the winter of the.
year 1756, when the spirit ef party being in some degree
subsided, and Sheridan^s personal opponents somewhat
convinced of the impetuous rashness of their proceedings,
he returned to his native country, and having preceded bis
first appearance on^the stage by a public apology for such
part^ of bis conduct as might have been considered as ex-,
ceptionable, be was again received with the highest favour
by the audience. But now his reign, which had been thus
disturbed by an insurrection at home, was yet to undergo
a second shock from an invasion from abroad. Two mighty
potentates from England, viz. Mr. Qarry and Mr. Wood-*
urard^ haying found means to sound the disposition of the
jieo|>le of Dublin, with whom the former, exclusive of his
allowed theatrical merit, had great interest by being their
countryman, and finding it the opinion of many that a
second theatre in that city would be likely to meet with^
encouragement, if supported by good performers, imme«
diaiely raised a large subscription among the nobility and
geotry, set artificers to work, erected a new play-house in
46a ' 8 tf EH 1 D A'K
C^ow-ft^reet during the summer seasoii, and, having'en^
Mged a company selected from the two theatres of Lon*
don, were ready fof opening by the beginning of the
eusuing winter. And now, at a time ^vhen Mr. Sheridaii
needed the greatest increase of theatrical strength, he
fo<iad himself deserted by some of bi^ principal performers^
who bad engaged themselves at the new house ^ and, at
the same time, sonie valuable auxiliaries which he had en*
gaged from England, among whom were Mr. THeophilus
Cihber and Mr. Maddoj^ the wire-dancer, lost their Jivei
in the attempt to come to Ireland, being driven by a storm
and cast away on the coast of Scotland. This completed
that ruin which bad begun to talce place, and had been so
long impending over his head. He was now conripetted
entirely to throw up his whole concetn with that theatre,
and to seek out for some other means of providing for him*
self and family.
In the year 1757 Mr. Sheridan h?id published a 'plan, by
which he proposed to the natives of Ireland the establish-^
meat of an academy for the accomplisnment of youth in
every qualification necessary for a gentleman. In th'^
forii^ation of this design he cohsidered the aii of oratory,
his favourite hobby, as one oJF the principal essentials ; ana
in order to give a stronger idea of the utility of that art,
by example as well as theory, he delivered in public twd
or three orations calculated to give the highest proofs of
the abilities of the proposer, and his fitness for the office
of superintendant of such an academy, for, which post he
lAodestly offered his service to the pubKc. * {lis biographer^
however, gives us no further account of this plan, but pro-
ceeds to relate more of his theatrical disputes, in whicli he
always appears to have been unfortunate^, although with a
shew of reason on his side. In i75!>*we|ind him agairi
in England as a lecturer on his darling ^loctftionl
Four years before he had published a volume in 8vo;
called '< British Education : the source of the Qisbrders of
Great Britain. Being an essay towards proving that the
immorality, ignorance, and false taste wtiich so generally
^evailf are the natural and necessary consequence^ of the
present defective system of education; with an attempt
to shew that a reviva,! of the art of speaking, and the study
ofour'own language, ^ might qontrib^te in' a great measured
to the cure of those evils." In confirmatibn of this opinion,
he had composed a com'se of lectures on docnficfn, and
JIHEBM>AN. 463
began tp deliver ttttiwi i» Lopdon, Oxfoi'd, Cambridge, and
Qtber pUice«» mtb ihe auccess whicb generally attends
DQveL plans ; and in one instance witb very extraordinary
succc;^^ for at Csunbridge, Mavcb 16, 1759, be was ho-
noured with tbe aawe degree he had received in Dublin,
thai., of M. A* In the mnter of 1760, be again appeared at
Drury-Upe tbefttre^ and again bad a quatrel with Garrick,
^bich put an end to his engagement*
Qn tbe acceasioa of his. present majesty a pension was
granted to bini, and for some few years after this be ap"
pear^ to have been employed in delivering bis lectures in
cjiiSri^rent parts of tbe kingdom. In Scotland i9re was ho-
npured withr so much attention, that a ^ocic^ty was formed
mnder tliB title of ^' The Society for promoting tbe rbadlng^
and spiei^king of Ibe English language in Scotland.'' This
\i;as to bft-done by procuring a proper number of persons front
England? duly qualified to instruct gentlemen in the know-
ledge of the English tongue, to settle at Edinburgh : and IVfr.
Sberidan, *^ whose ingenious and instructive lectures in this
city firat suggested the idea of estabKsbf ng tbe society pro*
posedy not (m\y engaged to find oot teachers and masters,
and to communicate to them his ideas concerning the proper
method. of pecforming their d«ty, but also ofl^ed to ^sit
Edinburgh «s of|ea as the situation of his affitirs would per-r
mit," &c. In'a Long list of directors, ordinary and extra^
ordini^i^y, of tbiasockty, we find the names of Drs. Blair,
Eobertsan^ and Ferguson, with other men of learning, and
some noblemen and. gentlemen of rank, hot of tbe further
progr9S3 of the society we have no aeeount.
But Mr. aheridati was not. yet discouraged, and after
spmp occasional engagementa oo the stage, published, in
1,769, bis *^ Plan of Education for tbe young nobility and
gentry of Gr^an Britain,'' addressed to tbe king: in which
he made a tender of his services, and oflFered tx> dedicate
the . remainder of his days to tbe execution of tbe plan
which he then proposed, whtoh be considered as absolutely
n^cessitryto tbe plan itself; for he tells bis majesty, *Mf
the design be not executed by myself, k never will be by
any other band," so strongly, was bis imagination possessed
by this project. But unfertnoately the novelty of the plan
had worn off, its ttsefulness was disputed, its necessity ha(^
beea doubtedi itt seputation bad suffered not a little by
ridicule^ and lis pattons had cooled much in their zeal for
its propftgMon* Tbe proposal^ tberefi^e, made to^ his
464 SHERIDAN.
ms^esty in the aboYe address passed w Uhoiit notice. ' The
author, however, whose enthusiasm was incserased! ratbef
than, weakeoje^d by neglect, determtned to persevere 'in
spite of every obstaole. By wming, by-conversation, and
by public lectures, be endeavoured to support bis plan;
and when be saw himself unattended to, was not* sparing^
of his invectives against the taste of tbe times. From this
period his disappointment, led him frequently to express
himself with asperity,, even agatnat bis royal benefactor;
and Jt is remembered that oo tbe declaration of American
i[ndependence, in a oioment of vexation and resentment, be
declared % resolution! of benefiting the new world with
the advantages, ungratefully neglected by his own country.'
. In 1769| 1770, and 1776, he performed at tbe Hay
marketand Covent-garden theatres, after whicblast year
be appeared no ipore as an .actor. Though still willing to
contribute tP tbe public amusement, it was his misfortune
tp.find the theatres shut against him by an influence which
be always complained of, although unable to conquer- it.
On the retirement of Garrick in 1776, the purchasers of
the share in Drury-laoe, of which bis celebrated ton was
pnet agreed to invest our. author with the powers of a
manager; but here bis usual ill luck attended him, for in
about three yc^rs be relinquished his post, as net tenable
*but on what he thought ignominious terms.
The theatres being shot against him as a performer, he
now returned to. his literary avocations, and produced his
^' Dictionary of the Englbb Language," and bis '< Life of
Swift," the only two <tf all bis list of ^publications that are
likely to perpetuate his name. In 1784 and 1785, in'con-
junction with Henderson tbe actor, he read select passages
from various authors^ which .was bis last public e^dtibitiofi.
The following year he Visited Ireland, where he is sai4 to
have been much consuUeci on certain improvements to be
introduced in the modes of education in that kingdom.
During his residence there be found his health decline^
and. in hopes tp. re-establbb it, came to Eiigtond in tbe
summer of 1788, and went to Margate, intemiing. to pro-
ceed to Lisbon if he found no amradment. ' His sttength
however, rapidly failed, and be died at Margate,, Aug. 14^
1788y in the sixty-seventh year of his age. '
. Mr. Sheridan's biographer asserts that *^ his talents n^re
more solid than brilliant, f^nd his genius inferior to .bis in-
dustry.'* If this opinion refers to his merit on tfae.stage^
SHERIDAN. 4€«
we are not enabled to appreciate Hs^ justice : if to hif
writings, we perceive very little that is either solid or
brilliaiitj or that deserves to be Q^IIed genius. He set out
in life with absurd and wild notions of the utility of ora«
tory to cure the moral and political evils of the world,, and
he persisted in thera to the last. E|is biographer allowf
that he bad tko mean opinion of himself, and might hay^
added that this opinion of himself, with its concomitant^
envy, his preposterous schem^^, and bis lofty sens^ of su*
periority, became the bane of hia life, inarked as it ^^ unl^-
formly" might be ^'^ with uprightness and integrity.*' I9
bis biography of Swift, he was fortunate in obtaining .the
best materials, but peculiarly unfortunate in a want of
judgment to make use of them, and iu not seeij^g, what
•every one else saw, that although they might furnish an
impartial account of that extraordinary man, tbey could by
410 art support a continued panegyric. Sheridan's early
attachment to the stage, where he was to learn his wonde|:r
working- oratory, proved of lasting detriment to him. It
disturbed his imagination, threw his mind out of a regular
4rai|i of; thinking, and, with the distresses wh^ch his r,er
pelted qQarreU and failures brought upon him, le(jl hiip %9
the quackery of itinerant lectures, which were ne^ginscte^
after the first isuriosity had been gratified. ;
Mr.. Sheridan'a wife, Frances, was born in Ireland ^qiji^
jthe year 17249 ^^ descended from a good Englisb family
which h^ removed thither. Her maiden name vi^afs Qi^^r
t>eflainie, and slie wasgrand^daughter of sir Oliver Qhapi-
berlaine. The first- literary performance by which shej dis-
tinguished herself, was a little pamphlet at t<bf time- of the
political dispute relative to thet theatre, in. wbicl^ Mr. She-
lidan had iiiewly embarked his fortune, . A work so well
timed- exciting the attention of Mr. Sheridan, he by an
accident d^cov^red hia fair patroness,^ tq rwhom \\e was
90on: after^ardsr marriedi. 3be. was apfif^pn. of tb?! m6st
AOHable cbaraotec i^ ev^ry relation of Uff,^i(^ ^ most
^Rg^gi^g Hvuinei^ . After lingering aon^e years* im a very
w^aji state; ofr health, fthe died at Bloia, in the. south 1^
jFrnnce^ in tbe.yeai> 17W., Her ** Sydney, BidjJulph" ba^
h^^ ralikf^d jsrittx the firatf prodnctions of the; novel class i^
purs, or in anj^ Qtb^r. language. She also wrote a little
romance, in one volume, called " Nourjahad,'* in which
Aere h a gftoC deal'of idsaglnation, productive of an ad-
VQL.xxv^• H H . ;
466 S it E k I D A N.
tnirable moral. And she was the authoress of two come-
dies; " The Discovery,'* and "The Dupe." '
SHERLOCK (Richard), was born in 1613, at Oxton,
in Wirral, in the county of Chester. He received part of
his education at Magdalen -hall, in Oxford, whence he re*-
moved to Trinity-college, Dublin, He was some time a
minister of several parishes in Ireland ; biit during the
civil war he dame to England, and was made chaplain to
one of his majesty's regiments at Nantwicb, in Cheshire.
He" was afterwards curate to Dr. Jasper Mayne, of Christ-
church," at Cassington, an obscure village near Wood-
stock. About the year 1632, he was retained as chaplain
to sir Robert Bindloffe, of Berwick-hall, in Lancashire,
where he was much troubled with the Quakers, against
whom he* wrote several polemical pieces; a species of di-
vinity that ill suited his disposition, as practical Christia-
nity was his delight. About the time of the Restoration be
was made doctor of divinity in the university of Dublin ^
and was, by favour of his patron, James earl of Derby^
preferred to the rich benefice of Winwick, which has been
valued at 1400/. per annum. He was afterwards the same
pious and humble man that he had been before, and
seemed to have only this advantage from his preferment,
the constant exertion of that charity towards the poor and
distressed, which was before a strong, but latent principle
with him. His chief work is his " Practical Christian ;" to
which, in the sixth edition, is prefixed his life, written by
Dr. Thomas 'Wilson, the primitive bishop of Sodor ^i)d
Man. He died June 20, 1689, aged 76.*
SHERLOCK (Dr. William), a learned English diivine,
was born in Southwark about 1641, and educatecl at Etou
school, where he distinguished himself by the vigour of his
genius and application to his studies. Then/ce be reproved
to Pet^r-house in Cambridge in May 1657, where he took
a bachelor of arts degree in 1660, and a masterV in 16^^.
Hi^'now weht into holy orders, and officiated as a curai:^
tli1tiri669, when he was preferred to the rettory of St
George's, Botolph-lane, in iLondon. ' In this parish he
discharged the duties of his fuhctioh i^ith.g^reat zeal, an^
was esteemed an excellent pi^acher. In 1673, he fpilb-
Ushed'*' A discourse conc^rAmg the knowledge of Christ,
>-*'» f r • • ' ' ■ " . ■^ f- • • ,
• k l,4£c f^refiKed to bis- J^icti^tniirjrf fourth jedHym, n90, a volsb 8? o.
2>rana.— Bosweirai Life of .folmson^ ^c. - . ^^ . .
« Aih. Ox. vol. II.— Wood»s Life, 1*112, p. 58,— Harrii'i W«w. '
SHERLOCK. 467
and our union and communion with him/* which iuvolted
him in a controversy with the celebrated nonconformist Dr.
John Owen» and with Mr. Vincent Alsop. In 1680, he
took the degree of D. D. and about the same time published
some pieces against the nonconformists. Soon after be
was coUated to a prebend of St. Paul's^ was appointed
master of the Temple, and had the rectory of ,Therfield in
Hertfordshire. In 1684 he published a pamphlet, entitled
" The case of Resistance to the Supreme Powers stated and
resblvied, according to the doctrine of the holy Scriptures ;**
.and continued to preach the same opinion after the ac-
cession of James II. when it was put to the test. He en-
gaged also in the controversy with the papists^ which shews
that be was not a servile adherent to the king, but con-
scientious in bis notions of regal power. This likewise he
shewed at the Revolution, when he refused to take the
oaths to William and Mary, and was therefore suspended
from aU his preferments. During his suspension, be pub-
lished his celebrated treatise, entitled " A practical dis-
course on Death,'* 1690, which has passed through at least
forty editions, and is indeed the only one of his works
now read. But before the expiratiqn of that year, he
thought proper to comply with the new government, and
takitig the oaths, was reinstated in all his preferments^ of
whieh, though forfeited^ he had not been deprived. Being
much censured for this step by those who could not yield
a Kke compliance, he endeavoured to vindicate himself in
a piece entitled ''The Case of the Allegiance due to the
Sovereign Princes stated and resolved, according to Scrip-
ture and Reason, and the principles of the Church of Eng-
land, with a more particular respect to the Oath lately en-
joined of Allegiance to their present Majesties kingWilliam
and queen Mary, 1690," quarto. This was followed by
twelve answers. His design was to lay down such prin-
ciples as would prove the allegiance due to William and
Mary, even supposing them to have no legal right, which
the celebrated Mr. Kettle well could by no means agree
with, and therefore wrote, upon another principle, " The
6ntf of Allegiance settled upon its true grounds." The
dispute is perhaps now of little consequence ; but Sher-
lock persisted in preaching his doctrine of non-resistance
ill the new reign, and bad undoubtedly some merit in this
kind of consistency, and in rendering that plausible in $ny ^
degree, which'the other nonjurors thought contradictory in.
H H 2
4o8 S H E R L O C K.
evety degree. Tn 1691, be fmblisbed bis <' ViiidicatKMi
of the^doctrine of tbe holy and ever blessed Trinity ;*' bui
his attempt to explain this mystery was not satisfactory^
and involved him in a controversy with Dr. South. What
was more mortifying, a fellow of University -college, Ox-^
ford, having preached bis doctrine ir^ a sermon at St.Mary*Sy
tbe university issued a decree, censuring that doctrine as
false, impious, and hererical, and warned all persons under
their jurisdiction not to preach or maintain any such no-
tions. The controversy being exasperated by this indig^f
nity, the king at last interposed, and issued directions '^ to
tbe archbishops and bishops/' ordaining, that ''ail preach-*
. ers should carefully avoid all new terms, and confine
themselves to such ways of explanation as have been com-r
monly used in the church.*' After this, it is but fair to
state Dr. Sherlock's notion : he thought that there were
three eternal mmdSj two of these issuing from the father,-
but that these three were one by. a mutual consciousnesg
in the three to every one of their thoughts. Dr. Sher-
lock was promoted to the deanery of St. Paul's in 1691.
He died at Hampstead June 19, 1707, in his 67tb year;
and was interred in the cathedral of St. PauL He left
two sons and two daughters ; the eldest of his sons was Dr.
Thomas Sherlock, bishop of London. Burnet says^ that
''he was a cjiear, polite, and a strong writer, ibut apt te
assume too much to himseif, and to treat bis aduersanes
with contempt. This created him many enemies^ ^aad'Oiadtt
Jiim pass for an insolent haughty ih^n." ile was, however,
a man of considerable learning and abilitiesry and conscien-
tious, however mistaken, in those peculiar' opinions whieb-
engaged himiin such frequent controversies with his bre-
thren. 1 •
SHERLOCK (Thomas), eldest son to the preceding^
and bishop of London, was born in that city in 1678. He
was sent at an early age to Eton school *, wlierer he laid
» Biog. 6 rit.— Burnet's Own Timeg.— Birch's Life of Tillotson.-^NI^jhols'.f
Correspoodeoce of Atterbury, &c. > > .
* Sir Robert Walpole, who Vas Sheilock, " The plunging prelate." It
Sherlock's contemporary at £ton» used has been said that Sbedock's taienti
to relate that, when son^e of the scho* did not shew themselves tiU he was
lars, going to bathe in the Thames, more advanced in life | but it appears
stood shivering on tbe bank, Sherlock from the testinpiony of those 'Vho knev
plunged in immediately over his head him in his early yoiith> U>st in this^ M
and ears. This, WaVicn thinks:, is the in all other parts of hi« lif<*, be stood
why Pope, in tbe Dnnciad, calls om the highest ^ound," atid that, in the
covrte
SHERLOCK. 46S
•
ihe. foundation of ibat classical ekgance which is visible in
most of his works^ especially in his much-admired seriiions.
lAbout 1 693 ii6 was removed to. Cambridge, and admitted
x)f'Katherifie*hall, under the tuition of Dr. Lof>g, after^
Avards bishop of Norwich. Here be took his degree of
•B^ A. in. 1697, and that of M. A. in 1701, and between
ti^se periods was elected to a fellowship, and entered ioto
Jioly. orders. . How. highly he must have been esteemed
.even attbis early period, appears from his 6rst preferment in
rthe church,. which was to one of its highest dignities, under
,the beuch^ the ^nasterskip of the Temple, to which he was
^tptpointed io 1704. That such a rapid elevation should
-Inve givefli offence, can excite no surprize. It was proba-
ibly unprecedented, and in so young a man, might be
.thought unjustifiable, yet it took place at a time when pre*
ifermeats were, not lightly bestowed, and Mr. Sherlock in a
very short time exhibited such talents as removed all pre-
judices against .him. Indeed he appears to have felt it ne-
cessary .to justify the authors of his promotion, both upon
his own account and that of the church. He exerted the
utmost diligence, therefore, in the cultivation of his talents
and the display of bis learning and eloquence, and in the
course of a few years l^ecame one ofthe mbst celebrated
ipreacfaers of his time; and notwithstanding some degree of
.natural impedicMnt (what is called a thickness of speech),
Jfeddoliv^rad hia sermons with such^ propriety and energy
5as*to rivet the attention of his hearers^ and com^mand their
.adfliiratioA. .
In 1714, at which tinie he took his doctor's degree in
.divinity, he succeeded sir William Dawes in -the master-
ship of Ka£herine<!>haU) and when appointed vice-chancel-
.epurte ^ bjs education, be wat slwAvi m^n^ere. feowil at'ftbat timo. One day,
atthejieadof his class, and never failed as the^ came away from their tutor's
'to lead his equals and compasions, lecttire onTiilly's offices, Hoadly said,
.•veniDtheir puerile sports and aaioee- ** Well, Sbertockj you figured a«ray
, meats. Like other men of eminence, finely to>day by help of Coqkman*s
he was the subject of those petty a nee- translation." — •* No, really," says
dotes which, having originally little or Sherlock, ** I did not ; for I tried all I
no foundation, are transferable at the con Id to get one: and codld hear of
pleasure of the narrator. In an ano- only, one copy, and that.you had secv-
'nymouslife of Sherlock prefixed to an" re(/.** — ^This story was \}rinted in the
' edition of hii sermons, printed in 1 7*75, newspapers and magazines eleven years
_12mo, we have the following : ** Hoad- before (1764) with this difference, that
ly and he were both contemporaries at UE>trange is made to be the transla-
this very small eollege'(Katherine hall): tor, anil SheVtcck the person who had
, and it should seem 'that the «eeda of secured the trsnslatiou 1
rivalily beWcen those two very great . . ,
470 SHERLOCK.
loTf ixx hh' turn, d if charged the duties of that office in a
manner the mo^t beaeficial to the univenity* In partico*-
lar be exerted himsc^lf in inspecting and bringing imo
order the public archives, and in the course of this em-
ployment acquired such a knowledge of the constitution,
history, power, and imoiunities of the aniveraity, as gave
bis opinion a very great weight in all sabseqoent disptoftea.
He likewise, during his residence in. Katberine^-hall, dis*
covered not only very superior abilities with deep and ex-
tensive learning, but also much wisdom, policy, and talents
for governhig. It was in allusion to this poUacal away,
that Dr. Bentley, during his disputes at Cambridge, gave
Dr. Sherlock the nickname of cardinal AlbenBfm, while
about the same time Bentley's antagonist,. Middleton, eaUed
Sherlock, *^ the principal champion and ornamaot of both
church and university." This was very high praise from
one who reflected so little honour on either^ *
In 1716 be obtained the deanery of Chichester, and
soon after this promotion appeared as an author, for the
first time, in the memorable Bangorian controversy, during
the course of which he published several tracts. One of
the principal is entitled ^^ A Vindication of the Corpora-
tion and Test Acts : in answer to the Bishop of Bangor^s
Reasons for the Repeal of them. To which is added a
second part, concerning the Religion of Oaths," 1718,
8vo. The bishop of ganger answered him in a piece en«-
titled ^^ The common Rights of Subjects defended, a»dtfae
Nature of the Sacramental Test considered,^' 1712^^ .Svo:
yet, while he opposed strenuously the principles of hia an-
tagonist, he gave the strongest testimony that* could be of
bis abilities; for, in the beginning of his pre&ce, be«aik
his own book ^^ An Answer to the most plausible and inge-
nious Defence, that, he thinks, has ever yet been ptt^
lished, of excluding men from their acknowledged civil
Rights, upon the account of their differences in Religion,
or in the circumstances of Religion." Sherlock replied to
the bishop, in a small pamphlet, in which he sets forth
*' The true Meaning and Intention of the Corporation and
Test Acts asserted, &c." 1719, 8vo. It has been said,
by the writer of his life in the Biog. Brit, that in bis latter
days. Dr. Sherlock did not approve of these writings
against bishop Hoadly, and that he told a friend, ** that
he was a young man when he wrote them," and he would
pever have them collected into a volume. That Dr. Sber«
S H E'R L O CK.
474
lo^k inigbt have ehaaged bU sentitifentB ii^ hh^btter days
4s ncH improbable, but it could not be asserted tbut bo'^ik
^ttbi^time a young maiv,^ for be had passed bis fbrtiaifa
y.«ar^. Some part, however, wbich h& took' iti this eotW
troversy, before he pfibiisbed on it, seems to have giYeo
ofii^Qoe at court, for in 17 f7, be and Dr. Snape were* re-
moved from the list of king^s chaplains. • ;
In 1724 Collins published his insidious attack, entitled
^f A Discpurse of tbe Grounds and Heasons of the Cbm*-.
tian Religion :V in which be endeavours to ^x th^ evi-
dences o( it chiefly, if not solely, upon the prophecies tff
the Old Testament; and then explains these prophecies i)i
auch a manner, as to make it appear that they have nfo
belter foundaiiion than the Divination among the heathen^;
" who learnt," says he, ■" that art in pcbools, 6r undiSr
diadipline, as the Jews did prophesying in tbe scho^h'arPd
colleges of the prophets.'' This work occasioned many
pieces to be written upon the subject of prophecy ; and,
though Sherlock did not enter direetly into tbe «o4^tto*-
y^syi y^t he took an opportunity of communioaeing btf
seatiments, in &ix discourses delivered at tbe Temf>le
cbu«cb, in April and May 1724^ which he published «be
y«ar after, with tlus title, *'The Use and Intent of Pro-
phecy, in the several agea of the world,"' 8vo, In tbme
we have a regular series of prophecies, deduced throi^rgh
tbe several ages from tbe beginning, and presented in ^
eoninected view ; together with the various degrees of light
ftisdnetly marked out, which were successively communir
psued io such a noanner, - as to answer the great end of rer
ligioi) land tbe designs pf providence^ till the great events
ta which they pointed should receive their accomplish-
Xtf^fnt^' These discourses have been exceedingly adcnired,
aiitd gone tbrpugb several editions. The fourth, correet^
^ It seems asserted on better foup-
^ati6ti that bishop Sherlock would have
^[IttoS^ the Athanasiau creed to re-
oooc\\e a particular class of dissenters.
JBut thiS) it appears, he was inclined to
do, rather npon account of its style
Xhtm itf Sttbjeci. — Of his general sen-
timents on religion, we haye the fol-
lowing 'testimony in a letter which he
«rote in 1749 to Dr. Doddridge;
" Whatever points of difference there
^re between us, yet I trust that we
are united in an hearty zeal for spread-
im: the Knowledge of the gospel, ^nd
for refermiog the litres and manners
of the people according to it. I bare
lived long enougn to know by i»xpe«
rience the truth of -what we arelknght,
' That there is no qlher, name by whith
we may be saved, but the name of
Christ only.' I have seen the true
spirit, 'and the comfortable hopes of
religion, lost in the abundance of spe-
culation, and the vain pretences of
setting up natural religion in o{}pofi-
iion to revelation ; and there will be
little hopes of a reformation, till we
are humble enongb to know Christ
and bim cii)cified«'' Qoddrldge'tljeti
tcr«, 1790, 8vo, p. 457.
m SfH E R L O C K. '
And enlarged, was published in 1744, 8vd; to wfaicfa- are
adited^ <<Four Di«Bertations : I. * The Authority of the
second Epistle of Sfe Peter.* 2. * The Sense of the An-
cients biefore Christy upon the Circumstances and Conse-
quences of the Fall.* 3. ^ The blessing of Judah/ Gen.
«lix. 4. * Christ's Entry into Jerusalemv' Three of these
dissertations, if we mistake not, accompanied the discourses
from their first publication ; the fourth was added after-
wards. In 1749, Sherlock, then bishop of London, pub-
lished *^ An Appendix to the second Dissertation, being a
farther enquiry into the Mosaic account of the Fall,** 8vo.
An advertisement is prefixed, setting forth, that the dis^^
fiertation was drawn up some years since, and intendefd as
an examination of the objections made to the History of
the Fall by the author of " The Literal Scheme of Prophe-
cy ;** but that author being dead, was now published, not
in answer to him, but to all who call in question, or are
offended with, the History of the Fall^ as it stands recorded
by Moses. Whether Dr. Middleton^ who had ridiculed
the *^ Literal History of the Fall,** considered himself as
particularly aimed at here, or whether he acted from
Other private motives of resentment, which has been as-
serted, we know not, but he published the year after,
1750, a sharp and satirical ^ Examination of the Discourses
Upon Prophecy, with Animadversions upon this Disser-
tation :** in which, be undertakes to explain and affirm
these four points : 1. ^ That the use of Prophecy, as it
was taught and practised by Christ, his Apostles, and
Evangelists, was drawn entirely from single and separate
predictions, gathered by them from the books of the Law
and the Prophets, and applied, independently on each
either, to the several acts and circumstances of the life of
Jesus, as so many proofs of his Divine Mission ; and, con-»
sequently, that his Lordship's pretended chain of Antedi-
luvian Prophecies is nothing else but a fanciful conceit
which has no connection at all with the evidences of the
Gospel.'* 2. '* That the Bishop's exposition of his text is
forced, unnatural, and inconsistent with the sense of St.
Peter, *from whose epistle it is taken.** 5. "That the
historical Interpretation^ which he give$ to the account of
Fall, is^ absurd and contradictory to reason ; and that the
said account cannot be considered, under any . other cba-
vacter than that of Allegory, Apologue, or Moral Fable."
4. <^ That the Oracles of the Heathen Worlds which bis
» H B R L O CiK, 47S
LqrdsKip declares to have been given out»by ibe Devil, in
the form of a Serpent, were all inif>ostares, wholly managed
by human craft, without any supernatural aid or interposi^-
tion whatever."
From the notice of this controversy vfe must now return*
to the succession of those preferments to which Dr. Sher«
lock was thought entitled for his able services as a divine.
In 1729 be was promoted to the bishopric of Bangor, in
which be succeeded Dr. Hoadly^ as he did also in the see
6f Salisbury, in 1734; in both which stations his abilitiet
were so conspicuous, that on the death of archbishop Pot«>
ter in 1747, the see of Canterbury was offered tb him^ but
he declined it on account of bad health. The 'Following'
year, however, he was so much recovered, as to< accept a
translation to the see of London, in room of the deceased
bishop Gibson.
On this promotion, he had the misfortune to differ with
Dr. Herring, then archbishop of Canterbury, who had
made his option for the rectory of St. George's Hanover^
square, which being one of the most valuable livings in his'
diocese, the bishop was Tery unwilling to relinquish it, and
drew up a pamphlet respecting the nature of the arcb«*
bishop's options, and resolved to oppose the present claim.
The matter, however^ was accommodated by his 'giving up
the living of St. Anne's, Soho, which the archbi^bop ae«
cepted. Dr. Sherlock printed fifty copies of his thoughu-
on the subject,, in 1757, for private distribution^ in a folio
pamphlet, entitled ^^The Option;^ or an Inquiry into the
grounds of the claim made by the archbishop, on all con^
secrated or translated bishops, of the disposal of any pre-
ferment belonging to their respective sees that he shall
make choice of." The chief argument of the author, de«
duced from the registers, &c. of the archbishops, is . that
. the archbishop of Canterbury never had, nor at this time
has a right to an option from a translated bishop ; but he
allows that the claim on consecrated bishops is well founded,
for it is properly a consecration fee, and becomes due rtf-
tione consecrationis. Archbishop Herring, to whom he had
sent a MS copy, in 1749, reprinted the whole afterwards,
in 4to, with a short answer in one page, and distributed it
among his friends. Dr. Sherlock, however, we see, vir*
tualiy gave up the point, by giving up the living of St.
Anne's.
Bishop Sherlock held the- master^ip of the Temple,
474 SHERLOCK.
vj^bere be was mucb beloved^ and in wbicb he generally
resided, until 1753 ; and when his resignation was accepted
by bis majesty » he addressed an affecting leuer to the
treasurer and masters of the bench, gratefully ^knowiedg-
kig their • goodness to bim, during the long course of his
ministry among them ; assuring them that be should always
rem^oiber the many and distinguished instances of their
favour to him ; and declaring that be esteemed his relation
to the two societies of the Temple to have been the greatest
happiness of bis life, as it introduced him to some of jbbe
greatest men of the age, and afforded him the opporluai^.
tiei of living and conversing with gentlemen of a- liberal
education, and of great learning and experieace.
Bodily infirmities now began, to affect htm very mocb,
and, though for three or four years he applied himself to
business, and made one general visitation of his diocese in
person,, yet he was then visited with a severe illness/ which
deprived him almost first, of the use of his limbs, and<thea
at times of his speech, insomuch that he could not be nn*
derstopd but by those who were constantly about him. Still
the powers of his understanding and his accustomed cheers
fulness continued ; and under this weak state of body^ in
which he lay many years, be revised, corrected^ and pitbi-
lisbed, 4 vols, of " Sermons" in 8vo. The last time in
which be probably used his pen, was in an affoctiooate
congratulatory letter to bis present majesty on bis aooes^
sion^. being incapable of waiting on him in person *. He
* " Sire, Nov. 1, 1760. your majesty's declared concern for
<* Amidst the congratulations that their prosperity ; and let nothing dfs-
ivrromd tbe throne, permit me to Uy tarb this mnUial ooMent. Let tbet*
• before your majesty a heart, which, be but ope contest between them, iclHr-»
though oppressed with age and infir- ther the king loves the people best, or
~lbiCy, is XkojaHntigtr to tbe joys of my tbe people htm ; and may it be a kmgi
country. a very long contest ; nay it neveir^
** When the melancholy news of the decided, but ]fii it remain doubtful 4
lAte king's demise reached us, it nato- and may the paternal affeetibn on tne
rally led as to consider the loss we had one side, and tbe filial obedience oa
sustained, and upon what our hopes of the other, be had in perpetual remem«
faturity depended : The first part ex- brance.
cited grief, and pot all the render pas- '* This will probably be tbe last time
sioDS into motion ; but the second I shall ever trouble your majesty, i
brought life and spirit with it, and beg leave to express my warmest
wiped the tears from every face. Oh ? wishes and prayers on your behalf.
hesr graeiously did tbe providence of May the God of heaven and earth have
^od provide for a successor, able to you always under bis protection, and
bear tbe weight of government in that direct you to seek bis honour and glory
unexpected event. in all you do | and may you reap the .
** You, Sir, are the person whom benefit of it, by an increase of beppin
the people ardently desire ; which af- ness in this world, and in the next."
fcction of theirs is happily returned, by . .
/'
SHERLOCK 475
He^ed Joly 18, 1761, in bis eigbty-foortfa year^ knd was
iaterred in U)e church-yard at Fuiham, in a vault made for
that purpose : where likewise a monuinent was erected to
hia memory, with an inscription drawn up by Dh Nichoils,
whosncceeded him, in the mastership of the Temple, and
speaks ihus of his character :
^' Hia learning was very extensive : God had given him
a great and an noderstanding mind, a qaick comprehend
Mon, and a solid judgment These advantages of nature he
iobproved by much industry and application ; and in tb<^
early part of his life had read and digested well the ancient
authors, both Greek and Latin, the philosophers, poets, and
orators: from whence he acquired that correct and elega^ht
style, which appears in all his compositions. His know-
ledge in divinity was obtained from the study^ of the most
rational writers of the church, both antient and modern:
and he was particularly fond of comparing scripture with
scripture, and especially of illustrating the epistles and
writings of the apostles, which he thought wanted to be
more studied, and of which we have somiEi specimens in his
own discourses. His skill in the civil and canon law was
very considerable ; to which he bad added such a know*
ledge of the common law of England, as few clergymen at-
taia to. This it was that gave him that influence in all
eaoses where the church was concerned ; as knowing pre*
cssely what it had to claim from its constitutions and ca-
nons, and what' from the common law of the land.'*
NichoUs then mentions his constant and exemplary piety,
his warm/tnd fervent zeal in preaching the duties and main-
taining the doctrines of Christianity, and bis large and dif-
fusive munificence and charity. ^* The instances of his
public charities," says he, '^ both in bis life-time and at his
death, are great, and like himself." He has given large
sums of money to the corporation of clergymen's sons, to
several of the^hospitals, and to the society for propagating
the gospel in foreign parts : and at the instance of the said
society, he consented to print at bis own charge an im(>res-^
sion of two thousand sets of his valuable discourses at a
very considerable expence ;. and they i^ave been actnally
sent to all the islands and colonies in America ; and^ by
the care of the governors and clergy, it is hoped that by
this time they are all properly distributed among the people
of those respective colonies, to their great improvement in
the knowledge of rational and practical Christianity. And,
47€ SHERLOCK.
to oientidn one instanee more of bu great charity and care
for the education of youth, he has given to CatberineMball
in Cambridge^ the place of bis education, bia raioable ii^
hrary of books, imd donations for the founding a librarian's
pbice^ and a sdnolarsfaip."
Bisbop Sherlock had acquired much- knowledge of. the
laws and constitution of England, which, enabled binr to
appear with great weight, both asa govemor of the diutich^
«od a lord of parltaoient. In cases of* ecclesiastical law,
brought before the House of Peere, he 'had sometimes the
honour of leading the judgment of that august assembly, <in
opposition to some of the great luminaries of the law, wtio
iMtd at first declared themselves of a different opinion : and
im general when he assisted at the deliberations of that
bouse^ he entered freely into many other questions; of im-
portance, as appears >by bis speeches^ printed in the par-
Maosentary debates. /
In 1707y he <married Miss Judith Fountaine^ descended
jfrbm a good family in Yorkshire, a very • amabie woman*;
JiUtthey had no childreni. She surriyed him, and died>in
4764, aged seventy-seven, and was interred in the same
•vault :witb> her husband. By the death of his younger bro-
ther, he acquired a fortune of 30,000/» and notwithaiandmg
Jsis many -charities^ died possessed, as it is said, of up^i^rd^
•of'lOO^OOOj. the bulk of which came to sir Thomas Croocb,
his sister^s son, by Dr. Thomas Ooocbj bishop of Ely* •
. Besides the works already enumerated, ^ fifth voiuoie of
bis ^' Sermon^'' was published in 1776 : 'this consists of
•fourteen occasional sermons, printed at .the expense of
•Lockyer Davis and Thomas Davies, two welUktiown^book-
isellers, whose initials D. D. are subscribed to ttveprefhee,
:and but for this notice, may perhaps- perplex aome future
inquirer; He was aUo the author of <^ The Trial ^< the
•Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus,'^ first pablisbed'ilh
'i72a, without bis name, and which went through fourteen
editions* Dr. Ldand remarks that thir pierce has been
>^ very justly^ admired for the pdlite andtincoramon turn,
as well as the judicious way of treating' the 'subject.'' *It is
indeed a very ingenious effort bdfth. of argument and iifiagi-
nation, and places Sherlock^s taints in a' new^ ligfaf^. On
•
* Mr. Woolston having bent bis ef- evidences of the reiurrectioa are ex>
fOTts with particular virulence against amined in the form of a judicial pro-
our Saviour's resurrection^ Dr. Sbfcr- ceHing. In 1149^ waft '^^ubKshed
lock wrote iliis pamphlet, in which the ** The seq,qel ^f the Trial, of .{be WH-
.S H E R L .0 * K. 47V
dotawoh ot . tb€ ' earthquake 9l Lisbon in 1750^ wh'vth
iiliiirflcicd (bit coontry^ be addressed an exeellent ^VPastoral
JLetter*^ toabe clergy and inhabitants of London, :<Qf which
fiftjif^ve thousand were dispersed, besides piratied'<eclitioDS
to neaidy the same amount. The effect of this letter .waa
for. some time. visible in the repression of public licentious^
nes8» .and in a remarkable show of outward penitence and
decency,., but all this abated as the danger disappeared.
Inbtabop- Sherlock's sermons are many passages bf uncom^
iHon.aoimatiani It is said that when Dr. Nicholls waited
upon iord chaincellor Hardwicke with the first voliime of
tl^eiS6raionS| in Nov. 1753, his lordgbip:asked him whether
tberq waa .not ja sermon on Johnzx. 30^ 31 ? and, <hi his
replying in the affirmative, desired him to turn to the con^
clvjsi^, lAiid repeated vfirbatim the animated contrast be-
tween ^e MabometaQ and Christian religion, beginning^;
^^ Go to your natural religion,^' &c. to the end. Yet it was
thirty years since that sermon had been published singly.
Such was the impression it made on lord Hardwicke, T^is
interesting anecdote, however, would' want sosae ofitsef*-
feet, if we did not add, that at a later period, Dr. Blair^
in ))is ^' Lectures on Khetoric," pointed out this identical
passage^ as an instance. of personification, carried as far as
prose^ even in its highest elevation^ will admit. After tran-*
scribing it, BJair adds, ^^ this is more than elegant : it is
truly sublime.'* The frequency of such coincidences of
sentiment between men. of real taste,« renders it unneces-
sary to question . wliether Blair had heard the> anecdote of
lord Hardwicke. ^
: SHIPLEY (Jona^tham), A learned ^nd accomplished pre-
laAe^ wasiborn aboUi*i7:i4.. . His education was liberal, and
at fttproper age: be ' wasjentered. of Christ Church, Oxforxly
whfsce: while i)acheW)r. of arts ..he egobibited a talent f^nr
poetry^ wbieb'wHfa cultiwuion might have risen: ta^ exceiN
ience/ Cto the. -death i.ofv queen Oadroline, be wrote some
verses in tbeOkford /coUeotiofi^. wbichsare said (to have been
t,be i^eat.thati weiet peodueed onthatiioqciKsioR. la* April
i7&|{ he lioek^bttf^jdegree of'M.A. md^soonafterwai^d^'eb^
ter$)d tntpfholy orde^a^.and. obtaihedr a. i-liviogj M^difiti
nesses of the Resurrection, &c. /cet;/Ve(/ nesses." This 'was eithenwriUeii by*
by the Author of the Trial of the Wit- the bishop, or under his iiispeciioq.
\ Biog. Brit. — Moss's Charge to the arcbde^cooryof Colches|;.er. in 1764.1-"
Dr. Nicholls^s Sermon on firs death.-^Nichols'sBowyer, both fndeifei.— ^Leland's
Dcistical writerf .
47S SHIPLEY.
17439 he was inBtalled a prdiendary in the eatbedral chureh
of Winchester ; and in March 1745 was appointed chapdaia
to the duke of Cumberland, to attend him abroad. On
October 14, 1748, he took the degree of doctor of dinniiy;
and on January 2S, 1749, became canon of Ciiriat Choreli
in Oxford. In the year 1760 he was advanced to the
deanery of Winchester, and at the same time was permitted
by dispensation to retain the livings of SUchester and CbiU
boiton. His last preferment took place in the year 1769,
when on the Gleath>of bidAop Newcombe he was promoted
to the bishopric of St. J^saph, in which he remained itntii
his death, which took place at bis bouse in fiQlton«>49ow^
Piccadilly, Dec. 9, llUSi He was buried at Twyferd, near
Winchester. ^
Dr« Shipley gave an early. and decided opinion against
the. coercive measures adopted towanls America^ to wfaiefa
bis friends imputed 'his receiving no further adv»(iceaarenli.
In tke year 1774 he published '^ A speeehvinis^ided tofaav«
been spoken on the bill for altering the charteraof tbeCd-
lony of Massachusetts s^ bay/' 8vo'; the style of which was.
much admired. even by those who disliked ibe sentiments;
Mr. Mainwaring, in the introduction to his *^ Sermous,'*
p. 28^ Svo, speaks of it in the following terms : ^^ If it were
allowable for a moment to adopt the poetical creed, of .the
antientsyone would almost inwgine, that the thoughts of a
truly elegant writer were formed by ApoUo, and attired by
the Graces. . It would seem, indeed^ that la/nguage was. at.
a loss to furnish a garb adapted to their rank and worth*;
that judgment, fancy, taste, had all combined to adorn
them,. yet without impairing that divine simplicity for the
want bf which nothing can compensate^" Andin»]U»te
on this passage, he sayfi, f * Amongst all the prodoctions, an-^
tient or modern, it would be difficult to ttid an iastanoe 4>f
more consHmmate eieganoe than in a printed Speech it»i,
tended to be spoken in the House of Lords/' Besidettfais
effort, his lordship during the whole Amemcan war, conti*
nued.to be an opponent of Government ; but his characfassi,
talent^^ and manners were always highly respected by men
of all partiea.. Hia work% cousistiug of sermons, cdiargca^
and parliamentary speeches, were published in 2 vols. Svo,
in 1792.*
1' Gent. Ma^:. 1788.— Nichols's Poemg, vol. VIlT.-r-Dodslcy's Poems, vol. V.
SHIRLEY; 479
BHIHLEY (Anthony), a celebrated traveller, second
' son of Thomas Shirley of Weston, in Susse^x, was born in
156^. He studied at Hart^ball, Oxford, where he took his
bachelor^s degree in 1581, and in the same year was elected
probationer fellow of All Souls College. Leaving the uni-
versity, he spent some time in one of the inns of court, after
which he travelled oh the continent, and joined the English
troops, which, at that time, were serving in Holland. In
1596 be was one of the adventurers who went against the
Spaniardsr in their settlements in the West Indies ; and on
his retutn, the earl of Essex, with whom he was a great fa-
Tourite, employed him in the wars in Ireland, for his ser-
vices in which he was knighted. After this he was sent by
the queen into Italy, in order to assist the people of Fer-
rara- in their oontest with the pope : but finding that before
' hea^rived, peace had been signed, he pro6eeded to Venice^
andf travelled from thence to Persia, where he' became a
favourite with Shah- Abbas, who sent him as his ambassador
to E\Tgh6id in 1612!.' By the emperor of Germany he was '
raised tbth^ dignity of count, and by the king of Spain he
was'-appointed admiral of the Levant s^as. Such honours
excJtedthe'jealotisy of James'I. who ordered him to return,*
but'this he' thought projfjer to disobey,'ftnd is stipposed to
ha!Viidied?in Spain 'about the year 1630. There is an ac-
coatit of his West Indian exp^ditidn in the third volume of
Hakliiyt'B collection, under tbe^ fblldwing title \ ** A trde
Relation of the Voyage undertakl?n by Sir Anthony Shirley,
Knight, in 159^6^ intended* for' the island San Tome, but
performed tt>»'8t. Jagd, Dominica, ' Mafgarita, altJng thfe
Cdafet fxf "Tierra Firma to Mie Isle of JittTiuica, the Bay "of
Honduras, thirty leagues tip Rio* Dolce, and homewards by
Newfotmdland, with the memorable Exploits achieved in*
allthis- Voyage.'* His travels into Persia are printed sepa-
tatelyj «nd*Wero published m Londoh in 1613, 4t6 ; an'd
his trareUover the 'Caspian sea, and through Russia, were
inserted in Purchases Pilgrimages.
He and bis two brothers, sir Thomas afid sir Robert, ren-
dered themselves so famous by their travels and gallant ex-
ploits, that in 1607, they were made the subject of a co-
medy caHcd "The Travels of the three brothers Shirleys,*'
by John Day, 4to, 1607, of which, and of them, some
other particulars may be seen in our aucliprities ; but their
adventures seem to be confused together. The late lord
4B0 SHIRLEY
Orford had* an iatentionto baTes(4earc4 up these oatstakes,
as among his papers are many notes on the subject.^ ,
SHIRLEY (James); an English dramatic writer and poe^
was of an antient fai;QiIyy and horn about 1594, in the
parish of St. Mary Wool-chutch, London. He was edu-
cated at Merchant-Taylors school, and thence recnoyed to
St. John's college in Oxford ; where Laud^ then president
of that college, had a good opinion of his talents, yet
would often tell him, as Wood relates, that ^' he was an un-
fit person to take the sacred function upon him, and should
never have his consent ;" because Shirley had theu a large
mole upon his left cheek, which appearfsd a great deformity.
Afterwards, leaving. Oxford without a degree, be went to
Katherine-hall, Cambridge^ where he formed a close atp-
tachment with Bancroft, the . epigrammatist, who has re-
corded their friendship in one of his epigrams* At Cam-
bridge, Wpod . supposes he took the degree in arts, as he
soon after enured into orders, and took a cure at or near
St. Alban's, in Hertfordshire; but, becoming unsettled in
his principles, chjginged his religion for that of Rome, left
his livings and taught a g|*ammjar school in the town of St.
Aib.an's, . This employment beings afi;er some time uneasy
to him, he retired to London,. lived in Gray's-inn, apd-com-
menced dramatic writer, which recomoiended him to the
patronage of various persons of irank, eipecially Henrietta
Maria, Charles the First's queen, who made him her ser-
vant. His Brst^^omedy is dated 1629, after which he wrote
niee or ten, between that y^^ and 1 637, when be went tp
Ireland, under the patronage of George earl of Kildare, to
whom be dedicated his tragi-comedy of the '' Royal Mas-
ter/' and by wbpse influ^ce ths^\, comedy was acted in the
^castle at Dublin, before the lord deputy* From Irf^land he
returned to England in 1638; but Wood says, t]i%twben
the rebellion broke out, he was obliged to l^pav^ Lopdioa
and bis family (for he had a wife and ehi|dreJ^)t, and, beipg
invited by his patron, William earl of J^ewqastle, to accoin*
pany him in the wars,.. be attended his loi^dship. ' Upon the
decline of the king's cause, he retired to London ; where,
among other of his friends, l^e found Thpin^ •^^M^^yit :^^<1«
author of the ^^ Lives of Philosophers,!' wjip auppfortpd him
for the present. The acting of ploys .being nowipr^^it^
*Atlr.'Oxon. vol. I. — Dodd^s Church History,' volt. XL and Ili*— PuIIert
Worlhies.-^Baker^s Hiitory of -Jjiines Iv > 0\. i ,:, • < ^ ,r. —
SHIRLEY. 481
1)6 returned to bis old occupation of teaching school, which
be carried on. in. White Friars ; and educated many youths,
who afterwards proved eminent men. At the Retstoration,
several of his plays were brought upon the theatre again;
^Ltkd it js pi;obabte he subsisted Very well, though it does not
^ppe$^r hnw. In 166:6 he was forced, with his second wife
Frances, by the great .fire in September, from his house
near fjefiit-street, in the parish of St. Gileses in the fields,
>yhere, beipg extremely affected with the loss and terror
that fife occasioned, they both died within the space of
twenty -four hours, and were hoth . interred in the same
grave, Oct.: the. 29th. .
Besides thirty rseveii plays, tragedies and comedies,
printed, at different times^ he published a volume of poems
ip 1646,. some beautiful specimens of which Mr. Ellis has
recommended .in his judicious selection. He was also the
auib6r of three, tracts relating to grammar. He assisted
b\% patron the earl, afterwards duke of Newcastle, ia com*
posing several ptlays, which the duke published; and wrote
90tes for Ogilby*s translations of Homer and Virgil. Wood.
tells us, that ^^ be was the. most noted dramatic poet of his
time ;'' aud Langbaine calls him *^ one of such incompar-
able parts, that he was the chief of the second-rate poets,
and by soqae even. equal to Fletcher himself," aud mpdern
critics tejl us that bis comedies possess many features of the
genuine drama, and deserve republication.
, Tber^ was one Mr. Heney Shirley, a contemporary of
our author, who wrote a tragedy called ^^ The Martyred
Soldier ;'' which was often acted with applause. It was
pi^inted in 1631, and dedicated by the publisher J..K* to
sir Kenelpi Digby ; the author being then dead. More re-*
cently there was a William Shirley, who was for some
years. resident in Portugal, in a public character, as it is
supposed. On some disgust, however, or dispute in which
be bad involved himself there, he returned to England
^bout 1749. He was esteemed well versed in affairs of
trade, and the oommercidl interests and connections of
different kingdoms, especially those of Great Britain and
Portiigal. He was also considered as the author of several
letters, on those subjects, published in the Daily Gazet-
teer, and signed Lusitanicus ; and wrote a pamphlet, entitled
** Observations upon the sentenceof the conspirators against
the king of Portugal," 1755, 8vo. In bis poetical capa-
Vol. XXVII. Ii
492 SHIRLEY.
city, however, Mr. Shirley does not stand in so boDsiderable
a light, though several of his plays have been represented
on the stage; but others were rejected by Garrick,
whom he abused in the newspapers. He is said to have
written for the stage as late as 1777, when he must have
been advanced in years ; but the time of his death is not
specified in our authority. '
SHIRLEY (Thomas), son of sir Thomas Shirley, ofWis-
ton in Sussex, and related to the Shirleys the ttavellers, was
born in St. Margaret's parish, Westminster, in 1638. He
lived with bis father in Magdalen-college, Oxford, while
the city was garrisoned by the king's forces, and was edu-
cated at the school adjoining the college. Afterwards be
studied physic abroad, and took his degrees in that faculty.
On his return he became a very eminent practitioner, and
was made physician in ordinary to Charles II. He was im-
mediate heir to his ancestors' estate of near 3000/. a year
at Wiston, which vras seized during the rebellion ; but al-
though he applied to parliament, never was able to recover
it. This disappointment is thought to have hastened his
death, which took place April 5, 1678. Besides <^ Medi-
cinal counsels," and " A Treatise of the Gout,*' from the
French of Mayerne, he published ** A philosophical essay
of the productions of Stones in the earth, with relation to
the causes and cure of stones in the bladder, &c." Lond*
1 672 ; and ^^ Cochlearia curiosa, or the curiosity of Scurvy-*
grass," from the Latin of Molinbrochius of Leipsic. Both
these are noticed in the Philosophical Transactions, No. 8],
and No. 125.'
SHORT (James), an eminent optician, was born in
Edinburgh in the year 1710. At the age of ten being left
in a state of indigence by the death of both his parents, he
was admitted into Heriot's hospital, where he soon shewed a
fine mechanical genius, by constructing for himself a num-
ber of curious articles with common knives, or such other
instruments as he could procure. Two years after he was
removed from the hospital to the high-school, where he so
much distinguished himself in ^classical learning, that his
friends thought of qualifying him for a learned profession.
After four years spent at the bigh-school, in 1726 he was
entered a student of the university of Edinburgh, where he
1 Biog. Dram.— Alb. Ox. vol. H.—lEllis't Specimens.*— Cenf. Lit Tal. IV.-—
Wilson't Hist of Merchant Taylors* Scboel.
s Attu Ox ^Dodd's Church Oist.
g H 0 it f . 48*
(laiti^ad throiigb ft regular course of study, took bis degree
ef master of arts, and at t)ie earnest entreaties of his rela-
tions, attended tlie divinity lectures : after which, in 1731^
he passed bis examination to fit him for a preacher in the
church of Scotlandt He soon, however, gave up all
thoughts of a profession whi<;h he found little suited to his
talents, and from this period he devoted his whole time to
mathematical and mechanical pursuits^ He was pupil to
the celebrated Maciaurin, who perceiving the bent of his
genius, encouraged him to prosecute those particular stu-*
dies for which he seemed best qualified by nature. Under
the eye of his preceptor he began, in 1732, to construct
Gregorian telescopes ; and, as th^ professor observed, by
attending to the figure of his specula^ he was enabled to
give them larger apertures, and to carry them to greater
perfeption, than had ever been done before him.
In 1736 Mr. Short was invited to London by queen Ca<4
roline, to instruct William duke of Cumberland in the ma-^^
thematics ; and on his appointment to this office, he was
elected a member of the Royal Society, and patronized by
the earls of Macclesfield and Morfeon. In the year 1739
be accompanied the former to the Orkney islands, where
he was employed in making a survey of that part of Scot-
land. On his return to London he established himself as
an optician, and in 1743, he was commissioned by lord
Thomas Spencer to make a reflector of twelve-feet focus^
for which be received 600 guineas. He afterwards made
several other telescopes of the same focal distance, with im-*
provements and higher magnifiers: and in 1752 he com-
pleted one for the king of Spain, for which, with the whole
apparatus, he received 120o/. This was the noblest instru-
ment of the kind that had ever been constructed, and has
probably not been surpassed, unless by the grand telescopes
manufactured by Dr. HerscheL
Mr. Short was accustomed to visit the place of his nati.-^
vity once every two or three years during his residence in
London, and in the year 1766 ha paid his last visit to Scot^
land. He died at Newington Butts, near London, in June
1768, after a very short illness, in thefifty-eigbthyear of bis
age. Mr. Short was a very good general scholar, besides
welt skilled in optics, and mathematics. He was a very
useful member of the Royal Society, and wrote a great
many excellent papers in the Philosophical Transactions,
from 1736 to the time ^f his death. His eminence as aa
II 2
484
S H O R T.
artist is universally admitted, and he is spoken of by those
^ho knew him from his youth upwards, as. a man of virtue
and very amiable manners. '
. SHORT (Thomas), a physician of the early part of the
last century, and the. authpr of many works relating to che-
mistry, meteorology, and medicine, was a native of North
Britain, and settled early in life as a physician at Sheffield,
and had considerable reputation and practice, both, in the
town and among persons of rank and fortune in the neigh-
bourhood, lu 1732 he married Mary, daughter of Mr.
parkins, of Mortimiey, near Sheffield, /by whom he had two
sops and two daughters, all since dead. On the death . of
this wife in 1762, be retired to Rotheram, where he died at
ap advanced age, Nov. 28^, 1772, and was buried at Shef-
field. Some time before his decease he requested that his
corpse might not be disturbed in the bed in which he de-
jpgLTf.edf until it was removed in^o bi3 coffin. He had ac-
quired some property in Pea-street, where he resided, and
in Qther parts of Sheffield. In his person be was tall, thio,
and, hard-featured, affected the Scotch accent in his speech,
and a bluntness and freedom in conversation that were not
always agreeable. He had ap utter aversion to swine's
flesh, was irritable in his temper, and iotpatient of contra-
diction. But he had undoubted abilities in his profession^
was indefatigable in bis pursuit after knowledge, and irre<^
proacbable in his moral conduct. Of his publications, the
most valuable was his ^^ (Comparative History of the Increase,
and Decrease of Mankind in England, and several countries
abroad, &c." published by subscription in 1767. Among
bis other works are, " Memoir on the Natural. History of
Medicinal Waters," 1725. " A Dissertation on Tea,"
1730. " Natural History of the Mineral Waters of York-
shire, Lincolnshire, and Derbyshire," 1733. "A General
Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Me-
teors, &c. for the space of 250 Years," 1749. ^'Discourses
on Tea, Sugar, Milk, made Wines, Spirits, Punch, Tobac-
co, &c." 1749. ** New Observations, Natural, Moral, .Civil,
Political, and Medical, on Bills of Mortality,". 1 750. Having
fpr several years rented the Holt spa of the Nevtle family^
he wrote a pamphlet on the subject^ of which. a consi-
1 By Lord Bachan^ ia the Transactions of the Aotiquarian Society of Scot*
^and, vol. I. 1792.
SHOVEL. 485
derable part is given in Mr. Nichols's "Leicestershire,"
vol. II. '
SHOVEL (Sir Cloudesley), an eminent English admi*
ral, was born near Clay, in Norfolk, about 1650, of parents
in middling circumstances, and put apprentice to sortje
mechanic trade, to which he applied himself for some time.
He is said to have early discovered an inclination for the
naval service, and at length went to sea, under the proteCr
tion of sir Christopher Mynns, as a cabbifi-boy, and appl}^-
ing himself very assiduously to the study of navigation, be-
came an able seaman, and quickly arrived at preferment
In 1674, our merchants in the Mediterranean being very
much distressed by the piratical state of Tripoly, a strong
squadron was sent into those parts under the command of
sir John Narborough, who arrived before Tripoly in the
spring of theyeair, and found considerable preparations for
defence. Being, according to the nature of his instructions,
desirous to try negotiation rather than force, he thought
proper to send Shovel, now a lieutenant, to demand satis-
faction for what was past, and security for the time to
come. Shovel went on shore, and delivered his message
with great spirit; but the Dey, despising his youth, treated
bim with much disrespect, and sent him back with an inde-
finite answer. Shovel, on his return to the admiral, ac-
quainted him with some remarks he had made on shore.
Sir John sent him back with another message, and well
furnished him with proper rules for conducting his inqui-
ries and oHservations. The Dey's behaviour w^s worse thei
second time, which Shovel made a pretence for delaying
his departure that he might complete his observations.
On his return he assured the admiral it was very practica-
ble to burn the ships in the harbour, notwithstanding their
lines and forts : accordingly, in the night of the 4th of
March, Shovel, with all the boats in the fleet, filled with
combustibles, went boldly into the harbour, and destroyed
the vessels in it, after which he returned safe to the fleet,
without the loss of a single man ; and the Tripolinies were so
disconcerted at the boldness and success of the attack, as^
immediately to sue for peace. Of this affair sir John Nar-
borough gave so honourable account in all his letters, that
the next year Shovel had the command given him of the
<
I Gent. Mag, vols. LXXVII. and LXXVII I.— Nichols's Bowyer.^^^Gouf h*i
Topogrjiphy.
48f SHOVEL.
ISapphirei a fifth rate ; whence he was not long after re*
moved into the Jaoies galley, a fourth rate, in which he
continued till the death of Charles II. Although be was
known to be unfriendly to the arbitrary measures of James
II. yet that prince continued to employ him, and he was
preferred to the Dover, in which situation he was when the
Ilevolution took place, and heartily concurred in that erent.
In 1689, he was in the first battle, that of Bantryi-bay, in
the Edgar, a third-rate ; and so distinguished himself by
courage and conduct, that when king William came down
to Portspioutb, he conferred on him the honour of knight-
hood. In 1699, he was employed in conveying king Wit<r
liam and his army into Ireland, who was so highly pleased
with his diligence and dexterity, that he did him the ho^
Hour to deliver him a commission of rear-admiral of the
blue with his own hand. Just before the king set out for
Holland, in 1692, he made him rear-admiral of the red, at
the' same time appointing him commander of the squadron
that wsts to convoy him thither. On his return, Shovel joined
admiral Russell with the grand fleet;, and had a share in the
glory of the victory at La Hogue. When it was thought pro-
per that the fleet should be put under command of joint ad«
inirals in the succedding year, he was one ; and, as Camp^
bell says, '^ if there had been nothing more than this joint
commission, we might well enough account from thence
for the misfortunes which happened in our aifi&irs at sea,
during the year 1693/' The joint ^.dmirals were of differ*
ent parties ; but as they were all good seamen, and proba^v
biy meant well to their country, though they did not agree
in the manner of serving it, it is most likely,^ ** that, upon
mature consideration of the posture things were then io,
the order they had received from court, and the condition
of the fleet, which was not either h^lf manjoed or half vic-
tualled, the admirals might af ree that a cautious execution
of the instructions which they had received was a method
^a safe for the nation, and more so for themselves, than
uny other they could take.** On this occasion sir Cloudes-
)ey Shovel was at first an object of popular odium ; but
when the afiair came to be strictly investigated in pvlia-
ment, he gave. so clear and satisfactory an account of the
inat^er, that it satisfied the people that the commanders
were not to blame ; and tha^ if there was treachery, it must
have originated in persons in office at home, The charact
t§r of sir Cloudesley r^m^iping unimpeached, we find hm
SHOVEL. 487
igain at sea, in 1694, under lord Berkley, in the expeditioii
to Camaret^bay, in whicb he distinguished bimself by bis
dextrous embarkation of the land forces, when they sailed
on that unfortunate expedition ; as also when, on their re-^
turn to England, it was deemed necessary to send the Beet
9gain upon the coast of France, to bombard Dieppe, and
Other places. In 1702 he was sent to bring the spoils of
the Spaoisb and French fleets from Vigo, after tbf capture
of that place by sir George Hooke. in 1703, he com«
manded the grand fleet up the Streights^; where he pro-
tected our trade, and did all that was possible to be done
for the relief of the protestauts then in arms in the Ce^
venues ; aud countenanced such of the Italian powers as
were inclined to favour the allies* In 1704 he was sent,
with a powerful squadron, to join sir George Rooke, who
commanded a grand fleet in the Mediterranean, and had
his share in the action off Malaga. Upon bis return he
was presented to the queen by prince George, as lord high
admiral, and met with avery gracious reception ; and was
next year employed as commander in chief. In 1705, when
it was thought necessary to send both a fleet and army to
Spain^ ftir Cloudesley accepted the command of the Seet
jointly with tbe earls of Peterborough and I^Ionmouth, which
liaited to Liabon, thence to Catalonia, and arrived before
Barcelona on the 12th of August ; and it was chiefly through
his activity, in furnishing guns for the batteries, and men td
play them, and assisting with his advice, that the place
was taken.
After the unsuccessful attempt upon Toulon, in which
sir Cloudesley performed all in his power, he bore away
for tbe Streights ; and soon after resolved to return home.
He left sir Thomas Dilkes at Gibraltar, with nine ships of
tbe line, for the security of the coasts of Italy : and then
proceeded with the ren^aifider of the fleet, consisting of
ten ships of tbe line, four fire*ships, a sloop, and a yacht,
for England. Oct. 22, be came into the soundings, and
bad mnety fathom water. About noon he lay-by ; but at
six in tbe evening be made sail again, and stood away under
his courses, believing, as it is supposed, that he saw the
light on St. Agnes, one of the islands o^Scilly. Soon after
which, several ships of his fleet made the signal of distress,
as be himielf did ; but tbe admiral* s, and some more, perish-
ed with ail outboard. How this accident happened has
never been properly accounted for. Sir Cloudesley Sho-
4S$ SHOVEL.
veVs body. was thrown ashore the next day upon the island
of Scilly, where some fisbermen took him up ; and, having
' stolen a valuable emerald ring from his finger, stripped and
buried him. This coming to the ears of Mr. Paxton, who
was purser of the Arundel, he found out the fellows, de-
clared the ring to be sir Cloudesley Shovel's, and obliged
them to discover where they had buried the body ; which
be took up and carried on-board his own ship to Ports*
mouth. It was thence conveyed to London ; and buried in.
Westminster-abbey with great solemnity, where a momi*
ment (a most tasteless one indeed) was afterwards erected
to his memory by the queen^s direction.
Sir Cloudesley Shovel wa^ at the time of his death rear-
admiral of England, admiral of the white, commander in
chief of her majesty's fleets, and one of the council to prince
George of Denmark, as lord high admiral of England. He
married the widow of his patron sir John Narborough, by
whom he left two daughters, co^^heiresses, the eldest of
whom married lord Romuey, and the other sir Narborough
D'Aeth, bart,'
SHOWER (John), an eminent and piOus divine, was
born at Exeter in May 1657, and educated in school learn-
ing at his native city^ whence, at the age of fourteen he.
was placed at a dissenting academy at Taunton, and after-
wards a.t another at Newihgton- green, Loiulon. Having
gone through the usual course of studies in these semina«.
ries, and having decided in favour of nonconformity, he
was encouraged by the celebrated Dr. Manton, to preach
as a candidate for the ministry before he was quite twenty
years of ag«. Two years after, in 1679, he received ordi-
nation from some dissenting ministers, but in a very private
way^ and his first settlement appears to have been as assist-
' ant to Mr. Vincent Alsop, at the meeting Tothill-fields,
Westminster. He was also one*of those who established a
lecture against popery, which was carried on with good suc-
cess in a large room in Exchange-alley. .
In 1685 he was prevailed upon by sir Samuel Bamardis-;
ton to accompany his nephew on bis. travels upon the con-
tinent. This gave him, what few of his brethren had en-
joyed, an opportunity of visiting the most remarkable
places in France, Swisserland^ Italy, &c. and of returning
with additional stores of useful knowledge. On his return-
through Holland, Mr. Shower parted with the companions
^ fiiog. Brit.«-Camp))eiP8 Li?es of the Admirah.
S H O W E It. 489
of bis tour, and resided in that country about two years.
In 1686 he was again in London, and took his turn at the
lecture in Exchange-alley, but disapproving of the vaciU
lating measures of the court both towards the dissenters and
the papists, he again went abroad, and took up his resi-
dence partly at Utrecht, and partly at Rotterdam, where
for three years he officiated as lecturer to the English,
church. Here he remained until 1690, when he accepted,
a call to become assistant to the learned John Howe, at his
meeting in Silver-street,' London ; whence, after Other
changes, he was finally settled at the new meeting-bouse in
the Old Jewry, latdy pulled down. Here he continued to
preach with great popularity* until his death, after linger-
ing illnesses, June 28, 1715, in the fifty-ninth year of his
age. He was buried at Highgate. His works are very nu-
merous, but consist chiefly of sermons moulded, for the
press, into the shape of treatises, of which the principal
appear to be,- 1. *• Serious Reflections on Time and Eter-
nity," 12mo. -2. "Practical Reflections on the late Earth*
quakes in Jamaica, Italy, &c. with a particular historical
account of those and divers other earthquakes," 1693,
12mo. 3. " Family Religion, in three letters to a friend,'*
16d4, 12mo. 4. "The Life of Henry Gearing," 1694,
12mo. 5. "The Mourner's Companion, or Funerar Dis-
courses on several texts,'* 1699, l2mo. 6. " Sacramental
Discourses, &c." 7. " Winter Meditations," &c. &c. &c.*
SHOWER (Sir Bartholomew), an eminent lawyer,
was brother to the preceding, but few particulars of his
early life are on record. We should suppose him of very
different sentiments from his brother. By the appointment
of James II. he became recorder of London during.the time
that the city was deprived of its charter, but when that
monarch's fears compelled him to restore it, sir Bartholo-
mew and the new aldermen were obliged to give place to
the old recorder Treby and the legal aldermen. As a
pleader he distinguished himself both before the House of
* None of bis biographers have in- written, as it is said, by. Swift, and ia
formed us of a letter he wrote to the a style which aluoiost inclines us to
high treasurer, lord Oxford, respect- doubt, whether it was sent, or seriously
ing the occasioual conformity bill, meant to be sent. It is, hoveTer, ai
dated Dec. 30, 1711. This letter may great curiosity, and one of the choicest
be seen in Swift's Works, vol. XI. p. specimens of Swift's vituperative style*
2OI4 with the lord treasurer's answer, .
* Life by Tong. — Wilson's Hist, of Dissenting Churches.— Prot. Djssentern*"* —
Magazine^ vol. IV. and VI.
490 SHOWER.
Commons uid at the bar. He opposed vehemently tbe
Kentish petitioners, and pleaded strenuously as counsel
for sir Joh|> Fen wick, that his conviction might not be
made a pretence for ruining innocence. He died Dec,
1701, and was buried on the 12th of that month at Harrow-*
on-tbe-Hill, near to which he had. resided, at Pinner-hilU
Two editions of ^^ Cases in parliament resolved and ad^*
judged upon petitions and writs of error," by sir Bartholo*
mewy have beep published, one in 1698, and another in
1740, with many references, and a table of principal mat*
ters. These cases are learnedly reported, and the argu«
ments of the counsel, as well as of the judges, are recorded
in a very able manner. This mode of reporting, however,
though valuable in itself, and particularly desirable to the
profession, was thought an infringement upon the privi*
leges of the House of Lords, and the bookseller was called
to the bar, for the publication of it Sir Bartholomew abo
published his '^ Reports of cases in Banco Regis from 30
Car. IL to 6 William HI." 1708, and 1720, 2 vols, folio;
but tbe second volume is first in poip,t of time. A second
edition was published in 1794, in 2 vols. 8vo^ by Thomas
Leach, esq. with additional notes and references.^
SHUCKFORI) (Samu£L), a learned divine of tbe last
century, was educated at Caius college, Cambridge, where
be took his degree of B. A. in 1716, and that of M* A. in
1720. He afterwards became curate of Shelthoa in Nor-
folk, prebendary of C^terbury, and lastly had tlie city
living of All-hallows, Lombard-street He di^d July 14^
1754. He published a few occasional sermons, but is
principally known for his *^ History of the World, sacred
and profane," 3 vols. 8vo, intended to serve as an introduc-
tion to Prideaux's '^ Connection," but he did oot live to
carry it down to the year 747 B. C* where Prideaux begins.
He wrote also a treatise on ^* The Ci^eation and Fall of
Many" intended as a supplement to the preface to bis bis**
^ory. His works are heavily written, but display a great
ideal of erudition, although not well applied, in the opinion
of the late bishop Home, and his biographer Mr. Jones.
They blame Shuckford for rendering tbe subject almost
ridiculous, by illustrating the sacred history of the creation
from Ovid, and Cicero, and even Pope's " £ssay on Man."*
1 Noble's Continuation of Granger.— Lysons's Enyirons.— Bridgman^s Lq^ai
Bibliography.
* £Bcycl, BriUQ.— Jones's Life of Bp» Home, p.. 113.
6 I B B A L D. 491
0IBBALD (Sir Bobert), an eminent physiciab, natu^
ralist, and antiquary, was a descendant of the Sibbalds of
'Balgonie, an ancient family in Fifesbire, Scotland. He
received bis education in philosophy and tbe languages at
the university of Edinburgh, and afterwards studied mediii^
oine al Leyden, where, on taking his doctor's degree in
1661, he published bis inaugural dissertation ^^ De variis
labis speciebus." Soon after lie returned home, and fixed
liis residence at Edinburgh ; but for tbe benefit of study,
often retired to a rural retreat in tbe neighbourhood, and
cultivated, with much attention, many rare and exotic
plants. His reputation obtained for him tbe appointment
of natural historian, geographer, and physician, to Charles
II. and be received the royal command to compose a gene*
ral description of the wi^ole kingdom, and a particular his-o
tory of the different counties of Scotland. The ** History
of Fife," however, is tbe only part of this plan which he
executed. This was at first sold separately, but became
very scarce ; a new edition was published at Cupar- Fife in
1809. In 1681, when tiie royal college of physicians was.
incorporated, be was one of the original fellows. In 1684
be published his principal work, ^* Scotia lUustrata, sive
Prodromu^ hi^oria^ naturalis, &c." folio, reprinted in 1696.
In this volume, which, he tells us, was the work of twenty
yeafs, one part is appropriated to tbe indigenous plants of
Scotland, and contains observations on the medicinal and
{economical uses. A few rare species make their first apr
pearance in this book, particularly that which Linnseus
named SibbtUdiOj after the author. Having thrown out some
strictures on the mathematical principles of physiie, for
which the learned Dr. Pitcairn was a strenuous advocate^
tbe latter wrote a severe satire on this work, entitled ^^ De
legibus historisB naturalis,'* Edin, 16^6 ; but it contains no*
thing solid, and was thought by some to have been the re-*
suit of party dislike, as Dr. Sibbald had embraced tbe Ro-
man catholic religion under James II. in 1686, and after-'
wards recanted, and Pitcairn was a zealous adherent of tbe
exiled family, although he cared little about religion of any
kind. Sir Robert Sibbald is supposed to have died about
tbe year 1712.
We have hitherto considered sir Robert as a physician
and naturalist, but his reputation is more securely founde4
on his having been the first who illustrated the antiquities
of bis native country, in various Ijsarned essays, the title9^
492 S I B B A L D.
of which it is unnecessary to give, as the whole were print-
ed in "A collection of several treatises in folio^ concerning
Scotland as it was of old, ajid also in later times. By sir
Robert Sibbald, M. D." Edin. 1739. They were, however,
at that time sold separately, or bound together. Of all
Mr. Gough gives a. particular accoqnt, and also of his MSS<
now in the Advocates* library. Sir Robert likewise pub*
lished a piece entitled " The liberty artd independency of
the kingdom and church of Scotland asserted, from ancient
records : in three parts,'* 1704, 4to, now very rarely to be
met with ; and " De Gestis Gul. Valise," Edin. 1705, 8vo.
A catalogue of bis library was printed at Edinburgh, 1722,
in »vo. ^
SIBBS, or SIBBES (Richard), a learned puritan divine,
whose works are still in reputation, *^a8 borti at Sudbury in
SulBFolk, in 1577, and educated at St. John's college, Cain-
bridge, where he took his degrees with great applause,
and obtained a fellowship. The foundation of that cha«
racter for humility and piety which he enjoyed throughout
life, appears to have been laid while at college. After
taking orders he was chosen lecturer of Trinity church,
Cambridge, and held the living of that church during the
last two years of his life. The reputation he; acquired here
procured him. an invitation from the learned society of
Gray's-inn, and in 1618 be became their preacher, and
bad for his audience not only the gentlemen of the robe,
but many noblemen and persons of rank. In 1625, he
was chosen master of Katherine-hall, Cambridge, which,
although apuritan, he was permitted to retain till bis death,
with very little molestation. He found that society, says
Granger, in a very declining state, but it soon began to
flourish under his care, and he was a great benefactor to
it. He died July 5, 1635, aged fifty-seven. His works,
which are numerous, have lately been reprinted in a new
edition, 3 vols. 8vo. They are. chiefly sermons and pious
treatises. One of the most popular, entitled ** The braised
reed," of which there have been many editions, was that
to which Baxter tells us be in a great measure owed bis
conversion. This circumstance alone, says Granger, would
have rendered Sibbs's name memorable. As a commen*
tator, his principal work is his *^ Commentary on the first
chapter of the second epistle to the Corinthians," 1655, fol.'-
^ Pulteney's Botany. — Gough^s Topography, vol. II. — ^See an account of his,
ooBversioQ, Boswell*t Life of Johnson. . . ^ -
, * Clark's Lives at the end of th^ Martyrology.— Fuller's Worthies.— Granger.
S I B T H O R p. 49S
I SIBTHORP (John), 3;p eminent botanist and traveller,
was the youngest son of Dr. Hupiphrey Sibthbrp, professor
of botany at Oxford, a man not eminent for any contribu-
tions to that science. He was born at Oxford, Oct. 2S,
1758.. He was. first educated at Magdalen and Lincoln
schools, after which he entered of LincoUi college, where
he took his master^s degree in June 1780; but upon ob-
taining the RadciifFe travelling fellowship, became a mem-
ber of University college, and took his degree of B. M. in
December 1783. Being intended for the medical profes-
sion, he studied for some time at Edinburgh, and there
a),so cultivated his early taste for natural history, especially
botany. He then visited France and Switzerland, and
communicated to the MontpeiUer academy of sciencea, an
account of his numerous .botanical discoveries in that neigh-
bourhood. On his return, his father having resigned, *he
was appointed by the college of physicians to the botanical
professorship in 1794, and then took his doctor's degree,
. He passed a portion of tlie same year, 1784, at Gottin-
gen, where he projected his first tour to Greece, the bo-
tanical investigation of which country had for some time
past become the leading object of his pursuits. • He first,
however, visited the principal seats of learning in Ger-
many, and made a considerable stay at Vienna, where he
procured an excellent draughtsman, Mr. Ferdinand Bauer,
to be the companion of his expedition. On the 6th of
March, 1786, they set out together from Vienna, and early
in May sailed from Naples to Crete, where, in the month
of June, as his biographer says,' " they were welcomed hy
Floja in her gayest attire." The ensuing winter they spent
at Constantinople, in ihe course of which Dr. Sibthorp de-
voted himself to the study of tlie modern Greek. On the
14th of March, 1787, they, sailed from Constantinople for
Cyprus, taking the islands of Mytilene, Scio, Cos, and
Rhodes, and touching at the coast of Asia minor in their
way. A stay of five weeks at Cyprus enabled Dr. Sibthorp
to draw up a "v Fauna" and Flora" of that Island. The
former consists of eighteen mammalia, eighty-five birds,
ninetjeen amphibia, and one hundred fishes; the latter
comprehends six hundred and sixteen species of plants.
Tliese and his other catalogues were greatly augmented by
subsequent observations, insomuch that th^ number of
species, collected from an investigation of all Dr, Sibthorp's
manuscripts and specimens for the materials of the " Pro-
dromus Florae Graeca;/' amounts to about 3000.
46* niBttionp.
Witboiit mitiotely tmcing 6tir trareHer's steps thl*otigll
Greece^ or the various islands of the Archipelago, we may
notice that bis health, which suffered from the confinement
of a ship, and the heat of the weather^ was restored at
Athens, where he arrived June 19th, 1787. From thence
be prosecuted his journeys in various directions, and with
Various successes^ The ascent of mount Delphis, or Del-*
phi, in Negropont^ one of his most laborious^ if not peril*
Qus adventures, yielded him an abundant botanical bfirvest ;
and mount Athos, which he visited a week after, also
greatly enriched his collection of rare plants. From hence
be proceeded to Thessalonlca, Corinth^ and Patras, at
which last place he embarked with Mr« Bauer, on board an
English vesseli for Bristol^ on the 24th of September*
After a tedious and stormy voyage, they arrived in England
the first we^k in December^
The constitution of Dr. Sibtborp, never very robust^
had suffered materially from the hardships and exertions of
his journey. But his native air^ and the .learned leisure of
the university, gradually recruited his strengths The duties
of his professorship were rather a recreation than a toil.
The superintendance of his exquisite draughtsman, now
engaged in making finished drawings of the Greek animals,
as well as plants; and his occasional visits. to the* Linns&au
and Banksian berbariuins, for the removal of bis difficul-^
ties ; all together filled up his leisure hours. He was every
where* welcomed and admired for his ardour, his talents^
and his acquisitions. His merits procured an augmenta-
tion of his stipend, with the rank of a regius professor
(conferred in 1793); both which advantages were, at the
same time, conferred on bis brother professor at Cam«
bridge. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1789,
and was among the first members of the, Linnsean Society,
founded in 1788. In the spring of the year last mentioned^
sir James Smith, with dr Joseph Banks and Mr. Dryander,
passed a week at Oxford, which was devoted to a critical
survey of the professor's Grecian acquisitions ; nor wa)9 the
honey of mount Hymettus, or the wine of Cyprus, wanting
at this truly attic enterte^inment. But the greater these
acquisitions, th^ less was their possessor satisfied with
them. No one knew, so well as himself, how much was
wanting to the perfection of his undertaking, nor cou^d any
other person so well remedy these defects. Though he
was placed, a few years .after bis return, in very affluent
S I B T H O R P, 495
circumstances ; and though his necessary attention to his
landed property, and to agricultural pursuits, of which he
was passionately fond, might well have turned him, in
some measure, aside from his botanical labours ; he steadily
kept in view the great object of his life, to which he finally
sacrificed life itself. No name has a fairer claim to botani-
cal immortality, among the martyrs of the science, than
that of Sibthorp.
On the 20th of March, 1794, Dr. Sibtborp set out from
London, on his second tour lo Greece. He travelled to
Constantinople in the train of Mr. Liston, ambassador to
the Porte, and was attended by Francis Borone, as a bo-
tanical assistant. They reached Cot>stantinople on the
19th of May, not without Dr. Sibtborp*s having suffered ^
much from the fatigues of the journey, which had brought
on a bilious fever. He soon recovered his health at Con-
stantinople, where he was joined by his friend Mr. Haw-
kins from Crete. Towards the end of August they made
an excursion into feithynia, and climbed to the summit of
Olympus, from whence they brought a fresh botanical
harvest. Dr. Sibthorp discovered at Fanar an aged Greek
botanist. Dr. Dimitri Argyrami, who had known the
Danish traveller Forskall, and who was possessed of some
works of Linnaeus.
Recovered health, and the accession of his friend's com-
pany, caused Dr. Sibthorp to set out with alacrity on his
voyage to Greece, on the 9th of September. Passing
down the Hellespont, on the I'ith, with a light but favour-
able breeze, they anchored at Koum Cale, in the Troad,
spent two days in examining the plains of Troy, and then
proceeded to the isles of Imbros and Lemnos. On the
25th they anchored at mount Athos, and passed ten days
in examining some of the convents and hermitages, with
the romantic scenery, and botanical rarities, of that singu-
lar spot, on all which Dr. Sibthorp descants at length, with
great delight, in his journal. Their departure was, for
some time, prevented, by a few Barbary pirates hovering
en the coast, but they sailed on the 5th of October, and
on the 7th landed at Skiatho. ~ From hence, on the 11th,
they proceeded down the strait of Negropont, and on the
13th passed under the bridge of five arches, which con-
>nect8 that island with the main land of Greece. On the
15th, at noon, they entered the harbour of the Pyrseus,
and proceeded t<> Athens, where the four succeeding week^
496 S I B T H O R P.
were employed ip collectiog information relative to tfae
present state of the government, the manufactures, and
the domestic economy of that celebrated spot. Here Dr;
Sibtborp lost his assistant Borone, who perished by an ac«
cidentui fall from a window, in his sleep, on or about the
20th of October.
November i6th, Dr. Sibthorp and Mr. Hawkins left
Athens by the ancient Eleusinian way, while the classical
streams of the Cephisus, the heights of Helicon and Par*
nassus, lay before them. They proceeded to Patras and to
Zante, where they arrived in the middle of December,
enriched with a .large collection of seeds, the only botanical
tribute that could, at this season, be collected from those
famous mountains. An apothecary at Zante furnished Dr.
Sibthorp with an ample and splendid herbarium, of the
plants of that island, with their modern Greek names ; nor
did the winter pass unprofitably or unpleasantly in this se-
questered spot ; where neither agreeable societ}', nor co-
pious information relative to our learned travellers' various
objects, was wanting. The season was sufficiently favour-
able in the middle of February, 1795, to allow them* to
visit the Morea, of which peninsula they, made the com-
plete circuit in somewhat more than two months. The
violet and pritprose welcomed them in the plains of Arca-
dia; but in vain did our classical travellers look for the
beauty of Arcadian shepherdesses, or listen for the pipe of
the sylvan swain. Figures emaciated, and features far-
rowed, with poverty, labour, and care, were all that they
met with.
Proceeding to Argos, and thence to Mycena, Ihe travel-
lers were highly gratified by findings on the gate of the
iatter, those ancient lions, which Pausanias describes as
the work of the Cyclops; and near it the reputed tomb of
Agamemnon, a circular building, formed of immense masses
of stone, placed with such geometrical precision, , though
without mortar, that not one had given way. That whieh
forms the portal is described by Dr. Sibthorp as the largest
stone he ever saw employed in any edifice. A number of
fragments of vases, like those comnionly called Etruscan,
lay among the ruins of Mycena. From this place they re-
turned by land to Argos, whence they proceeded to Co-
rinth, Patras, and by way of Elis to Pyrgos. . Here they
obtained another escort, and safely reached Calamata, on
the gulf of Corone, where they were detained. by the cde*
._ J
S I B T H O R P; . ^97
Wation of Easter, on the 12tb of April, amid aprofusiou
of sky-rockets and crackers. Proceeding in a boat aloiig
the barren and craggy shore, covered with bushy ^nd
prickly Suphoriia^ tbey teacbed Cardamoula. Here Pa-
nagiot6, a popular character, nephew of the Cherife, came
,domi) with a train of foIlowerS|^ to welcome the strangers^
dnd conducted them to his tower-tike castle, where a nar-
row entrance, and dark -winding stair case, led to a cham-
ber, whose thick walls and narrow loop-holes seemed well
prepared f6r defence. Taygetus, the highest mountain in
the Morefa, and almost rivalling Parnassus, was ascended
by our adventurous travellers; but the quantity of sno^
and the great distance, prevented their reaching the sum-
mit. Panagiote. and fifty of his followers accompani^ed
them, and he displayed his botanical knowledge by shew-
ing Dr. Slbthorp darnel, still called ougix^ among the corn,
which he said occasioned dizziness ; and a wonderful root,
the top of which is used as an emetic, the bottom as a
purge. This proved Euphorbia ApioSy to which the very
"same properties are attributed by Dios^orides.
From Cardamoula the traveller^ were escorted by the
dependants of this hospitable Grecian chief, along a pre-
<;ipitous road, to Mistra, where they had the unexpected
plejLsure of ineeting a party of their' English friends, in the
garb of Tartars, with whom they explored the scite of an-
cient Sparta. After returning to Calamata, and surveying
from the summit of a neighbouring precipice the ruins of
Messenia, with the rich plains watered by the Paniscus^
and bounded by the hills of Laconia, Dr. Sibthorp and Mr.
Hawkins hastened to Corone^ where a Venetian vessel
waited to convey them to Zante, which place they reached
on the 29th of April. Here Dr. Sibthorp parted from the
taitbful coinpanion of his tour, whom he was destined
never to see again, but in whose friendship he safely con-
fided in bis last hours. Mr. Hawkins returned to Greece;
while the subject of our memoir leaving Zante on the 1st
of May, experienced a most tedious voyage of twenty-four
days to Otranto, though five days are the most ususd time
for t^at passage. He touched at the island of Cephalonia,
and next at rreversa, on the Grecian shore, where being
detained by a contrary wind, he employed the 7tb of May
in visiting th^ ruins of Nicopolis. The weather was un-
favourable, and Dr. Sibthorp here caught a severe cold,
from which he n^ver recovered.- It seems to have proved
VOL.XXVIL Kk
1 1
498 S I B T H O R P.
the exciting cause of that disease, which had long been
latent in the mesenteric and pulmonary glands, and which
terminated in a consumption. Being obliged by the wea-
ther to put in at the little island of Fanno, May llth, the
violent north-west wind ** continued/' as he too expres-
sively says in his journal, ** to nurse his cough and fever/'
He was confined to his bed, in a miserable hovel, to which,
after frequent attempts to* sail, he was driven back six
times by the unfavourable wind. At length, the vessel
was enabled to cast anchor in the port of Otranto on the
24th of May. Hera he was obliged to submit to a qua-
rantine of three weeks, part of which, indeed, was allowed
to be spent in proceeding to Ancona. From thence he
passed through Germany and Holland to England. Of the
precise time of his arrival we find no mention. It was in
'the autumn of 1795, and his few succeeding months were
'chiefly marked by the progress of an unconquerable disease^
for which the climates of Devonshire and Bath were, as
usual, resorted to in vain. He died at Bath, February 8tb^
1796, in the thirty- eighth year of his age, and lies interred
in the abbey church, where his executors have erected a
neat monument to his memory.
We have now to record the posthumous benefits which
Dr. Sibthorp has rendered to his beloved science, and which
are sufficient to rank him amongst its most illustrious pa-
trons. By his will, dated Ashburton, January 12, 1796, he
gives a freehold estate in Oxfordshire to the university of
.Oxford, for the purpose of first publishing his " Flora
Graeca," in 10 folio volumes, with 100 coloured plates in
each, and a " Prodromus'* of the same work, in 8vo, with-
out plates. His executors, the honourable Thoma* Wen-
man, John Hawkfns, and Thomas Piatt, esqrs. were to ap-
point a sufficiently competent editor of these works, to
whom the manuscripts, drawings, and specimens, were to
be confided. Their judicious choice fell upon the learned
president of the Linnaean Society, who has nearly com-
pleted the " Prodromus," and the second yolume of the
** Flora." The plan of the former was drawn out by Dr.
Sibthorp, but nothing of the latter, except the figured, was
prepared, nor any botanical characters or descriptions what-
ever. The final determination of the species, the distinc-
tions of such as were new, and all critical remarks, fell
to the lot of the editor, who has also revised the references
to Dioscorides. When these publications are finished, th«
S 1 B t H O R p. 4d9
» \ . ■
iSLnMiial sUm of 2007. is to be patid to ^ profeissof of rural
tecohomy^ ^ho is, under certain limitations, to be Sherar-
dian professor 6f botany. The remainder of tbe rents ot
the estate above mentioned is destined to purchase books
for the professor, and the whole of the testator's collections^
with his drawings^ and books of natural history^ botany^
and agriculture, are given to the university. The only
work which Dr. Sibthorp ][)ublished in bis life-time is a
** Flora Oxpniensis,*' 179'4, in one vol. Svo, which has th^
hierit of being jentirely formed on his own personal obser-*«
l^ation.* . '
SICULUS. SeeblODORUS. '.
SIDNEY (Algernon), a strenuous cbampioii for repub-
lican government, who set up Marcus Brutus for his pat-
tern, and died like him in the cause of liberty, was second
son of Robert, earl, of Leicester, by Dorothy, eldest daugh7
ter of Henry Piercy, earl of North umberlan^j and. was boV<f
about 1617, or as some say, 1622. Of his education, Jin^
tiovv he spent the yoiinger part of his life, , we know littlfe
It appears that his father^ when he went as ambassador to
Denmark in 1632, took him with him, .when a mere boyp
and again in 1636, when he. went as ambassador to France,
During the rebellion he adhered to the ipterest of the par-
liament, in whose army he was a colonel ; and wa^ nomi-
nated one of the king's judges^ and as soipe say,_ sat on the
benchj but was not present when sentence was passed, npr
did he sign the warrant for his execution. His admirers;
however, assure us that he was far from disapproving of
that atrocious act. He was in truth such a zealous, repub^
lican, that he became a violent enemy to Cromwell, afte]:
he had made himself protector. In June 1659 be was ap-
pointed, by the council of state, to go with sir Robert
Honeywood, and Bulstrode Whitelocke, esq. coounission-
ers to the Sounds to mediate a peace between the kings, p^
Sweden and Denmark : but Whitelocke observes, that hitn-
self Was unwilling to undertake that service, " especially/*
says he, ^^ to be joined with those that would expect pre-
cedency of me, who had been formerly ambasbador extra*^
ordinary to Sweden alone ; and I knew well the over-ruling
temper and height of colonel Sidney. I therefote endea«
voured to excuse, myself^ by reason of my old age and in-
firmities; but the council pressed it upon me f' which at
> Bees'8 Cyclopaedia, b^ the presideol of tbe lioniean Socltt^i .
K K 2 .
$0d SIDNEY/
last be evaded* While Sidney was at .tbe^ court of Deiw
mark, M. Terlon, the French ambassador there, had the
confidence to tear out of the university Album this verse;
which the colonel, when it was presented to him, bad writ-
ten in it : .
*' ——Mantis h»c iAimica tyranhis
> ' Ense petit placidani sufo libertate quietemj*^
Lpfd' Moles worth,, who relates this in the preface to iiis
spirited Account of Denmarlc, observes, that, ^^ though M^
Terloh understood not a word of Latin, he was told by
ottfers the meaning of the sentence; which he considered
as a libel upon the French government, and upon such as
was then setting up in Denmark by French assistance or
^Jcample.'"
As Sidney adhered to the notions he had conceived of a
pore republic, he refused to act under Oliver Cromwell, 6r
Richard Ci'omwell, and during this period lived in a retired
mahnef, sometimes at the family seat at Penshurst, and it
is supposed that he employed some part of his leisure in
cbmposing those ** Discourses on Government,*' which have
formed the favourite code oif the republican faction in all
ages since. When, however, Richard had resigned bis
protectorship, and the long parliament was restored, and a
government without king or lords, Sidney became one of
the council of state, and WaS sent to Denmark, as we have
jufft noticed.
At the restoration, Sidney would not personally accept
of the oblivion and indemnity generally granted to the whole
iiation; but continued abroad till 1677, when his father
died. He then returned to England, and obtained from
the king a particular pardon, upon repeated promises of
donstant and quiet obedience for the future. Burnet oh*
serves, ** that he came back when the parliaiiietit was press*
ing the king into the war, the court of France having ob«
'tained leave for him to return ;. at)d that, upon bis doing
ail he could to divert the |)eOple from that war, some took
liim for a pensioner of France t while he in the mean time
declared, to those to whom he dufst speak freely, that he
Inew ii: was a juggle ; that our court was. in an entire con*
tidence with France; and had no other desigi^ in this show
;of a war but to raise an army, and keep it beyOnd sea till it
was trained and modelled."' In 1683, he was accused of
being concerned in th^ Rye-house plot; and^ after lord
S I D N E-y. *oi
Russel bad been examitied, was next brought before the
king and council. He said, that he would make the best
defence he could, if they had any proof against him, but
would not fortify their evidence by any thing he should say;
so that the examination was very short. He was arraigned
for high treason before the chief justice Jeffreys, Nov. 1683;
and found guilty. After his conviction be sent to the mar-
quis of Halifax, who was his nephew by marriage, a paper-
to be laid before the king, containing the main points of
his defence ; upon which he appealed to the king, and de-
sired he would review the whole matter: but this had no
other effect, except only to respite his execution for three
weeks. When the warrant for his execution was brought^' ^
he told the sheriff, that he would not expostulate any thing
upon his own account; for, the world was nothing to himc'
but he desired it might he considered, how guilty they
were of his blood, who had not returned a fair jury, but
one packed, and as directed by the king^s solicitor. He
was beheaded on Tower-hill, where he delivered a written
paper to the Sheriff, Dec. 7, 1 6S3 : but his attainder was
reversed in the first year of William i^nd Mary. " The
execution of Sidney,'' says Hume, *^ is regarded as one of
the greatest blemishes of the reign of Charles II. ThO
evidence against him, it must be confessed, was not legal :
and the jury, who condemned him, were, for that reason^
viery btameable. But that after sentence passed by a court'
of judicature, the king should interpose and pardon a man^
who, though otherwise possessed of merit, was undoubt- .
edly guilty, who had ever been a most inflexible and most
inveterate enemy to the royal family, and who lately had
even abused the king's clemency, might be an act of he-
roic generosity, but can never be regarded as a necessary
and indispensable duty." Burnet, who knew Sidney per-
sonaUy, gives the following character of him : ^' He was a
man of most extraordinary courage ; a steady man, even
to obstinacy; sincere, but of a rough and boisterous tam-
per, that coi^ld not bear contradiction. He seemed to be a
Christian, but in a particular form of his own c he thought
it was to be like a divine philosophy in the mind^ but he
was against all public worship, and every thing that looked
like a church. He was stiff to all republican principles ;
and such an enemy to every thing that looked like mo-
narchy, that he set himself in a high opposition against
Cromwell when he was made protector. |{e had studied
502^ SIDNEY.
the history of government in all its branches, beyond any
i^an I ever knew.''
He left behind him ^^ Discourses upon Government;",
the first edition of which was in 1698, ^he second in 1704^
folio. To the second is added the. paper be delivered to
the sheriffs immediately before his death; with an alphabe<-
tical table. -They also formed one of the publications of
Mr. Thomas HoUis, in favour of republicanism in 1763,
4to, with a life, in which the writer or writers declare that
they ^* cannot wish a greater or more extensive blessing ta
the \^orld, than that it (the volume) may be every where
read, and its principles universally received and propa«
gated."*
SIDNEY (Phiup), a very accomplished English gentle-
man, and one of the greatest ornaments of the court of
queen Elizabeth, was born Nov. 29, 1554, at Penshurst ii|
Kent. ,He was the grandson of sir William Sidney, knight
banneret, and chamberlain and steward of the household
to Henry VIII. His father, Henry Sidney, was from hia
infancy the companion and bosom friend of Edward V^
who conferred upon him the honour of knighthood, consti-
tuted bim ambassador to France, and afterwards promoted
him to several appointments near his person^ He was at
this time universally beloved and admired, as the most ac«*
pomplished gentleman in the court of the youthful monarch,
who expired in his arms. Sir Henry, after this melancholy
event, retired to his s0at at Penshurst. He afterwards en-
joyed the favour of queen Mary, and gave his son the. name
of Phihp, iu compliment to her husband the king of Spain.
^n Elizabeth's reign his abilities were more immediately
called forth, and proved him a brave soldier, a consum-
mate general, an able counsellor, and a wise leprislator,
while in private life he was no less estimable as a husband^
father, and a friend ; firmly attached to the church of Eng-
land, and adorning his Christian profession by his temper^
ance and exemplary piety. He was lord president of
Wales, and for the space of eleven }^ear.s discharged the
administration of lord deputy of Ireland, with extraordinary
justice and probity, and left to provincial governors an ex-
ample of integrity, moderation, and wisdom, which wa^
never surpassed. The mother of Philip Sidney, was. Mary,
the eldest daughter^ of the unfortunate duke of Nortbumr
} Biog. Brit,«^Hume> History.
SIDNEY. 60%
berland, a lady no less illustrious and amiable than her
husband.
Mr. Sidney was placed at a school at Shrewsbury, where,
at the age of twelve, he addressed two letters, one in La-
tin, and the other in French, to his father, which produced
in answer a valuable compendium of instruction, the origi-
nal of which was found among the IMSS. at Penshurst, and
is inserted by Dr. Zouch in the life of sir Philip. Frona
this school Mr. Sidney was removed to Christ church, Ox-
ford, in 1569, where his tutors were Dr. Thomas Thorntoa
and Mr. Robert Dorsett. During his residence here, he
performed a scholastic exercise, by holding a public dispu-
tation with Carew, the author of the Survey of Cornwall,
then a gentleman commoner of Christ-church. Sidney
was at this time only fourteen years old, and yet of three
years standing, and his disputation took place in the pre-
sence of several of the nobility, and particularly of his two
uncles, the earls of Warwick and Leicester, which last was
at this time chancellor of the university. He also appears
to have pursued his studies for some time at Cambridge,
probably at Trinity college, where he had an opportunity
of cultivating and improving that friendship, which he had
already contracted with Mr, Fulke Greville his relation, and
his companion at school. During these years his proficient
cy was very uncommon : he cultivated the whole circle of
arts and sciences, his comprehensive mind aspiring to pre-
eminence in every part of knowledge attainable by human
genius or industry. He acc|uired, in particular, a complete
knowledge of the Greek and Latin languages, and nothing
could equal the diligence with which he explored the stores
of ancient literature, which had been recently imported
into Europe ; and hence at a more advanced season of his
life, he was highly esteemed by the juniversities at home
and abroad.
Having inured himself to habits of regularity, he put off
his gown, and left the university with an intention to travel,
in order to obtain a knowledge of the affairs, manners, laws,
and learning of other nations, that he might become the
more serviceable to his own. Having, in May 1572, ob-
tained from the queen a license for travelling, for two
years, he set (Jut for Paris ; &qd on his arrival there, the
French king, Charles IX. appeared to be highly gratified
with bis ingenuous manners and conversation, and gave
him an early proof of his royal favour, by advancing him to
504 SIDNEY.
the office of gentleman ordinary of his chamber; but thif
promotion has been generally considered, not so much an
indication of real regard, as an unworthy and insidious arti«
fice to conceal the design which was then formed, of de-
stroying the protestants. Accordingly he had not held
this above a fortnight, when he became a spectator of that
bideous and savage massacre of the Huguenots, which filled
all Europe with indignation, amazement, and terror. '
During this massacre, Mr. Sidney preserved bis* life,
by taking refuge with several of his countrymen, in .the
bouse of sir Fraucrs Walsingbam, the English ambassador;
and when the danger was over, proceeded on his travels,
pnder the tutorage of Dr. John Watson, then dean, and
fifterwards bishop of Winchester, to whom sir Francis
Walsingham recommended him. ^ Having left Paris, he
pursued his journey through Lorraine, by Strasburgh and
Heidelberg, to Francfort. At the latier place, he lodged
at the house of Andrew Wechel, the celebrated printer,
and here was honoured with the friendship of Hubert
Languet (See Languet), who was vthen a resident from,
the elector of Saxony ; and to him he was principally in*
jdebted for his extensive knowledge of the customs and*
usages of nations, their interests, governments, and laws,
and nothing could be more honourable to si youth of the
age 'of nineteen, than the choice of such a companion and
jguide. Sidne}' h^s gratefully commemorated Languet in
some lines in the third book of his '* Arcadia." When
they were separated, Languet renewed in his leitters the
strongest assurances of his regard, interqfiixed with the
inost useful and most endearing lessons of advice.
At Vienna, where Mr. Sidney appears to have arrived in
1573, be learned horsemanship, the use of arms, and all
those manly and martial exercises which were suitable to
]bis youth and nobleness of birth. He excelled at tilt or
tournament, in managing all sorts of weapons, in playing a(
tennis, in diversions of trial and skill, in music, in all the
exercises that suited auoble cavalier, while his person, his
aspect, his discourse, his every gesture were embellished
with dignity and grace. In 1<74} he was at Venice, whepc;
bis sacred adherence to the precepts of yoqjth guarded him
against its dissipations. His biographer thinks it proba-r
ble that be was not unknown to the celebrated Paul SarpL
In June 1574, Sidney left Venice and came to Padua^i
where he applied himself with bis accustomed diligence tq
8 I D N E Y. 505
l^eometry and astronomy, and here he met with the illus-
trioa§Tasso, which his biographer conceives was^one of hi$
motives for visiting Padua. On his return to Venice in
1574, Mr. Sidney derived great pleasure and instruction
from a free and undisguised conversation on topics of learn-
ing with persons who professed the religion of the church of
Rome. This circumstance gave rise to a suspicion among
his friends in England, that he was inclined to become a
inembier of that ciiurch ; but against this he appears to
have been sufficiently guarded by his friend Languet, and
it Was by his persuasion that he desisted from visiting Rome.
In the mean time, Sidney went on with his studies, and
by Languet*s direction read CiceroVEpistles, Plutarch, &c.
All Languet's advices appear* to have been as salutary as
they were aJEFectionate. On one occasion only, he suggest-
ed to his pupil to affect more attachment than he felt to.
Cecil, the great fi^vourite of Elizabeth ; but it does not ap-r
pear that Sidney w^s inclined to observe this lesson of per-
verted wisdom, which was in itself contrary to the whole
tenour of Languet's instructions. After three years travel,
Sidney returned to England in May 1575.
To bis attainments in Greek and Latin, he had now added
it knowledge pf the French, Spanish, and Italian languages.
On his return he became the delight and admiration of the
English court, by bis dignified and majestictal address, the
urbanity of bis manners, and the sweet complacency of his
whole deportment. The queen treated him with peculiar '
kindness, calling him ** her Philip,^' in opposition, it \$
^id, to Philip of Spain, her sister's husband. When she
was on a visit at Wanstead, Sidney composed a masque to
amuse her majesty, called " The Lady of May," which wab
Serformed before her. In this dramatic composition he
etrayed some proficiency in the school of courtly adula-
tion, by the frequent allusions he has made to Elizabeth'9
beauty. '
He had not been long at home before what may be term^'
ed his political life commenced, by his being appointed in
1576, ambassador to the court of Vienna, to condole with
the emperor Rodolph, on the death of his father Maximi-
lian II. The queen's own penetration and discernment
had promoted him to this appointment, but it was not in-
tended to be confined to the mere ceremonial mentioned
above. It had in view the union of all .the protestaut states
|a defence of their common cause against the ruin th^t
Ji06 SIDNEY.
«
inenaced them from the popish powers, from the supersti-
^on of Rome, and the tyranny of Spain. Sidney succeeded
in this attempt : and they were induced to conclude a reli-
gious league with England, with thsLt country which was
then justly acknowledged to be the firm support and the in-
vincible bulwark of the reformation. He was directed at
the same time to visit the court of John Casimir, count
palatine of the Rhine, to whom he was earnestly and affec-
tionately recommended by his uncle lord Leicester. Hi^
other transactions belong to history, hut he managed them
all with so much of the sagacity and discretion of an able
and experienced statesman, that it was justly said, that
^* from a child he started into a man, without ever being a
youth." When entrusted with these negociations of so
much importance, he had scarcely reached his twentyr
fifth year.
Among other eminent persons with whom he formed au
intimacy during this last embassy, were Don John of Aus-
tria, and the great William prince of Orange, with the
latter of whom he afterwards carried on a correspondence.
Notwithstanding his services on this occasion, he passed
some years at home, admired indeed, but unrewarded by
any higher promotion than that of cup-bearer to the queen«
On some emergencies he betrayed a spirit too warmly in-
dignant, but not uncommon in those days ; and a letter of
his is extant to Mr. Molineux, his father^s secretary^
whom he suspected of divulging his father's letters, in
which he threatens him with his dagger, in language which
his biographer allows is extremely indecorous, and admit^
DO excuse.
His spirit and sense were afterwards displayed in a man-
ner which reflects high honour upon his character. When
in 1579, queen Elizabeth seemed inclined to accede to the
proposal of a marriage with the duke of Anjou, which might
have endangered the prosperity, religion, and liberty of the
nation, Mr. Sidney addressed a letter to her against such a
connection, written with unusual elegance of expression
as well as force of reasoning, and with uncommon freedom.
The delicacy of the subject, and the difficulty of discussing
it without offending the queen, he was perfectly aware of,
yet his zeal for the welfare of his country, and particularly
the pjrotestant religion, would not permit him to be silent ;
and it is supposed that by this letter he had the honour of
averting the mischiefs that would have attended the mar-
SIDNEY, 507
liage. Nor did he lose her majesty's favour, ahhoog^
others who interfered^ were treated with the utmost rigour,
particularly Stubbs, a gentleman of Lincoln's Inn, and
^age a printer, whose right haqds were cut, the one for
writing, and the other for printing a pamphlet against the
ipatch, Camden, the historian, was present at the execution
pf this savage sentmce, one of the greatest blemishes in th^
reign of Elizabeth.
Among the fashionable amusements in the court of E\u
zabe^h, tournaments were most in vogue* In 1580, Philip
earl of Arundel, and*'sir William Orury his assistant, cbal-r
lenged all comers to try their feats of arms in tljpse exer?
cises. This challenge was given in the genuine spirit of
fL*hivalry in honour of the queen. Among those who gaU
lantly offered themselves as defenders, were Edward Vere,
earl of Oxford, lord Windsor, Mr. Philip Sidi)ey, an4
fourteen others. The victory was adjudged by her majesty
to the earl of Oxford. With this earl of Oxford Sidney
had afterwards a serious quarrel, having received a personal
insult from him. The queen interposed to prevent a duel,
with which Sidney was much dissatisfied, and to con^pose
bis mind retired tq Wilton, the seat of his brother-in-law
the earl of Pembroke. In this seat of rural beauty (and
oot at Hougbton-'house, as asserted in Gough^s Camdeq^
which was not built until after his death) he planned the
design of the '^ Arcadia." It has been conjectured thai
the Ethiopic history of Heliodorus, which bad been re-r
cently translated into English prose by Thomas Under*
downe, suggested that, new mode of writing romance which
is pursued in this worlc ; but it seems more probable that
be derived the plan of his work from the ^^ Arcadia'Vof
Saunazarius, a complete edition of which was printed at
Milan in 1504. The persons introduced by the Italian
author are shepherds, and their language, manners, and
sentiments are such atf suit only the innocence and simpli*-
city of pastoral life. This species of composition may be
considered as forming the second stage of romance-writing*
The heroism and the gallantry, the moral and vittuous
turn of the chivalry-romance, were still preserved; butthe
dragons, the necromancers, the enchanted castles were
lianisbed, and some small resemblance to human nature
was admitted. Still, however, there was too much of the
marvelloos in them to please an age which aspired to refiner
)nent» This characters were discerned to be strainedj the
508 SIDNEY!
Style swollen, the adventares incredible, and the books
themselves were volaminous and tedious. With respect to
the " Arcadia/* Sidney formed a just estimate when he
characterized it as ^* an idle composition, as a trifle, and
' triflingly handled.*' He appears indeed to have written it
chiefly for his sister's amusement, to whom he sent it in
portions as it came from his pen. He never completed the
third book, nor was any part of the work printed disring^
bis life. It is said he intended to arrange the whole anew^
and to have changed the subject by celebrating the prowest
and military deeds of king Arthur. The whole, imperfect
as he left it, was corrected by bis sister's* pen^ and care^
fully perused by others under her direction, so that it was
very properly called " The countess of Pembroke's Arca-
dia." It now lies neglected on the shelf,, and has almost
sunk into oblivion ; yet the reception it obtained froth the
public, having gone thcough fourteen impressions, and
having been translated into the French, Dutch, and oth^r
European languages, clearly evinces that it was once 'held
in very high estimation. " There are," says his biogra-'
pher, ^< passages in this work eicquis^tely beatitiful^ and
tiseful observations on life and manners, a variety and ac*^
curate discrimination of characters, fine sentiments ex-^*
pressed in strong and adequate terms, animated descri|)-«
tions, equal to any that occur in the ancient or ^ m<>dern
poets, sage lessons of morality, and judicious reflexions on
governthent and policy.*' • ' ^
In' 1581 we find Mr. Sidney one of the knights in parlia-
ment for the county of Kent, and one of the committee/
for enacting ^* such 'laws as would secure the kingdoiit
against the pope and his ddherent^" Still, however, ad-
dicted to a studious life, he produced His <^ Defence' of
Poesy>" which has been pronounced the first piece of
criticism in the English language worthy of our attetition.
It shews at once the erudition, judgment, and taste of the
author, and describes the laws of the draofm with aingular
.precision and exactness. ' . - « >
In 158S'he married Frances, the only surviving
daughter and heir of sir Francis Walsingham, a yonng^ lady
of great beauty and worth, who is said to have endeared
herself to him by those lovely qualities #hicb' emt»ellish
and improve the female character; and about the sam^
time the queen conferred on him the honour of kni|^t«
booct She also gave him a sineciire in ^Vides of &k&
S I D N ErY% 509
yearly value of IV^OL bat at what time is nncertain. About
X$S^ several plots and cohspiracies formed against the
que^n^s person, both at home and abroad, greatly alarmed
her. To remove her fears of danger, the nobility and
gentry, and indeed men of all degrees and conditions, in*
Btituted an association under the direction of the earl of
Leicester^ bidding themselves under the most solemn obli-
gations to prosecute even to death those enemies of their
country who should attempt any thing against their sove-
reign. Of the zeal of sir Philip Sidney at this momentous
crisis no doubt can be entertained. While the efforts of
Leicester exposed him to the rude censures and severe
aspersions of anonymous writers, his nephew took up the
pen to vindicate his fame. With this view he composed
an answer to a publication, entitled ^^ Leicester's ^om-
. mpnwealtb,'' the reputed author of which was Parsons the
noted Jesuit ; but s^r Philip's production has not been
thought conclusive as to the chief points in dispute, aud it
reipained in MS^ <until the publication of the Sidney pa«
pers in 1746.
About this tiipe sir Philip formed, along with^sir Fulke
Creville, a design of accompanying sir Francis Drake in a
voyage of discovery to America; and this he projected with
the greatest secrecy, and with more of a romantic tura
than bis friends could have wished. The secret, however^
transpired, and. the queen issued peremptory orders to
restrain him from his purpose, which in all probability
ivould have ended in disappointment," or, if successful^
would. have left a stain on his bitherto spotless character.
In 15S5 a very remarkable honour seemed to be within his
reach. He wa^ namej^ among thp competitors for the
elective kingdom of Poland, vacant by the death of Ste-
phen Bathori, prince of Transylvania. Queen Elizabeth,
however, was averse from the measure, ** refusing," says
' jsir Robert Naunton, 'Mo further his advancement, not
only out of emulation, but out of fear to lose the jewel of
her times." According to Fuller he declined the dignity,
preferring rather to be *} a subject to queen Elizabeth thaa
a sovereign beyond the seas."
The protestant. inhabitants of the Netherlands being
grievpnsly oppressed by the cruelties of the duke of Alva,'
implored the assistance of queen Elizabeth, who promised
to send a military force to their relief, and on this oc<;a-
i^ion indulged the martial disposition of sir Philip Siflney^
\
SIDNEY; sii
li the age of thirty-two years, and had attained in that
short period, more fame, more esteem, more admiration^
both at home and throughout Europe, than any man of the
sixteenth century, and for many years after employed
more pens to celebrate his excellent qualities of bead and
heart. In England a general mourning was observed
among those of highest rank, " no gentleman, for many
months, appearing in a gay or gaudy dress, either in the
city or the court.*' His body being brought to England^
was interred, with great pomp, in St. PauPs cathedral.
No memorial, however, was erected to him, except a
tablet with some very indifferent lines, but his fame did
not require aid from brass or marble. For the many testi-
monies to his uncommon worth and excellence, both by
his contemporaries and their successors, we niust refer to
Dr. Zouch's elaborate " Memoirs of the Life and Writings
of sir Philip Sidney." There also the petty objections of
lord Orford to this illustrious character are fully answered.
"Both the universities of England lamented the death of sir
Philip Sidney in three volumes of elegiac poems, in He-
brew, Greek, Latin, and Italian. His widow afterwards
msfrried Robert Devereux, earl of Essex; and after his
death^ she married Richard de Burgh, the fourth earl df
Ctanrickard in the kingdom of Ireland. She became $l
-convert to popery after the death of her second husband,
the earl of Essex. There seems little that is very estiinable
in the marriages and conversion of this lady, and certainly
nothing respectful t'p the memory of her first husband.
The works of sir Philip Sidnev, which we shall but
briefly notice, are, 1. The " Arcadia" already mentioned.
2. " Astrophel and Stella,'* with sonriets of various nobler-
men and gentlemen, 1591, 4to, 3. " The Defence of
Poesy,'* 1595, 4to, afterwards usually printed with the
** Arcadia." In 1787 Dr. Joseph Warton printed an edi-
tion, with *' Observations on Poetry and Eloquence from
Ben Jx>nson*s Discoveries," 8vo. 4. ** Sonets," several of
which appeared in Constable's "Diana," 1594, but wer^
/afterwards annexed to the " Arcadia," with ** Astropbei
and Stella." 5. " A remedie for Love." 6. " The Lady
of May, a niasqUe," both generally printed with the " Ar-
cadia." 7. " Valour anatomized in a fancie,'* 1581, '
printed* at the end of ^'^ Cottoni Posthuma," 1672. t^^
.Various songs and solinets in ^^ England's Helicon,'* and
other collections* 9. ^^ English Version of the Psi^om mt ^
,5li S 1 D N ^ V.
• ^ • - -
David,** a MS. .10. A translation of DuPJl^sis'^truiB.ttsi
of the Christian religion, begun by sir Philip, and finished
at his request by Arthur Golding, 1587 and 1592, 160*
and 1617. Dr. ZouOh is of opinion that the greatest part
of it was by sir Philip. It is pleasing to reflect^ adds this
biographer, that the most accomplished gentlemian and the
most complete scholar of his age, was deeply iippresBed
v/ith a sense of religion, (bat he delighted in contemplating
the doctrines of revelation, ^he existence of one supreme
being, the creation of the world by him, and his providen^-
tial government of it, the immortality of the soul of maD,
the prospect of future blessedness, the redemption of man-
kind by the Messiah, who was promised to the Jews for the
salvation of the whol^ world. '
SIDNEY (Mary), countess of Pembroke, sister of the
preceding, married in 1576^ Henry earl of Pembroke ; and
ber eldest son, William, who succeeded to the titles and
estates of his father, is the anqestor.of tbe present faniity.
She bad received a liberal education, and was distinguisl^
among the literary characters of the age for a bigbily cul?
tivated mind and superior talents. Congeoial quaU^ties and
pursuits united her v^ith her brother sir Phirip Sidney, in
bouds of strict friendship ; and, as we have mentioned in his
article, he wrote the " Arcadia" for her amusement. Tp^
her alsQ Mr. Abraham Fraunce devoted bis poetic and lite<^
rary labours. The countess possessed a talent for .poetical
composition, which she assiduously cultivated. She tc^s*
lated from the Hebrew into English verse many of tb0
Psalms, which are said to be preserved in the library at
Wilton, and in this was assisted by her brother. She
also translated and published ^ A Discourse, of Life^^aqd
\ Death, written in French by. Philip Mornay, done into
English by the countess of Pembroke, dated. M^ l^i
1590, Wilton:" Lond. 1600, 12mo. , Likejvise, "Tivi
Tragedie of Antonie: done into English by,^he couDte^
of Pembroke," Loud. 1595, t2mo.. This little work cpa*
tains, though not paged, 54 leaves. To these we may 49^
** An Elegy on Sir Philip Sidney," printed in Spenseift
" Astrophej,*' 1595, and a ** Pastoral Di^lqguein praise. (tf
A$tra;a," i. e. queen Elizabeth^ published in' Davisipp'a
' ^ Dt. ^oackV M«mo1rf-*a work which rehdert other refere pees uoaeoeMarf »
vnlesa t;» iome (admirable remarks en the iife aiad wrki^p of lirjfhrlip 8idMy»
jn the first volume of the Bibliographer, by a c^eniteman whose taste and ei-
quisite seosibility stamp a peculiar value on Ins opituotti and hit " " '
Jaboara.
SIDNEY. SIS
I »
•* Poetical Rapsody/* 1602. A long poem in six-lttie
stanzas^ entitled "The Countesse of Penibroke*s Passion,"
occurs among the Sloanian M SS.' No. 1303.
She survived her husband twenty years, and having lived
to an advanced age, died at her house in Aldersgate-street,
Londcrn, Sept. 25, 1601. She was inferred with the Pem-
broke family, in the chancel of the cathedral at Salisbury,
wkbout any' monument. The following lines, designed as
zti inscription for her tomb, were written by the celebrated
Ben Jonson :
, . . . ^MJnderneath this sable herse, .
Lies the subject of all verse ^
Sydney's sister, Pembroke's mother j
Death, ere thou hast kill'd another.
Fair, and leam'd, and good as she.
Time shall throw a dart at thee.*'*
, SID0NIU8 (Caids Sollius Apollinaris MoDESTtrs),
a tearited ecclesiastic of the fifth century, was descended
of an illustrious family, hi^ father and grandfather having
beeia pretofian prefects in Gaul, and was born at Lyons
about 430: He was educated with care, perfbrmed his stu-
dies under th^ best masters of that time, and became very
skilful in all parts of literature, especially in poetry. He
married Paflianilla, the daughter of Avitus, "who^ from the
office of pretorian prefect ' in Gaul, was raised to the im-
perial throne, after the death of Maximus. But Majorianus,
vpfaom Leo had taken into a partnership of the empire^
forced Avitus to lay down his crown, and came to besiege
the city of Lyons, where Sidonius had shut himself up.
Tbe city being takea, he fell into the hands of the enemy ;
but the reputation of his great learning softened the barba-
rity of bis enemies, an<Mii return for their lenient treat-
ment of him, he wrote a poem in honour of Majorianus, who
wi^ so highly gratified With it as to erect a statue to Sido-
nius in the city of Rome. The emperor- Anthemius was
equally pleaded with a panegyric which Sidonius Wrote in
pruise of him^ and made him governor of Rome, and a pa-
tricii^n ; but he soon quitted his secular employment, and
«»btained preferment in the church, being iu 472 chosen,
agiunst his will, as reported, bishop of Clermortt/ He ap-
pears however to baye been worthy of the station by learn-^
ing and charity. His liberality indeed was highly conspi-
> 1 Zouck's Memoitf of Sir P. Sidney.— Fallard's Menrairs.— Royal mnd Nobl«
Amhora by Park.
Vol. XXVH. L l
1)14 SIDONiUS.
,ciiou;S9. and ev^n before be wos b^befs be frequently ctm-
'verted his silver plate to ibe use of the poor, ' When Cterr
mont was besieged by the Goths, be encaqraged the peopW
to stand upon their defence, and would fiever eonse.n^ to
the surrender of the city; so that, when it was.dieliT^c^
jip, he was forced to fly, but was soon restored^ Soaj^
time after, he was opposed by two factious priesls^ ^9h^
deprived him of the governmeDt of bis cburcb ; but b^'Was
agaiu re-insuted with honour at the eDcj of a year« He
died in peace in 487, after he had been bishop ^hs0n
years. ..
He was a man learned above the age he lived in, skBIed
in ail parts of literature and science, of a subtle and pene-
trating wit, and considering that be lived in the dechne of
Koman literature, not an inelegant writeir. Of his works,
nine books of epistles, with about four Und twenty poems
ibt&tspetsed, are still extant. There are few things in his
letteri which relate to religion or the church, so thit his
opinions cannot be ascertained, but they containlnany par-
ticulars relative to the learning and history of the titties.
Tbey were published with notes by father SiriDOnd, at
Paris, 1614, in 3vo ; and^ after bis death, reprinted in 16 $2";
with some additions, in 4to. '
SIGNORELLI (Luca), a Florentine artist, born at Cor-i
tona in 1439, was the scholar of Piero della Francesea. JR^
was an artist of spirit and expression, and one of theiirst
i£^ Tuscany, who designed the naked with anatomk-kl nitel^
ligence^ though still with some dryness of manner^ kH^
too: much adheretice to the model : the chief evidence of
tills is in the Duomo of Orvieto, where in the mixed ima-
gery of final dissolution and infernal punishment, h^ has
scattered original ideas of conception, character, and' atti-
tude^ in copious variety, though not without remnants of
gothicialloy. The angels, who announce the impending
mom orscatter plagues, exhibit, with awful simplicity, boNl
fer0-sborteniiigs ; whilst the St. Michael presents on)y tftifif
t^me heraldic figure of a knight all cased in armour. In tbe^
(Expression of the condemned groups and ds&mons, be cbi^y
dwells on the supposed perpetual renewal of the pangs at-
tending on tbe last struggles of life with dfeath, contriMK^
with the inexorable scowl or malignant grin of fieiMfe me-
t Cave vol. I ^Vosshit de Hist. Lat— Fabric. Bibl Lat. si BiU. MW.
MtUU^BlmarnVB C2eBi«r«,— »BttmB.««^SazU Oaoaast.
S I G N O R B L LI.
5U
ihodtzing^ torture ; .a b^rrld feature^ f^si^rved by Dante for
the li^t pit of bis Jnferilo. It ba< been first said by Vasari)
who «xttlted Ui bU relation to Luca, that Michael Angeio^
in certain parts of his Last Judgment^ adopted something
of the conduct and the ideas of bis predecessor. This is
truai because Michael Angelo could not divest himself of
every impression from a work be had so often seen : hifil
origUiality consisted in giving consequence to the materiak
9f Luca, nptin changing. them ; both drew from the samd
sQFUfces, with the same predilections and prejudices, and
. differed less in the mode than the extent of their con^
caption.
XAica Signorelli worked at Urbino, Volterra, Arezzo,
Florence, and other cities of Italy ; and though by far th^
grater part of his performances be diefective in fc^m
aud union of colour, we meet in some others, especially
rn the Communion of the Apostles at the Gesu of Cortona,
forms ahd tints of modern grace ; and he distinguished him«
self among the artists* who concurred to decorate the pan-
neU of the Sistina, by superior composition.
. Of this artist, who died in 1521, aged eighty- two, a stOry
is told as a proof of what an absolute command be had ov^^d
his passions, or rather, it might hiive been said, over natu**
ral affection. He had a son extremely handsome, and ^
youth of great hopes, who was unfortunately killed at Cor*
tonfi. When this son, greatly beloved by him, was brought
home, he ordered his corpse to be carried into his paiht'^
ing*room ; and, having stripped him, immediately drew hii
picture, without shedding a tear. '
SIGONIUS (Charles), a learned Italian, was of an ah*
cient fscmily of Modena^ and born there in 1524. His fa-
ther designed him for a physician, and sent him to Bolognaf'
with' that view; but he soon abandoned this pursuit, and
sfttd^d the Greek and Latin classics, which was more
agreeal)Ie to his taste. He taught Greek first at Venice,^
then alt Padua, and lastly at Bologna. He had some lite-*
rary disputes with Robortellius and Gruchius upon Roman
antiquities, in which he was exceedingly well versed. Of
his numerous works, the most esteemed are, *^ De Repub-
lica HebfseK»rum j" " De Republica Athenierisiumy " His-
tpfia de Occidentali Imperio ;^' and ^' De regno Italiae.^'
^ 1 PilkingtoDy by Faseli.
LL2
fl6. S I G O N I y s.
Lipsiusy Casaubon^ Turnebus, and 911 tbe learned, speids of
))im in terms of the profoundest respect; and he wa9 u|i-
qMestionably one of tbe first classical antiquaries of hvf
timef and a man of great judgment as well as learning,
very correcit and deep in researches, and of most 4in wearied
diligence. He died in 1585, aged sixty. His works were
all collected apd printed at Milan in 1733 and W34 : they
(oake SIX volumes in folio.. His '^ Fasti Consulares^' were
printed with the Oxford LiVy in 1800.V
SILHOUETTE (Stephen pe), a French writer, whose
taste for English literature entitles him to a place here,
was born at Limoges in 1 709, and appears to have been
brought up to civil or political life, although he always cul-
tivated a taste for literature. He purchased the. office of
master of requests, and after having managed the affairs of
tbe duke of Orleans, became comptroller-general and mi-
mster. of state in 1759. This was a critical time for
France, which was carrying on a ruinous war, and the
finances were in a very low condition. ^Silhouette wished
to remedy this last evil by retrenchment and ceconomy,
but finding that such a plan was only a topic for ridicule,
he quitted his post in about nine months, and retired to his
estate of Brie>sur-Marn^,and devoted bis time to study, and
his, wealth to benevolence. He died in 1767. His works
were : L ** Id^e generate du Government Chinois,** 1729,
4to, 1731, 12mo. 2./^ Reflexion politique,'^ from the'Spa;>
Qisb of Balthazar Gracian, 1780, 4to. 3. A translation of
Pope's ^* Essay on Man,^' which tbe French spqak of as
faithful, but not elegant. 4. A translation of Bolingbroke's
^^Dissertation on Parties.'' This is said to have been
printed at London in 1739, where, perhaps about thk time
Silhouette was on a visit. 5 *^ Lettre sur les transactions
publiques cki Regne d^Elizabeth/' with some remarks on
Bapin's account of that reign, Amst. 1736, 12mo. ' 6- ^
translation ofPope*s ^^Miscellanies," 1741, 2vols» 12mo«.
7. '< Trait^ mathematique sur le bonheur^" 1741, 12mq.
8. A translation of Warburton's " Alliance," 1 742, 2 vols,
l^mo. With Warburton be appears to have corresponded,
for in one of Warburton's letters, printed by Mr. Nichols^
we find that celebrated author desiring that a copy of his
< Life by Moralorij prefixed io his tu)rkt.-*-Moren.««BftiHet JugedMm*V» .
SILHOUETTE. 51^
^ Divihe Legation*' may be sent to M. Silbbuette in France.
In the "History of the Works of the Learned" also, we
!$nd " Observations on Ibe Abb6 Pluche's History of the
Heavens,'* translated from the French of Silhouette, ivho
professes that he was chiefly indebted for them to the
second volume of the " Divine Legation," and to some par-
ticular remarks communicated to him by Mr. Warburton.
9'. ^^ Epitres morales, Lettres philosophiques, et Traits
matbematiques/' printed at the Bowyer press, in 1741.
10; " Memoirs des commissaires du roi et de ceux de sa
majestd Britannique sur les possessions et les droits respec-
(ils des deux courohnes en Amerique," Paris, 1755, 4to,
Ifi this he was assisted by M. de la Galissonniere. II.
^* Voyage de ^France, d*Espagne, de Portugal, et d*Italie,"
a posthumous work, Paris, 1770. '
SILIUS IT'ALlCUS (CAiuS), a Roman poet, and au-
thor of a poetical history of the second Punic war, which
debided the empire of the world in favour of the Komkns,
wa^ born in the reign of Tiberius, about A. D. 15, and is
supposed to have derived the name of Italicus from the
place of his birth; but whether he was born at Italica in;
Spain^ or at Corsinium in Italy, which, according to Strabo,
had the name of Italica given it during the social war, is a
point which cannoc be known : though, if his birth' had
happened at either of these places, .the grammarians
tefl us, that he should have been called Italicensis, and
not Italicus. When he came to Rome, he a[)plied himself
to the bar ; and, by a close imitation of Cioero, succeeded
so well, that he became a celebrated advocate and most
accomplished orator. His merit and character recommend-
ed him to the highest offices in the republic, even to' the
consulship, of which he was possessed when Nero didd.
He is said to have been aiding in the accusation of persons*
of high rank and fortune, whom that tyrant had devoted to'
destruction : but he retrieved his character afterwards by a
long and uniform course of virtuous behaviour, and held a
principal office under the emperor Vitellius,. which he
executed so well as to preserve his credit with the public.
Vespasian sent him as proconsul into Asia, where he be-«
haved with integrity and unblemished reputation. After
bftviag thus- spent the best p^rt of his life in the service of
liis country^ he bade adieu to public affairs, resolving to
1 Diet. Hot— Worki of the Uamed for IT^S.-^^Niohdls't Bowyer,
1
#1« SILIUS ITALICUS.
consecrate the remaittder of hU d^ys to retirement and the
Muses, He had several fine villas ip the couqtry-; Q»e at
Ti;i8Ciiluai» celebrated for having been Cicero's ; apda farp
ue^r Naples, said to have .been VirgiPs, aiid at which aras
his tomb, which Silius often visited^ Martial cprnpiiments
him on both thfese accounts. In his retirement be applied
liiinself to poetry, not so ipuch frpo) the impulse of gieoiiim
))vhich would have appeared earlier, .but from his enthasias-
tiQ regard for Virgil, to whose memory he paid the higbei*
vene/ation) and whose birth-day he is said to have cele*
brated annually with mqre solemnity than his own^ He
l)aa epdeavoured to imitate him in his poem ; and, though
he falls greatly short, yet there are soma splendid passages
and strains of imagination which enliven a historical detail
that otherwise may be read with ifpre pleasure in Livy's
prose. After spending a considerable time in this itetire-
inent, and reaching his seventy* fifth year, he was seiaed
with an ^ncur^ble ulcer, which afflicted him with unsup*r
portable paips, and drove him to put an end to bia life by
r/efrainiog from sustenance. The best and almost the
pnly accpunt we have of Silius Italicus is in one of Pliny's
lett|5r8,.from which most of the above particulars are taken.
The first editipp of his poem was published by Hmeyn^
heym and Pftapartfz, at Ropie in 1471» and five other edi?
tions were printed in the same century. Of modem edi-r
tions theWst are, that of Drakenborcb, 1717, 4 to, of VilliH
bi\in, Paris, 17S1, 8vo, of Ernesti, Leipsic, l79i, ^vob*
8vo, of Heber, 1792, 2 vols. l2mo, elegantly prinked at
the Bulmer press, and of Rupert, Gottipgen, 1794^?^^
2 vol^, 8vo, ' , . I
SILVESTER 11. (PoPQ), a maa of great talents and io^
fluence in the tenth century, was born in Aquitaioc^ of
i^ean parentage, and was educated in a. neighbourtng con*
vent. His original name was Gerbert. From baa.coDvettl
he passed into the family of a count of Barcetooa^ in iMbinli
he prosecuted, his studies under the care of a Spanish
bishop, whom he accompanied from Spain to Borne. Here
he was introduced to Otho the great, attached himself to
Adalbaron, the archbishop of Rbeims, whom he attended
to his see, s^nd returned with him ahoi|t the year 9H2 into
Italy .^ His progress in learning, which eompffizcdgeoQpMry, ^
1 Vossius de Hist Lat et de Poet; Ut.-.Pluiii Epist. Lib. III. HpitU VIli^^
lMbdin'iClM«iciMidBibl,Speaceriana. ^
S I L V E S T E R^ 5If
MtroDomy, the matbenifttics, mooha^ics, and e^ery brandat
Af (Subordinate ^ience, is iaid to have been prodigious^
and bis residence in Spaing during which he Fisited Cor*-
dlova aod Seville, bftd enabled bim to profit by the instmc*
tioa of the Arabian doctors. With such acquirements) he
wfts^ prt>nioted by Otbo to be abbot of the monastery of
fiobfa^o in Lombardy* but, finding no satisfaction in thia
place, he again joined his friend the archbishop of Rb^ims^
iHere he had leiaure to prosecute his favourite studiei^
while, as his letters shew, his fibilities were usefully en*-
gaged in different political transactions : in' addition to tht
auperin tendance of the public schools, he was intrusted
-writh the education of Robert, son and successor of Hugh
Capet. He also employed himself in collecting booki
from every quarter, in studying them, and in introducing a
taste for them among his countrymen. It is said that the -
veffiects of this enlightened zeal were soon visible in Ger<-
manyy Gaul, aod Italy ; and by bis writings, as well as by
|ib example and bis exhortations, many were animated to
emulate their master's^ fame, and caught by the loVe of
science, to abandon the barbarous prejudices of the age«
In his epistles, Gerbert cites the names of various classical
authors, whose works he possessed, though often incom»
plete : and it is plain, from the style of these epistles, that
he expended his wealth in employing copyists, and ex-*
ploring the repositories of ancient learning.
Though, if we may believe his encomiasts, the geniufi of
Gerbert embraced all the branches of learning, its peculiar
bent, was to mathcimatical inquiries. In thiese, when the
barbarism of the age is considered, he may be said to bavef
advanced no inconsiderable way. What was the extent o^
his astronomical science, does not appear : but what chiefly
jdeserves notice, is the facility with which he aided his oivn
progress, and rendered discovery more palpable, by eom-
haning mechanism with theory. He constructed spheres,
the arrangements of which he describes : observed the stara
through tubes : invented a clock, which with some accuracy
marked the hours, and was esteemed an able musician.
He. is said to have been as well skilled in the construolton^
of musical instrumenta as in the use of them, particularly
the liydbaulic organ. William of Malmsbury speaks with
wonder of the perfection to which he had brought this in-
strainenty by means of blowing it with warm wtLtmr* th.
Burney thinks that the application 6{ wa^m water may hate
\
520 SILVESTER.
been the invention of Gerbert^ though^ in all probability^
he hud folio A ed tiie principles of Vitruvius in constructing
the iiihtiiment.
. in the RawUnson collection of MSS. at Oxford, there is i^
didactic poem, entitled '* Ars Musica/' which, thongli ano<-
nymousy contains internal evidence of having been written
by Gerber't. It is composed in Latin monkish rhyme, ex-
cept where such technical terms oc<^urre(i, as could not
possibly be reduced to metre. The last chapter of tins
work is a separate treatise, of a very few pages, undW the
title of ^^ Rhythmomachia," or the battle of numbers anc)
figures, which is universally allowed to have been written
by Gerbert. It was composed as a kind of game, soon af^er
the arrival of the Arabian figures or ciphers in Europe, for
which the author gives rules resembling those for chess.
Hence some of his biographers say, that it is to Gerbert we
aire indebted for the Arabic numerals. Certajinly such at-
tainments were indications of no common mind^ and in*
duced the vulga^ to suspect that he was addicted to magic ;
an nbsurd notion, which Platina had adopted, for be says
thjgit be obtained the papacy by ill arts, and that he left his
monastery to follow the devil. He allows him^ indeed, the
iQefit of a sincere repentance ; but mentions some pr^di*
gies at his deaths which will claim little regard on the tes-t
timony of such a writer.
On bis rise to the papacy we shall be brief. In 99 i^,
Hugh Capet promoted him to the archbishopric of Rheims;
but this elevation was a source of ^isquiet to hini, and after
Sidch contention, lie was obliged to resign the see to^Ar-
nulf, the natural son of Lothaire, king of Franc^,.who had
been. formerly deposed from it. This was in 997, and ai
the. same time Otho III. conferred upon him the archbi-
ahopric of Ravenna ; and on the death of pope Gregory -V.
iq 99,9) he was elected to the papal dignity, when be.a^-
SQikie4rthe name of Silvester. The acts of his pontificate
were but few, and not at all important. In 1000 he is said
to- have conferred on Stephen I., king of Hungary, the royal
title, with the famous crown, the palladium of that king-
dom, and to have constituted him perpetual legate of the
holy see, with power to dispose of all ecclesiastical beae-
fices. It was also inthis century that the plan of tfae h6\y
war was formed ; and towards the conclusion of it, the sig-
nal was given by our learned pontiff, in the fir^t year of his
pontificate, in an epistle, written in the name of the church
SILVESTER. 5SK
of Jerusalem, to the church universal throughout the worlds
in which the European powers are solemnly exhorted to
succour and deliver the Christians in Palestine. The pon-
tiffs exhortations, however, were only regarded by the
inhabitants of Pisa.
Silvester died in 1003. His " Epistles," of which 161
are still extant, contain many curious particulars respecting
natural philosophy. They were published at Paris in 1611,
4to, and are also in the " BibI, Patrum," Duchesne's c6l-
liection, and the collection of the councils.^
SILVESTRE (Israel), a celebrated French engraver^
#as born August 15, 1621, at Nunci, of a good family,
originally Scotch. After his father's decease, be went 6>
Paris, where Israel Henriet, his mother's brother, a skil-
ful engi*aver, gladly received him, and educated him as hist
own son. He drew all the views of Paris atid its environ'sl
. engraved them with great success, and went twice after-
wards to Rome, whence he brought the great number of
fine Italian views which he has left us. ' Louis XIV. being
at length informed of this artist's great genius, employed
hini to engrave all the royal palaces, conquered places, &cl
and appointed him drawing master, to the dauphin, allow-
ing him a considerable pension besides, with apartments in
• the Louvre. Silvestre married Henrietta Selincart, a lady
celebrated both for her wit and beauty, who dying in Sep-
tember 1680, he erected a superb monument to heir me-
mory in the church of St. Germain I'Auxerrois. He die^
October 11, 1691, aged seventy.
B[is works, which are very numerous, consisting of up-
wards of 700 prints, are executed with a fine point, and in
a neat^ clear style. The distant piirts of his landscapes, Iti
fiarticular, are very finely expressed. They are very slight,
* yet no part of them is confused ; but the effect is exceed-
ingly agreeable to the eye. There are several volumes of
his prints to be purchased in France, the value of whieh
varies according to the goodness of the impressions. Hence
those published near his time are in most request, and for
the same reason the large collection published in 4 voFs*
oblong fol. in 1750, sells at a very inferior price.'
^ Dii^in.^B^riligton'f Lit. History of Uie Middle Agei Barney's Hist, i of
ll^itick— ^BiHiHiik Aaoales: — Bower's Hist, of the Popet.^^axii O^omast. '\ ..
* Jlorert.^Dict. Hist.— Strutt's Dictiooary.
i<'^i— i*. ■ -»rii
^TTTfT
INDEX.
Those marked thus * are n^w,
Thoie marked t are re-written, with additions.
* h
Page
^AA, Emanuel 1
*Saadias-Gaon , 2
^^Saavedra-Taxardo> Diego de ib.
♦Sabatier, Peter 3
* : R^phael-fiienvenu 4
*9abbathier, Francis 5
^^bbatini^ Andrea 6
f .'" ' ' ' — Lorenzo ., 7
|Sabellicu8 ib.
Sabellius « 8
Sabinus^ George 9
*Sacchetti, Francis ., 10
* Sacchi; Andrea ib.
f Saccfitim^ A. M. G 11
»M. I ■ » ■»» Francis 13
JSaeheverell^ Henry ........ ib.
SackviUe^T. lord Buckhurst 16
. n ^ Char, lord Dorset 20
*Sadeei; Anthony 33
fSadi..: .....2d
Sadler^ John 26
t^, , ■ ■ si r Ralph 98
*Sadelers, engravers 33
.Saddlety James ,33
^Saemund, Sig. ........... 34
i, Alain K. Le 35
jSage,
John^
f •
38
^Sagittarius^ Caspar. ....... 39
^Sauactes^ Claudius de ...... ^
^St. Amanda James ........ 41
St. Amiint> M. A. G. ...... ib.
«St. Amoi|r« William de 4^
St. Andrfi, Nath.. 43
*St. German, Christ 44
St Jdhii, Henry 45
*St Lambert, Ch. Francis de 56
St. Marthc, family of . . 58
•St. 'Fialaye, J. B. de la 60
fSt. F^vin, Den. Sanguin de ib.
*St. Pierre^ C. I. Castel de . . 61
St. R«J,C. V. de . . . . ib.
^St. Si<mon> dnke of. . . . « -. . i6S
^Salden, WUlMm* ♦vW
Sale, George ^ « .ib.
♦Salian, James. . . , . . ^ . . . .%"64
t$alisbury, John of ...;.. . *^,
* . William .«7
Sallengre, A. H. de jIS»
fSallo, Denis de ,.'i59
f Sallustius> C. C»» ...*•... . «. QRJ-
t Salmasiua, €hndtti t . » . . . ^ . . f%
^Salmon> FranoiSL. • . .' • . u ^ v . 98
— Nath. .yd
t Thomas 80
Salter, Samuel ».<,.. . . SI
Salvian — *^ . ..-84
tSalviati, F. K . . ^Jbi
fSalvini, A. M. ...... . * ^^^ J89
^Sambucus, J<^n .^80
*Sampson> Thomas . . . ^ « ..^ .ib«.
Sanadon, N. S. 88
Sanches, A. N. Bibierd .... 89
^Sanchez, Frahicis . . « . . v^ v%4>3
*'* Gaspai^ . t . • . . r:}iJSt$^
^■■■»f ' ' Pfeter AsthdAy. r-ar«^.
*-^
Rodoingot. w . . . . *".-»
--*«- Thcmnas ;Aatb. . )» ^ .KK
Sanchoj Ignatiua . « . . ^ . . . . tbv
f Sanchoniathoi^ .^
Sancroft, Will. ,...,...., .^
fSanctoriiiB**. ... ^ .... «\ . ^ U>&
*Saiidby, Paul. . . . . i . . . i . ^ lOT
tSapdeman^ Robeit...w»..*iljfl6r
f Sanders, l^^k. » •>« « .4 ...... . lA
■ Robert. . .^ .«».^». 14d
Sanderson^ Robert . i . v . •^^IIS
t: ^ Rob. antiqutty IM'
^Sapderufl^ Asith .'. * 193 -
^Sandfordj Francis^ ...» *«,«lSir
^Sandini, AiKth. ....*. .)i.r« lif
^Sandius, Christ « . .^ib.
Sandrart^ Joachim .db.
l:N.l>£.Xf
&tt
Pafe
fSMMljMU JEdwin . ...... ... Ii9
r JSdwii!^ 9on «... < . . 137
: — George 139
tS*Di^zariu8« lames .^ «... 141
SailaQn^Nich 145
*S¥uiaoTmo> Francis 14^
tSknteul^John Bapt. .^.i . . ib.
f' Claude 147
fSappho r. .MS
fimsin, Jobn Fnmcii . . . . 149
^^Sacavia, Hadrian ft ..,.*. . 160
«»Siiinewski, M. G 151
Saijeanty John 162
^^Samalli, Pompcy 153
I Saipi^ Paul •.......•».... ib.
ffterauj. Claude 166
*Sarti» Joseph ib.
taftrto> And. M. 168
fSaundens, air Edmund. . . . 169
Saunderson^liiiok 170
♦Saurin, Elias. 176
• ■ ■ . . — James:. , . . ^ 177
.« ■ Joseph ♦.;.,. 179
Pagt
< Sebaaf^Chailfli. »:.•««.. .930
Schalken, God&ey ,,.....• ^1
«Seheek» Charkt. WiUiom . . «i
Schti&r^ John ^ . S3S
Scheincr^ Christ. . « ... fS4
^Sehelhammer, OX. ..... . ttS
'^Scbeudwer, John Jame9 ..ib.
fSchiaitODi, And ISSft
*Schiavonetti, LeWis ib.
*Schidoni, Barth. t40
*Schiller, Fredcriek 4 :941
*Seh]]ter, Jbhn "S^S
^Schmidt, Christ. .. ., 343
ErastMS. . . . ^ . . . ib«
-•-John And!rew . . 1244
*. ■»'
*Schnebbelie> Jacob ib.
Schoepflin, John^Danid . . 947
*Schombecg> A.C ^
Fred, duke of. : ib.
* Isaac ' . . %4
* Ralph . . .... 2f56
fSchoner, John 257
^Schonntng, Gerard ....... ib,
^8choockius> Martin 958
^NSttussajr^And. du 160
^^^Smasuxe, H. B. de .... i ... ib. . ^Schooten, Francis . . .... 959
^^dauvages^ F. B. de 189 Schott^ Andrew. . , . 1 . . 1 . .ib.
tdauveur, Joseph 184
^^Savage, Hemy : . . 196
.•— — — John ib.
>>< Richard ; ^87
Gaspar
960
^tSavaron, John. .^ « . . 199
^terary, Francis 193
>i ■ . ■ Janies 194
i'3 1 1 .Nichi^aa ........ 195
Sinilt^ sic GiMMge ib.
^** sir Henry 900
fSttvonarola, Jerome . . , . v . 90tf
tSlwvyer,8irHob«rt..w.. 9tt
i^SMce, Maurice, count ..... .lb.
«flMi:i, Jos. Anth. 919^
««ULiu8, Christ. '.tM
Sito Grammaitieui ....,< 914
81^, Samuel.. 916
'Scala* Barth.. ..«/.% 918
flfe^Oiger, Julius Cttsar .... 919
frfi ' ■ I' . Joseph Justui ... 994
«8e4moszi,VinMnt...... 996
t)Scapu}a> John 997
fScarborough^ oir Qmxlm. . 998
tSearron, Faul . , ; 899
fdchreTttlius/ Oottlteliiis . . . : ib.
^faultens, Albert 961
^il Henry Albert '. . . ib.
^Schurman> Anna Maria ..5SS4
*Schurtzfleisch, C. S : . 966
Schwartz^ Bertholet . . 967
i^ioi^us> Gaapar ib.
^dcopoli, John Ant 969
Seott> David 970
t- Daniel.... :...:.. 971
*^" ' ■ GeorgeLewis . ; . . .979
— ~ John, D. D. . . ' 974
- John, poet . . : .': . ,976
Michael..... :.i'.T983
^0^11
*JU
- Reyiiolde . . . . : .' . .' . . ib.
- or Roth6rain,Tllihtt.985'
fScougal, Henry 986
«8criboniu& Largus : : I':. . 9813'
^Scrimaeor/ Heilry ....... 989
Soriverius, P)eter .1 29l,
fScuderi, George de 999 '
t'^ Magdeleine de . • . ib.
^Scultetos, Abraham. . . . ^ . 993
fit4
IN DEX.
Page
^Scultetua^ John 99S
*Scylax • ib.
fScylitza, John ; 396
fSeba, Albert ib.
Seckendorf, Vitus Louis' de ib.
f^ker, Thomas 397
*Secou88e> Denis Francis . . 310
*Sedain^^ Mich. John . . . • 311
*Sedgwick, Obadiah . . ^ . . . . ib.
fSedley, sir Charles ....... 313
Seduliusj Cselius 313
See4> Jeremiah 314
*Segers, Gerard and Dan. . 315
*Segni> Bernard 316
fSegrais^ J. R. de ib.
fSelden, John 317
*Sdkirk, Alex. 332
«Senac, John 334
^Senault, J. F.. 335
fSeneca, L. A. 336
Sennertus^ Daniel 341
^^ptalius, Louis 343
Sepulyeda^ John Genes de 343
fSerapion^ John ^. . . ib.
*Scrariu8, Nich , . . 344
♦Serassi, P. A. ib.
^Sergardi, Louis 345
SeiranuSt Joannes ib.
♦Servandoni, J. N 347
Servetus, Michael ib.
"^Servip^ Louis , . 350
Ser^ius, M. H 351
tSettle^ Elkanah 353
^Severinus^ M. A 353
Severus^ Pub. Corn ib.
tSevigne^ Marchioness de, . 354
*Seward> Anne 355
* William 358
Sewell, George «^ . .360
t — WiUiam, 361
^Sextius^ Quintus 363
Sextus £mpiricu&. 363
^Seymour, duke of Somerset ib.
Shadwell, Thomas 368
fShakspeare^ Will. . . , 369
^Sharp^ Abraham 389
f . James 395
•f ■ John , . . 398
Page
*Sliarp^ Thomas. 40$
* GranviUe .. 406
* Samuel 411
Sharpe, Gregory 413
Sharroch^ Robert. 414
*Shaw, Cuthbert ib.
* Geoige 416
* Peter 433
* Samuel ib.
* r- Stebbing 435
* r-. Thomas 438
*Shebbeare, John 430
^Sheepshauks^ William .... 4S4
tSheffiekl,Jno.duke of Bucks; 436
fSheJdon, GUbert 443
* Shenstone, William 446
fShepreve^ John 449
«Sherard, William 450
fSherburne, sir Edward . . . 453
Sheridan, Thomas 4^7
• r— 468
Sherlock, Richard 466
■ ■ Jir. wiinam , • • • . 10.
t Thomas 468
^Shipley, Jonathan 477
♦Shirley, Anthony 479
James 480
* Thomaa 483
♦Short, James ib.
* Thomas 484
Shoyely MT Cloudesley . . . « 485
tShower, John 488
* ; — s\t Bartholomew. •489
♦Shuekfbrd, Samuel .490
fSibbald, sir Robert . . , . . 491
♦Sibbs, Richard ...493
♦Sibthprp, John 493
fSidn^y, Aleemon 499
t : — Philip 508
t^-^- — Mary 513
Sidonius, C. S. A. M 513
tSignor^Ui^ Luca ; 514
Sigonius, Charles 515
♦Silhouette, Stephen de . . . 516
SUius (t^Uicus ^ 517
♦Silvester II. pope ....*.•.. 518
♦SilTCStre, Israel 531
I
I
t
END OF THE TWENTY-SEVENTH VOLUME.
1 Printed by Nichols, Sen, and Bentley,
K«d Li«D Pasft«|fe, Fleet Street, London.
J
f^^p^